Regular Rules Research Articles

СМИСЛОВА СТРУКТУРА МОДАЛЬНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ “SAPERE” ТА “ESSERE CAPACE DI” (на матеріалі італійської мови)

The article focuses on appropriateness’s of quantifying of information in microtext of functioning of modal units “sapere” and “essere capace di” in the Italian language. Modal units “sapere” and “essere capace di” determine quantifying of information in microtext being nucleus and forming modal structures together with joined components. The modal structure is formed by joined components in according to the regularity rules in the near-nuclear zone (components combined with modal verb “sapere” or modal construction “essere capace di” and the near-peripheral zone (components used in the modal sentence with modal verb “sapere” or modal construction “essere capace di”or in adjacent sentences). The modal units “sapere” and “essere capace di” express the modal meaning of intrinsic possibility that is characterized by potential determination of logical connection between: 1) an object and a realization of its properties; 2) a being and a realization of its properties; 3) a subject and a realization of his abilities; 4) a subject with generalized status of a referent and his actions. Such potential determination is based on the correlation between the properties of object (subject) and their value being part of their ontological status. The modal units “sapere” and “essere capace di” acquire the status of modal structures in the microtext oh their functioning. These modal units conserving the liaison with their inner form possess semantic implicatures of implicativeness, associativeness, valuativeness. The tipical microtexts of functioning of the Italian modal units “sapere” and “essere capace di” are those of actionality and of evaluation. The inner form of the modal units “sapere” and “essere capace di” presuppose operations with quants of knowledge and human experience that implicate a liaison between an object (subject) and their properties. An object and a being implicate their typical properties as common knowledge. In this case in the microtext are verbalized sense chains: object – typical properties, being – typical properties. A subject implicates his typical ability that can be revealed in a typical situation; in this case the microtext usually contents verbs of actional and volitive semantics. The modal verbs “sapere” and the modal structure “essere capace di” as a nucleous of modal unit are often used in Conditional Mood (sarebbe stato capace) that can be combined with superlative (sarebbe capacissimo). As to prediction of typical combinability in the pre-nuclear zone, it depends on the character of logical connection that reveals diversity of realization of the modal meaning of intrinsic possibility. In the case of the logical connection between an object and a realization of its properties the modal unit “sapere” isn’t used being expressed by the modal structure “essere capace di” because the last one is more desemantized. The modal structure “essere capace di” can be substituted or altered with the modal structure “può +” combined with “provocare”, “dar luogo”. These components use to join to the modal structure “essere capace di” and a microtext contents sense chains: object – typical properties. In the case of the logical connection between a being and a realization of its properties modal structures “sapere” and “essere capace di” are combined with existential predicate “essere” and ajectives-classificators to denominate qualities of being. In the case of the logical connection between a subject and a realization of his abilities modal structures “sapere” and “essere capace di” are combined with verbs to denominate disposition of a subject (aiutare, secondare, rimediare). In the microtext are often used causal structures (per … sarei capace di; per … saprei) to verbalize sense unit “goal – means”. Finally, in the case of the logical connection between a subject with generalized status of a referent and his actions the modal structure is used in generalized form “si è capaci di” and combines with classificators “in tali situazioni”, “in tali casi” to verbalize a typical conduction.

Lex Rei Sitae and the EU Internal Market – towards mutual recognition of property relations

