Growth Regulators Research Articles

Effect of different growth regulators on biology and economic traits of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)

Effect of different growth regulators on biology and economic traits of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)

Spatially restricted ecto-5'-nucleotidase expression promotes the growth of uterine leiomyomas by modulating Akt activity.

Found in as many as 80% of women, uterine leiomyomas are a frequent cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility. Despite their significant clinical impact, the mechanisms responsible for driving leiomyoma growth remain poorly understood. After obtaining IRB permission, expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E, CD73) was assessed in matched specimens of myometrium and leiomyoma by real-time qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Adenosine concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked assay. Primary cultures were used to assess the impact of adenosine and/or adenosine receptor agonists on proliferation, apoptosis, and patterns of intracellular signaling invitro. When compared to matched specimens of healthy myometrium, uterine leiomyomas were characterized by reduced CD73 expression. Largely limited to thin-walled vascular structures and the pseudocapsule of leiomyomas despite diffuse myometrial distribution. Restricted intra-tumoral CD73 expression was accompanied by decreased levels of intra-tumoral adenosine. Invitro, incubation of primary leiomyoma cultures with adenosine or its hydrolysis-resistant analog 2-chloro-adenosine (2-CL-AD) inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and reduced proportion of myocytes in S- and G2-M phases of the cell cycle. Decreased proliferation was accompanied by reduced expression of phospho-Akt, phospho-Cdk2-Tyr15, and phospho-Histone H3. Enforced expression of the A2B adenosine receptor (ADORA2B) and ADORA2B-selective agonists similarly suppressed proliferation and inhibited Akt phosphorylation. Collectively, these observations broadly implicate CD73 and reducedextracellular concentrations ofadenosine as key regulators of leiomyoma growth and potentiallyidentify novel strategies for clinically managing these common tumors.

Newborn adiposity is associated with cord blood DNA methylation at IGF1R and KLF7.

This study aimed to identify whether cord blood DNA methylation at specific loci is associated with neonatal adiposity, a key risk factor for childhood obesity. An epigenome-wide association study was conducted using the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study as a discovery sample. Linear regression models adjusted for maternal and offspring covariates and cell counts were used to analyze associations between neonatal adiposity as measured by sum of three skinfold thicknesses and cord blood DNA methylation. Assays were performed with Illumina EPIC arrays (791,359 CpG sites after quality control). Replication was performed in an independent cohort, Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G). In 2740 HAPO samples, significant associations were identified at 89 CpG sites after accounting for multiple testing (Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.05). Replication analyses conducted in 139 Gen3G participants confirmed associations for seven CpG sites. These included IGF1R, which encodes a transmembrane receptor involved in cell growth and survival that binds insulin-like growth factor I and insulin, and KLF7, which encodes a regulator of cell proliferation and inhibitor of adipogenesis; both are key regulators of growth during fetal life. These findings support epigenetic mechanisms in the developmental origins of neonatal adiposity and as potential biomarkers of metabolic disease risk.

Pde3a and Pde3b regulation of murine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell growth and metabolism.

A role for metabolically active adipose tissue in pulmonary hypertension (PH) pathogenesis is emerging. Alterations in cellular metabolism in metabolic syndrome are triggers of PH-related vascular dysfunction. Metabolic reprogramming in proliferative pulmonary vascular cells causes a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. PDE3A and PDE3B subtypes in the regulation of metabolism in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) are poorly understood. We previously found that PDE3A modulates the cellular energy sensor, AMPK, in human PASMC. We demonstrate that global Pde3a knockout mice have right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, elevated RV systolic pressures, and metabolic dysfunction with elevated serum free fatty acids (FFA). Therefore, we sought to delineate Pde3a/Pde3b regulation of metabolic pathways in PASMC. We found that PASMC Pde3a deficiency, and to a lesser extent Pde3b deficiency, downregulates AMPK, CREB and PPARγ, and upregulates pyruvate kinase dehydrogenase expression, suggesting decreased oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, siRNA Pde3a knockdown in adipocytes led to elevated FFA secretion. Furthermore, PASMC exposed to siPDE3A-transfected adipocyte media led to decreased α-SMA, AMPK and CREB phosphorylation, and greater viable cell numbers compared to controls under the same conditions. These data demonstrate that deficiencies of Pde3a and Pde3b alter pathways that affect cell growth and metabolism in PASMC.

Towards Environmental Sustainability: Integrating RS and GIS for Ecology Assessment

The environment provides numerous benefits for human well-being, such as ecosystem services. These services directly and indirectly depend on the physical state of the ecosystem. However, the over-exploitation of natural resources along with socio-economic factors, i.e. economic growth, poverty, agriculture expansion, population growth and weak environmental governance and regulation for fulfilling the human needs for food, fuel, and shelter, is leading to the degradation of the ecological health of an area. Therefore, monitoring and assessment of spatial and temporal changes in the ecology of a region in terms of vital ecological services is very critical and would help the decision-makers to develop and plan appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures for the conservation of natural ecosystems at various scales to ensure environmental sustainability. The present study aimed to assess the ecological status of the Mahi Bajaj Sagar catchment area in Rajasthan (India) from the year 2000 to 2020, using remote sensing-based indices. Indicators such as greenness, dryness, and heat index have been selected as per the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework. Multi-spectral remote sensing data and image processing methods have been used to estimate these indicators, and a remote sensing-based Ecological Status Index (RSBI) has been generated by their integration using the principal component analysis (PCA) to assess the ecological status of the Mahi Bajaj Sagar catchment. Findings from the study indicate a consistent decline in the overall ecological status of the Mahi Bajaj catchment, where decreased forest areas have a pronounced effect on ecological health. Interestingly, approximately 43.6% of the area displayed resilience to changes in ecological status; however, 36.4% of the area exhibited signs of ecological degradation. Our study underscores the efficacy of a remote sensing-based approach in quantifying and detecting ecological changes, offering a promising methodology for monitoring and assessing the ecological health of large areas that can help promote environmental sustainability. Keywords: Environmental Sustainability, Ecological Status, RSBI, Remote Sensing, PSR Framework

Exploring the mechanisms of benzanilide crystal growth and morphology: Crystal surface structure, solvent diffusion and solvent-interface interactions

Flaky crystals are fragile, rendering them unsuitable for various applications including use, processing, storage and transportation. This work investigates the growth and morphology regulation mechanisms of flaky crystals using benzanilide as a model material. Initially, block-like crystals are prepared by solvent screening and cooling crystallization with its morphology greatly improved. Subsequently, growth kinetics of (111), (1–10) and (020) faces are established with crystal growth experiments. The crystal growth of (001) face is also determined to follow a two-dimensional nucleation model with the microscopic surface analysis using atomic force microscopy. The changes of the surface integration resistance and the growth step height are regarded as kinetic mechanisms of the growth behavior and crystal morphology modulation by solvent and supersaturation. Finally, the molecular mechanism of the modulation of the solvent in crystal morphology is revealed base on crystal surface structure analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. The weak solvent-interface polar interactions facilitate the incorporation of benzanilide molecules into the weak polarity (001) face, leading to the surface roughening and increased crystal thickness when employing strongly polar solvents such as acetonitrile. Unlike the former, the relatively weak hydrogen bonding interactions between solvents and strong polarity (020) face, and the higher diffusion ability of molecules promote the rapid growth and disappearance of (020) face in ethanol and acetonitrile with strong hydrogen bond formation ability. This study can contribute to a deeper understanding of the solvent effect on crystal morphology and provide guidance for optimizing crystallization conditions to obtain shape-tailored crystal products.

PavSPLs are key regulators of growth, development, and stress response in sweet cherry

SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes are plant-specific transcription factors essential for plant growth, development, and stress responses; however, their roles in sweet cherry are not well understood. In this study, we identified and isolated 16 SPL genes from the sweet cherry genome, categorizing them into five subfamilies, with 12 PavSPLs predicted as miR156 targets. The promoter regions of PavSPLs contain cis-elements associated with light, stress, and phytohormone responses, indicating their role in biological processes and abiotic stress responses. Seasonal expression analysis showed that PavSPL regulates sweet cherry recovery after dormancy. Gibberellin (GA) treatment reduced PavSPL expression, indicating its role in GA-mediated processes. Overexpression of PavSPL14 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in earlier flowering, increased plant height, and enhanced growth. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed an interaction between PavSPL14 and DELLA protein PavDWARF8, suggesting the involvement of PavSPLs in GA-regulated processes through protein interactions. These findings lay the groundwork for future studies on PavSPL function in sweet cherry.