For as long as our modern legal systems exist they have operated on the basis of the lex rei sitae rule. As an expression of the principle of territoriality, the law of a country applies to all objects that are situated on the territory. In domestic cases, of course, the regular rules apply, but in international disputes a legal system uses its own rules to be able to apply its own domestic law. The doctrine of lex rei sitae becomes relevant in a situation in which two legal systems come into contact with one another. A conflict of laws or conflit mobile arises when the law of one country is to be applied in the law of another country. Over the last centuries an intricate system of rules has developed with which private international lawyers resolve conflict of laws by pointing towards one of these legal systems as the applicable law. They do so - at least in theory - blindfolded, so that they cannot favor one legal system over the other. Instead of choosing one system over another, a set of impartial and objective rules is used to determine what legal system is to be applied. Private international law theory is, however, less facilitative in practice. In the European Union there is an internal market in which there is free movement of goods, persons, services and capital. This internal market is governed by principles and theory that are very different from the principles and theory underlying private international law. EU law works on the basis of a market functionalism that seeks to allow legal relations to remain to be governed by their country of origin. Property private international law rules are aimed to have legal relations governed by the host country. This tension between two opposite viewpoints is part of a larger tension between the unifying nature of EU Law and the procedural autonomy of the EU Member States. Rather than having EU law decide what is to be the applicable law, in general private international law cases, the host country, i.e. the lex fori, decides this by itself. In the past decade, however, many private international law rules have become EU law to centralise the rule deciding on applicable law and jurisdiction. The EU has therefore claimed competence in the area of applicable law and jurisdiction. However, when property law has been concerned, mostly connection has been sought, also at the EU level to the traditional lex rei sitae rule. In practice however, also an EU lex rei sitae rule turns out to be difficult to apply. The best example of this is perhaps the EU Succession Regulation that allows one single legal system to be applied to an entire cross-border succession case.

Against a regular epenthesis rule for Hmong-Mien

*mbl-/*mbr- (Ratliff 2010) and *m.l(ɣ)-/*m.r(ɣ)- (Ostapirat 2016) have been proposed as reconstructions for correspondence sets that include NCL-, CL-, N-, and C- onsets across the Hmong-Mien family. Ostapirat assumes that the stop arose by a regular rule of epenthesis in the protolanguage. I examine the arguments for these two reconstructions and conclude that epenthesis in an onset is not without cross-linguistic support, but it is not the better analysis in this case. The arguments against a regular epenthesis rule for Hmong-Mien are based primarily on laryngeal contrasts in stops occurring in this position and the relationship of NCL- onsets to Proto-Hmong-Mien prenasalized stops. Secondary arguments involve exceptions to an epenthesis rule, and a reconsideration of the loanword evidence.

Lex Rei Sitae and the EU Internal Market - Towards Mutual Recognition of Property Relations

For as long as our modern legal systems exist they have operated on the basis of the lex rei sitae rule. As an expression of the principle of territoriality, the law of a country applies to all objects that are situated on the territory. In domestic cases, of course, the regular rules apply, but in international disputes a legal system uses its own rules to be able to apply its own domestic law. The doctrine of lex rei sitae becomes relevant in a situation in which two legal systems come into contact with one another. A conflict of laws or conflit mobile arises when the law of one country is to be applied in the law of another country. Over the last centuries an intricate system of rules has developed with which private international lawyers resolve conflict of laws by pointing towards one of these legal systems as the applicable law. They do so - at least in theory - blindfolded, so that they cannot favor one legal system over the other. Instead of choosing one system over another, a set of impartial and objective rules is used to determine what legal system is to be applied. Private international law theory is, however, less facilitative in practice. In the European Union there is an internal market in which there is free movement of goods, persons, services and capital. This internal market is governed by principles and theory that are very different from the principles and theory underlying private international law. EU law works on the basis of a market functionalism that seeks to allow legal relations to remain to be governed by their country of origin. Property private international law rules are aimed to have legal relations governed by the host country. This tension between two opposite viewpoints is part of a larger tension between the unifying nature of EU Law and the procedural autonomy of the EU Member States. Rather than having EU law decide what is to be the applicable law, in general private international law cases, the host country, i.e. the lex fori, decides this by itself. In the past decade, however, many private international law rules have become EU law to centralise the rule deciding on applicable law and jurisdiction. The EU has therefore claimed competence in the area of applicable law and jurisdiction. However, when property law has been concerned, mostly connection has been sought, also at the EU level to the traditional lex rei sitae rule. In practice however, also an EU lex rei sitae rule turns out to be difficult to apply. The best example of this is perhaps the EU Succession Regulation that allows one single legal system to be applied to an entire cross-border succession case.