Effect of plant growth regulators and pinching on bud and flower size in Gaillardia

Effect of plant growth regulators and pinching on bud and flower size in Gaillardia

Nanoparticles and their crosstalk with stress mitigators: A novel approach towards abiotic stress tolerance in agricultural systems

Plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions, including cold, drought, heat, salinity, and heavy metals, which negatively impact plant growth and productivity of edible crops worldwide. Although the previous literature summarized the nanoparticle’s involvement in abiotic stress mitigation, the interaction of nanoparticles with other stress mitigators to overcome abiotic stress from plants remains unclear. Currently, nanotechnology is considered a growing new field in agriculture for understanding plants’ adapted stress tolerance mechanisms. Recent research has shown that nanoparticles can effectively mitigate abiotic stress by interacting synergistically with plant growth regulators. To address this, we comprehensively demonstrated the combined positive potential of nanoparticles in combination with plant growth regulators (signaling molecules, phytohormones, nanoparticles-nanoparticles interaction, fungi, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and other metal salts) to improve plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses. Their co-applications augment the plant’s growth, nutrient uptake, antioxidant defense system, water absorption, cell viability, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic and biochemical attributes by reducing oxidative stressors under various abiotic stresses in different plant species. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the combined applications of nanoparticles and plant growth regulators, a novel strategy to reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stress on plants. It identifies research gaps and recommends future studies to overcome their phytotoxicity worldwide.

Impact of Fab1/Vac14 inhibition on β-1,3-glucanase localization at the tip in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Deep mycosis is a severe fungal disease that could result in fatal outcomes. However, there is still a demand for highly effective and safe antifungal drugs, given the side effects of the existing treatments and the increase in the resistance to them. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of the lipid kinase Fab1 and its activator Vac14 (Fab1/Vac14) in tip growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSc1, along with their impact on cell proliferation, using a genetic approach to inhibit them. The results revealed that Fab1/Vac14 inhibition suppressed growth and caused an increase in the rate of β-1,3-glucanase (BGL2) fused with emerald green fluorescent protein (EmGFP) (BGL2-EmGFP) localization at the tip. The inhibition of the endocytic pathway using a lysosome inhibitor also resulted in an increased localization of BGL2-EmGFP at the tip. The overexpression of wild-type BGL2-EmGFP, but not that of the inactive mutant BGL2, led to a complete loss of the cell proliferation ability. These findings suggested that the Fab1/Vac14 complex could be a novel target for the development of antifungal drugs based on tip growth regulation, possibly via excessive cell wall degradation.

Studies on comparative bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of plant growth regulators on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Studies on comparative bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of plant growth regulators on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

A Mini-Review on the Structural Characteristics and Anticancer Activity of Nagilactones

Abstract: Natural products provide abundant resources for the development of new drugs. Podocarpus nagi is an arbor of Podocarpus L'Hér. ex Persoon. Its fruits, leaves, and roots exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities (such as antitumor, plant growth regulation, termite killing, and insect larval toxicity), which have been used in Yao folk for a long history. Nagilactone is one of the key components discovered in Podocarpus nagi, which has a variety of structures and a broad spectrum of antitumor activities. In this mini-review, the structures and spectral characteristics, together with the antitumor activities and the structure-activity relationships of nagilactones, are summarized by searching the database in order to provide detailed references for researchers to elucidate and modify their structures.

Enhancing carotenoid accumulation in Dunaliella bardawil by combined treatments with fulvic acid and optimized culture conditions

Natural carotenoids from microalgae have received more attention as an alternative source. In this study, fulvic acid (FA), a plant growth regulator, was used to enhance carotenoid accumulation in microalgae Dunaliella bardawil rich in lutein. However, the addition of FA promoted pigment synthesis but also exhibited an inhibitory effect on biomass. Therefore, the optimization of culture conditions was performed to further enhance carotenoid accumulation, including high light stress (10,000 lx) and the two-stage cultivation comprising 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and FA. Under both culture conditions, the growth inhibition caused by FA was alleviated, leading to a further increase in the contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids. HPLC analysis revealed that the production of lutein, α-carotene and β-carotene increased by 0.44-, 0.37- and 0.54-fold under the treatment of 400 mg/L FA with high light intensity and 0.91-, 1.15- 0.29-fold under the two-stage cultivation comprising 11 mM ACC and 500 mg/L FA. Furthermore, algal cells under FA treatment and the two-stage cultivation stained with Bodipy505/515 emitted stronger fluorescence under a laser confocal microscope, suggesting that lipid accumulation was increased. Additionally, the transcription levels of carotenogenic genes were also found to be up-regulated by qRT-PCR. These results indicated an enhancement in both the storage capacity and synthesis of carotenoids in D. bardawil. This study revealed the potential application of plant growth regulators in promoting carotenoid accumulation in D. bardawil which could be further improved by optimizing the culture conditions, providing a reference for efficient carotenoid production in microalgae.