REPRESENTED SPEECH AS A RHETORICAL DEVICE IN 10+ NIGHTS

Represented speech has long been a subject of research in linguistics and literary criticism from a variety of perspectives. From a stylistic one, we conduct this study of represented speech in narratives with data from the novel 10+ nights by Hồ Anh Thái so as to clarify I.R. Galperin’s view (1971) which posits that represented speech is a rhetorical device. The paper clarifies the following issues: (i) What is a rhetorical represented speech?, (ii) Is all represented speech in literary works a rhetorical device?, and (iii) If not, what are unique characteristics of rhetorical represented speech? The major methods used in this study include: classification (classifying types of represented speech), description (describing types, patterns and linguistic features of represented speech), and rhetorical analysis (analyzing rhetorical values and impact of represented speech so as to generalize theoretical arguments). The data used for this study include direct represented speech that does not conform to regular rules. This paper starts with concepts of represented speech as a rhetorical device, followed by rhetoric represented speech in 10+ nights and ways to identify rhetoric represented speech in 10+ nights before the conclusion.

Improved algorithms applying the numerical Laplace method for response analyses of Timoshenko beam subjected to typical external loads

This study develops Su and Ma’s theory regarding the stationary load case by considering the structural damping (which can be arbitrarily proportional or non-proportional) and various boundary constraints. Original derivations are presented based on Timoshenko’s beam model and the Kelvin–Voigt damping model. Numerical Laplace inversion, i.e., the Durbin method, is applied to obtain the time-domain solutions. Further, an extension to the general moving load case is performed by means of the finite element method, and an algorithm by virtue of mathematical fast transformation is exploited to improve the computational efficiency. The normal mode superposition method is introduced to validate the numerical solutions. In case studies, the accuracy of the Laplace method is first verified through contrastive studies. Based on that analysis, numerical experiments regarding the moving load case are conducted while considering the implications of moving velocities and non-proportional damping. The results demonstrate that the numerical method is effective and efficient for typical boundary conditions, although this approach suffers from certain algorithm-based instabilities. The load velocity and the structural damping are fundamental influential factors on the dynamical performance, in which even divergence appears in a damped system, and regular piecewise-linear rules are concluded in non-proportional damping variations. Since damping is a fundamental parameter for structural dynamics and the stationary and moving loads consist of the basic excitations, the Laplace method has a strong application prospect.

Quality Factor Improvement in the Disk Resonator Gyroscope by Optimizing the Spoke Length Distribution

In this paper, we present a novel method to improve the quality factor in disk resonator gyroscopes (DRGs) by optimizing the spoke length distribution (SLD). As for DRGs with identical outer radius R, anchor radius r, ring width h, ring numbers n and spoke length boundaries [a, b] whereas with different SLDs, finite element simulation results show that the SLDs have a great influence on the DRGs’ resonant frequency $\text{f}_{0}$ and thermoelastic quality factor ( $\text{Q}_{\mathrm {TED}}$ ). This paper aims to find an optimized SLD to achieve the highest $\text{Q}_{\mathrm {TED}}$ of a DRG. By using the particle swarm optimization method the optimum SLD of a 9-ring DRG is obtained and the $\text{Q}_{\mathrm {TED}}$ is greatly improved. By further applying this method on the DRGs with different structural parameters, the regular rules of the optimum SLD are concluded and a simple method to get the optimized SLD for a DRG is proposed. By applying the method on the DRGs with different ring widths and ring numbers, the $\text{Q}_{\mathrm {TED}}$ of them can be improved by 25%-43%. This demonstrates that the method is effective for the $\text{Q}_{\mathrm {TED}}$ improvement. With this method, designers can easily obtain the optimized SLD in a DRG after the parameters R, r, h, and n are determined to further improve the DRG’s quality factor. [2017–0259]

Opaque Idioms in Arabic and English: A Perspective Analysis of their Semantic Anomaly

This paper provides a semantic contrast of opaque idioms in Arabic and English. It focuses on idioms that have anomalous nature and it traces out their idiosyncratic features. Linguistic analysis of opaque idioms sets for its task the recognition and examination of the metaphorical and the etymological resources of these idioms. The researcher has chosen for his data some idioms that satisfy the criterion set forth for identifying opaque idioms. Such idioms do not yield their meaning from the meanings of their constituents words. In addition, they lack clues to the understanding their meaning. The semantic analysis of these idioms reveals that the features underling such idioms could not be conventionalized and categorized according to regular rules. They have a metaphorical formulation which in most cases could only be attributed to folkloric and etymological interpretations. Instead, they generally need to be treated in isolation because each of these idioms has its own peculiarities.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of undercooled Fe80C5Si10B5 eutectic alloy

The Fe80C5Si10B5 alloy was investigated by means of fluxing and cyclic superheating. The microstructure of low undercooling range was quasi regular eutectic and complex rules eutectic; The structure of moderate undercooling corresponded to mixed eutectic and irregular eutectic; High undercooling resulted in the granular ferrite and irregular eutectic borides. There were two grain refinement processes within achieved undercoolings. The first grain refinement of irregular eutectic was related to oscillatory instability under non-equilibrium condition. The second grain refinement at large undercooling was caused by stress accumulation and break-up originating from the rapid solidification. With the increase of undercooling, the relationship between the microstructure and hardness including the size effect of crystal grain was systematically investigated. Meanwhile, the friction and wear performance of undercooled Fe80C5Si10B5 alloy was studied.

A Semantic Multi-Field Clinical Search for Patient Medical Records

Abstract A semantic-based search engine for clinical data would be a substantial aid for hospitals to provide support for clinical practitioners. Since electronic medical records of patients contain a variety of information, there is a need to extract meaningful patterns from the Patient Medical Records (PMR). The proposed work matches patients to relevant clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) by matching their medical records with the CPGs. However in both PMR and CPG, the information pertaining to symptoms, diseases, diagnosis procedures and medicines is not structured and there is a need to pre-process and index the information in a meaningful way. In order to reduce manual effort to match to the clinical guidelines, this work automatically extracts the clinical guidelines from the PDF documents using a set of regular expression rules and indexes them with a multi-field index using Lucene. We have attempted a multi-field Lucene search and ontology-based advanced search, where the PMR is mapped to SNOMED core subset to find the important concepts. We found that the ontology-based search engine gave more meaningful results for specific queries when compared to term based search.

Article 23.9 of theCodecannot be used to reject the nomenHyla quoyiBory de Saint-Vincent, 1828 as anomen oblitum

Article 23.9 of the Code, introduced in its last 1999 version, allows the validation, in some cases, of a well known junior synonym or homonym as opposed to a senior synonym or homonym that had been ignored in the literature after 1899. In such cases, the junior nomen qualifies as a nomen protectum and the senior one as a nomen oblitum, a formula redefined in a new sense in this edition. The implementation of this Article requires one to follow strictly several conditions: the invalidation can concern only senior synonyms or homonyms (a junior one cannot be a nomen oblitum); it must have been published in the sense given to this term in the Code (i.e., it cannot have been proposed online in an unpublished electronic document); and evidence must be published that the junior synonym or homonym has been used as valid for the same taxon in at least 25 works published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years. A nomen oblitum remains an available nomen and can be revalidated subsequently, for example in the case of re-evaluation of a subjective synonymy. Since the implementation of this new Article, some authors have used it without respecting these conditions or some of them: in such cases, the nomenclatural act supposed to have been effected under Article 23.9 is null and void, and the regular Rules of the Code must be applied (e.g., through validation of the senior synonym or homonym). A few examples concerning amphibian nomina of the family Hylidae illustrate these statements. The statuses of the nomina, spellings, emendations and combinations Hyla fulva, Hyla gaimardi, Hyla lesueurii,Hyla lesueuri, Hyla prasina, Hyla quoyi, Hyla septentrionalis, Hyla suerii, Hyla sueurii, Rana gaimardii,Istriurus lesueurii, Istriurus sueurii and Trachycephalus marmoratus are discussed. A lectophoront (lectotype) is designated for Hyla septentrionalis and Trachycephalus marmoratus and neophoronts (neotypes) are designated for Hyla fulva, Hyla gaimardi and Hyla sueurii.