Effect of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Coconut Water on the Growth of Bucephalandra sp. in Vitro

Tissue culture is useful as a way to obtain seeds in large quantities of seedlings in a short time as an effort to preserve Bucephalandra sp. in nature. The use of PGR has problems such as expensive prices and difficult to find, therefore its use can be replaced by natural PGR that are easy to obtain and have relatively cheap prices such as coconut water. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and coconut water on the growth of Bucephalandra sp. in vitro. This research is a 2-factor factorial experiment using a completely randomized design. The factors are concentration of BAP (0; 1; 3; 5 mg/l) and concentration of coconut water (0; 50; 100 ml/l). The results showed Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with the addition of BAP 1 mg/l + coconut water 50 ml/l (4.11 shoots), BAP 5 mg/l + coconut water 50 ml/l (4.33 shoots), and BAP 3 mg/l (6.22 shoots) were able to provide the number of shoots with high results. The addition of coconut water did not affect the growth of Bucephalandra sp. MS media can grow shoots with the best results in measurements of shoot emergence time, number of roots, shoot and root length. Keywords: Aquatic plant, Endemic plant, Plant growth regulators, Tissue culture.

Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of cluster bean

Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of cluster bean

Development of In Vitro Regeneration Protocol for Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) using Cotyledon as Explant

Plant tissue culture techniques offer a promising avenue for the efficient propagation of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), a valuable crop with significant agricultural importance. An effective and repeatable in vitro plant regeneration protocol was developed for the CKN-1 (Lemon yellow) and CKN-8 (Red) genotypes of sweet pepper. Utilizing cotyledonary leaf and cotyledonary node explants, various concentrations and combinations of growth regulators were tested for shoot rejuvenation. For both explants, MS medium supplemented with 8 mg/L BAP, 0.02 mg/L NAA, and 0.5 mg/L IAA was found to be most effective for achieving high rates of response and shoot induction. Notably, cotyledonary node explants outperformed cotyledonary leaf explants, displaying a remarkable 80% response within 11-12 days. Additionally, the supplementation of 1 mg/L IBA with MS medium significantly improved root initiation, with cotyledonary node explants exhibiting the highest responsiveness at 83.77%. Throughout all stages, the genotype CKN-8 (Red) consistently outperformed CKN-1 (Lemon yellow), including in the percentage of regenerated plant establishment. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3): 310–316, 2024

Effect of plant growth regulators on phenological study and growth analysis of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) under central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh

Effect of plant growth regulators on phenological study and growth analysis of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) under central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh

Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume Shoot Induction on Different Media Types and Plant Growth Regulator Combinations

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume Shoot Induction on Different Media Types and Plant Growth Regulator Combinations

Preparation of activated biochar from durian shells for the extraction of phytohormones from waste coconut water via adsorption

Abstract The demand for activated carbon increases due to its effectiveness in wastewater treatment and other soil applications. However, its growing demand in the market resulted to higher price, thus, this study aimed to develop a cheaper alternative. The use of agricultural waste for biochar production has been the focus of several studies nowadays. Aside from the cheaper cost of the feedstock and the process, the problem on waste generation in the country will be lessened. In this study, activated biochar derived from Durian (Durio zibethinus) shells was prepared as adsorbent for the extraction of phytohormones from waste coconut water. Phytohormones or plant hormones are all-natural substitute to synthetic plant growth regulators (PGRs) used for different tissue culture practices in the country. Chemical activation conditions (alkali-to-raw biochar ratio and holding time) were determined to maximize phytohormone adsorption efficiency of the activated biochar. The activation of the durian shell-derived biochar was done using potassium hydroxide as chemical activating agent. Factors such as KOH-biochar ratio (high level: 5:1 (w/w), low level: 1:1 (w/w) ) and carbonization holding time (high level: 90 mins, low level: 45 mins) were applied to test its significance on the activation of durian shell biochar with percent phytohormones removal from waste coconut water as a response. The parametric study showed that KOH-biochar ratio as a main effect was significant and its interaction with holding time was also significant. This result will be used in the ongoing study to produce optimized activated biochar and will be used for batch and column adsorption. The prepared durian shell activated biochar will then be used for the extraction of phytohormones from waste coconut water via adsorption.