СМИСЛОВА СТРУКТУРА МОДАЛЬНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ “SEMBRARE” ТА “PARERE” (на матеріалі італійської мови)

The article focuses on the appropriateness of quantifying information in the microtext of functioning of the modal units “sembrare” and “parere” in Italian. Being the nucleus and forming modal structures together with adjoined components, modal units “sembrare” and “parere” determine quantifying of information in the microtext. The modal structure is formed by adjoined components according to the regularity rules in the near-nuclear zone (components combined with modal verbs “sembrare” or “parere”) and the near-peripheral zone (components used in the modal sentence with “sembrare” or “parere” or in adjacent sentences). These modal units preserving the liaison with their inner form possess semantic implicatures of non-definitiveness. Being perceptive predicates, which is a prototypical function of “sembrare” and “parere”, these modal units combine in the pre-nuclear zone with lexical units of perceptive and emotive semantics as well as with Italian modal markers of trustworthiness “davvero” and “proprio”. Such contexts are characterized by subjectocentric parameters: unity of space, time, subject and a fragment of reality of sensory perception being an object of modal evaluation sensory perception with obstacles or emotional state of a subject as an entity without denotation. The modal structure is formed during the fusion of the nucleus (Italian modal verbs “sembrare” and “parere”) with pre-nuclear zone (lexical units of perceptive or emotive semantics as well as with modal markers of trustworthiness “davvero” and “proprio”). The combination of modal verbs “sembrare” and “parere” with perceptive predicates “sentire”, “vedere”, “udire” reveal the phenomenon of obligatory grammatical pleonasm. The context of actionality and the context of evaluation are not typical for the microtext of functioning of Italian modal verbs “sembrare” or “parere”. While the modal verbs are used in such types of context, the microtext is characterized by use in the near-nuclear zone of lexical units that verbalize quasireality that is impossibility or improbability of real state of affairs confronting to the state of affairs from the point of view of a subject of modal evaluation. Such confrontation of the real and the imagined being in accordance with semantic implicatures of non-definitiveness of Italian modal verbs “sembrare” and “parere” correlates with diversity of evaluation, use of disjunctive connectors, sense relations of contradictority between microtext segments. The use of “sembrare” and “parere” in the contexts of actionality and evaluation is the maximum distance from the prototype that is usually marked with the Subjunctive Mood. Italian modal verbs “sembrare” and “parere” can be also used as epistemic predicates. Being epistemic predicates, which is a non-prototypical function of “sembrare” and “parere”, these modal units combine in the pre-nuclear or near-peripheral zone with lexical units of epistemic semantics that reveal privative epistemic state of a subject of modal evaluation such as “non sapere”, “essere incerto”. Such contexts are characterized by the following parameters: interruption of unity of space, time, subject and a fragment of reality of modal evaluation, diversity of time of event and modal evaluation, reliance on deduced knowledge, privative epistemic state of a subject, influence of emotional state of a subject on identification of causal relationships. The use of the modal operator “infatti” in the near-peripheral zone causes disappearing of non-definitiveness. The use of approximators in the near-nuclear zone preserves non-definitiveness meanwhile the use of quantors and markers of epistemic necessity causes diminishing of non-definitiveness.

CrowdWatch: Dynamic Sidewalk Obstacle Detection Using Mobile Crowd Sensing

Pedestrians distracted by smartphones are easy to meet with various dangers when crossing or walking on the street, such as the obstacles on the sidewalk (e.g., temporary parking and road repairing). Existing works about pedestrian safety are mostly based on the sensing capabilities from a single device. The surrounding information that can be learned, however, is quite limited or incomplete. Therefore, in many cases the dangers cannot be detected and the pedestrians cannot be alerted. In this paper, a novel system called CrowdWatch is proposed, which leverages mobile crowd sensing and crowd intelligence aggregation to detect temporary obstacles and make effective alerts for distracted walkers. To detect obstacles, we first study the regular rules of pedestrians’ avoidance behaviors from the aspects of turn-making and visual contexts. The Dempster–Shafer evidence theory is then used to fuse the behavior and visual contexts, and further calculate the confidence of obstacle existence. Afterwards, we leverage the features of pedestrians’ traces to characterize an appropriate dangerous area, which is used to alert distracted walkers. The conducted experiments with 36 participants and different obstacle settings indicate that the crowd-intelligence-based obstacle detection method is effective and the accuracy of reminding attains 83.3%.

ϕ-Coordinated modules for quantum vertex algebras and associative algebras

We study N-graded ϕ-coordinated modules for a general quantum vertex algebra V of a certain type in terms of an associative algebra A˜(V) introduced by Y.-Z. Huang. Among the main results, we associate a sequence of associative algebras A˜n(V) for n∈N with A˜0(V)=A˜(V) and we establish a bijection between the set of equivalence classes of irreducible N-graded ϕ-coordinated V-modules and the set of isomorphism classes of irreducible A˜(V)-modules. We also show that for a vertex operator algebra, rationality, regularity, and fusion rules are independent of the choice of the conformal vector.

Verbal classes in Somali: Allomorphy has no classificatory function

This paper focuses on the complex derivational and inflectional morphology of Somali (East Cushitic) verbs. Somali verbs are traditionally cast in three major classes, depending on specific lexical suffixes (Saeed 1993). It is assumed that these classes must be distinguished because the relevant suffixes trigger a morphologically conditioned allomorphy. We argue against this view and claim that the allomorphic patterns targeting each class are epiphenomenal. Our analysis, couched within the theoretical framework of Government Phonology (Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud 1985, 1990) and the CV-model (Lowenstamm 1996), shows that the allomorphy in question is in fact phonologically conditioned. In particular, we establish unified representations of the two major lexical suffixes – the causative and the autobenefactive – and claim that all surface realizations of these markers result from the application of regular phonological rules. Thus, contrary to what appears at first sight, Somali displays a single verbal class whose three subclasses are phonologically (not morphologically) defined.

Elastodynamic Doppler effects and wave energy partition by a sliding interface

Wave reflection and refraction at a sliding interface are discussed. The regular dynamic friction rule, Coulomb’s law, is assumed for the sliding interface. Doppler frequency shift is found, and it depends on the ratio of a sliding velocity to an apparent horizontal velocity of an incident wave. Wave energy partition by the sliding interface is also discussed. In the case of an incident P-wave, a transmitted/refracted P-wave gets the major part of the incident wave energy. On the other hand, in the case of an incident SV-wave, a reflected SV-wave gets most of incident wave energy. It is also found an energy supply or loss by the sliding interface. It strongly depends on the friction coefficient and on the sliding direction. Further, it is shown that there is no possibility for detecting the sliding velocity by means of Doppler frequency shift.

Mining opinion targets and opinion words from online reviews

Extracting opinion targets (features) and opinion words is a main task in aspect-based level sentiment analysis. In this paper, we have proposed a hybrid approach for mining features and opinion words based on an upgraded “double propagation” algorithm by adding rules that explore the semantic relations between many parts of speech in sentences, some regular expression rules and ontologies. We employed HITS algorithm to prune features. In our experiments on multiple data sets, we showed that our approach gives perfectly acceptable results.

Experimental Studies on the Cultural Evolution of Language

Why are languages the way they are? The biases and constraints that explain why languages display the traits they do—instead of other possible ones—include human cognition, social dynamics, communicative function, the structure of meanings, and the interactions between these. Cultural language evolution is concerned with explaining the causal pathways that link these biases and constraints with fundamental linguistic traits, such as combinatoriality, compositionality, conventionality, and arbitrariness. The cultural evolution of language, or the emergence of a language from no language, begins when motivated signals are used in context by individuals who do not share a means of communication. Repeated interaction between interlocutors makes individual signals compressible through reduction or simplification and can entrench idiosyncratic patterns. Transmission to new learners results in the increasing compressibility at the level of the system through the introduction of categories and regular rules, and in the spread of conventional, arbitrary signals.

Inflectional defectiveness by Andrea D. Sims

Reviewed by: Inflectional defectiveness by Andrea D. Sims Frank Y. Gladney* Andrea D. Sims. Inflectional defectiveness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Cambridge Studies in Linguistics.] 2015. pp. xxi, 309. The Russian verb pobedit' 'conquer' shows what Sims calls canonical defectiveness, "the complete lack of any word-form filling a given paradigm cell […] in the context of a maximal expectation that there should be some form corresponding to that cell" (250). That cell is the first-person singular nonpast, in which *pobežu is bad and so are *pobedju and *pobeždu. In this wide-ranging study she cites data from two dozen languages and employs a variety of tools like statistical analysis and information theory in order to provide a context for understanding the defectiveness of pobedit'. Introductory chapter 1 poses the question: Are paradigm gaps random anomalies, epiphenomena, or normal morphological objects? They are anomalies when they are generated by the regular rules of inflection but then must be specified [–lexical insertion] to prevent their occurring in a sentence. They are epiphenomenal when they reflect morphological rule competition, such as the competition between the Russian reflex of /dj/ (in *pobežu) and the Church Slavic reflex (in *pobeždu). The epiphenomena explanation could have been pursued further. The same competition between Russian ž and Church Slavic žd is seen in the nonoccurring imperfective *pobeživat' and the standard imperfective pobeždat', which shows that the Church Slavic reflex, although acceptable in derivation, is not acceptable in inflection (or no longer acceptable: Pushkin had straždut as the 3pl. of stradat' 'suffer', but it has been replaced by stradajut). Sims rejects these two options and throughout the book repeatedly argues that such gaps are "normal morphological objects" (209) and that inflectional defectiveness is "a systemic variant of normal inflectional structure" (11). In chapter 2 Sims defines inflectional defectiveness and evaluates candidates for it. In the Yimas sentence taŋatpul 'You didn't hit me', the absence of ma 'you' is not a gap because the sentence is well formed and interpreted as having a second-person singular subject. ("This is thus an example of zero expression of the nominative, which is not to be confused with lack of expression" [32]) "Inasmuch as [taŋatpul] is a well-formed sentence and the ineffability requirement of the definition is thus not met, this does" [surely the author [End Page 141] meant to write "does not"] "qualify as an example of inflectional defectiveness according to the criteria employed here" (32). The same goes for On–vrač 'He is a doctor', which is fully effable, so the zero copula of byt' does not constitute a paradigm gap. Sims says Ja kupila čto bylo v magazine 'I bought what was in the store' is grammatical because čto "exhibits nominative-accusative syncretism [and] is thus able to simultaneously fulfill the requirement of the matrix verb for an accusative subject, and of the subordinate clause verb for a nominative subject" (29–30). Compare the ungrammaticality of Ja ne mogla ponravit'sja *komu/*kogo on nenavidit 'I could not please the one whom he hates', which she ascribes to the lack of dative-accusative syncretism. But all the first sentence shows is that a relative clause's pronominal antecedent is sometimes omitted, as it is in Mne nužno čem pisat' 'I need something to write with', which cannot be considered a case of accusative-instrumental syncretism. The pronominal antecedent that makes Sims's sentence grammatical—Ja ne mogla ponravit'sja tomu, kogo on nenavidit—is the dative of tot, the antecedent of the relative clause, not the dummy to, which precedes a complement clause, for example, in Ja uznala i to, kogo on nenavidit 'I also found out who(m) he hates'. Sims asks "whether there is an empirically grounded distinction between periphrasis and defectiveness" (38), which I take to mean, Can defectiveness in a paradigm be repaired by periphrasis? At issue is the perfect passive in Latin, where corresponding to the present passive laudor 'I am praised' we have the periphrastic perfect passive laudātus sum. Sims deliberates whether laudātus sum pertains to morphology or to syntax. It is syntactic in consisting of two distinct, wordlike units...

Regular Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules for a h-pseudo-differential operator. The method of positive commutators

We revisit in this Note the well known Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule (BS) for a 1-D Pseudo-differential self-adjoint Hamiltonian within the algebraic and microlocal framework of Helffer and Sjöstrand; BS holds precisely when the Gram matrix consisting of scalar products of some WKB solutions with respect to the " flux norm " is not invertible. Dans le cadre algébrique et microlocal élaboré par Helffer et Sjöstrand, on propose une ré-écriture de la règle de quantification de Bohr-Sommerfeld pour un opérateur auto-adjoint h-Pseudo-différentiel 1-D; elle s'exprime par la non-inversibilité de la matrice de Gram d'un couple de solutions WKB dans une base convenable, pour le produit scalaire associé à la " norme de flux " .