Cognitive impairment is a growing public health concern, particularly in aging populations. While trends in CI prevalence in China were studied up to 2018, no previous research has explored how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected these trends. This study aims to extend the analysis to 2022, examining the impact of the pandemic on cognitive impairment prevalence. The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data across multiple waves (2002 to 2022) was used (n=64,872). Cognitive impairment was assessed using a Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The rural/urban-sex-single age-specific prevalence of cognitive impairment across different waves were estimated using the DemoRates R package. Cognitive impairment trends before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were compared to identify any significant changes. In 2018 and previous waves, an average of 16,191 participants per wave were surveyed (four waves), with a cognitive impairment prevalence of 4.3%. In 2022, post-COVID-19, the survey included 14,022 participants and showed a significant increase in CI prevalence to 6.8%. The observed trends were independent of gender, age group, and residential environment (P-trend < 0.001). However, a significant decrease in mean calf circumference, increase in proportion of overweight participants, and increases in daily fruit and vegetable intake and regular physical activity were notable after the pandemic. The study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to the observed increase in cognitive impairment prevalence in China, underscoring the importance of further research into the long-term cognitive effects of global health crises. These findings highlight the need to strengthen healthcare systems to support cognitive health in an aging population, while considering both pandemic-related and ongoing factors in the management of cognitive impairment.

Intracellular and extracellular redox signals during exercise and aging.

Physical and musical activities are key determinants supporting the holistic development of preschool-aged children. Regular physical activity promotes balanced somatic, intellectual, emo-tional, and social growth, positively influencing the functioning of the nervous, circulatory, res-piratory, and immune systems. Movement-based play and exercises enhance coordination, perse-verance, independence, self-efficacy, and social integration. Musical activity – including singing, dancing, and rhythmic play – supports emotional, social, and cognitive development by improving memory, attention, auditory perception, and motor skills. The integration of movement and music in musical–movement activities intensifies cognitive processes, fosters imagination and creativity, and prepares children for school learning. Both forms of activity also perform preventive and therapeutic functions, promoting mental and physical health and shaping pro-social and pro-health attitudes.

Background: The crucial role of physical activity (PA) in public health has long been acknowledged. However,there is a lack of studies examining PA levels in Sylhet, Bangladesh. This study aimed to analyze the patterns of PAamong adolescents in Sylhet. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, assessing the PA levelsof 250 students aged 14-17 years, attending grades 8, 9, and 10 from two high schools in Sylhet. Data were collectedthrough face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study was conducted over a period of sixmonths from September, 2024, to February, 2025. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results:Physical education (PE) classes had the highest frequency of regular physical activity (52%). However, unstructuredtimes, such as lunch breaks, saw minimal participation in physical exercise. Maximum (70%) students engaged in noexercise during breaks or only took short walks. Sports like football (117) and badminton (179) had relatively higherparticipation rates, whereas activities such as swimming and dancing were less common. Conclusion: The findingsemphasize the need for structured school-based public health programs to promote consistent physical activity. This isparticularly important for older students and females to support their overall health and well-being.

Regular sports activity induces kinesiological adaptations and alters musculoskeletal configuration, influencing postural control and balance. These adaptations vary by sport type and may differentiate athletes from non-athletes. This study analysed the effect of regular physical activity, including high-performance sport participation, on postural stability and examined whether this influence is reflected in static sway parameters. The study included 88 men divided into an athlete group (S: n = 46) and a non-athlete control group (NS: n = 42). A comparative design was used to assess differences between groups. Postural diagnostics were carried out with the Feemed Maxi baropodometric platform, enabling precise evaluation of plantar pressure distribution and standing stability. Athletes demonstrated greater asymmetry in foot-loading distribution globally and within partial plantar segments. Mean asymmetry values were higher in athletes (total foot: +3.131; forefoot: −2.414; rearfoot: +2.413) than in non-athletes (total foot: −2.472; forefoot: +0.983; rearfoot: −1.317). The primary statistically significant finding was a greater anteroposterior centre-of-pressure displacement in athletes, indicating increased sagittal-plane postural load (p &lt; 0.001), whereas mediolateral displacement remained minimal and non-significant (NS: −0.012; S: −0.011; p = 0.891). Overall normalised CoP position was slightly higher in non-athletes (10.245%) than in athletes (10.103%). Long-term sports loading influences plantar pressure distribution and postural mechanics through subtle, often subclinical adaptations shaped by training level, sport specialisation, and individual biomechanical characteristics.

Background: High blood pressure is one of the significant risk factors for heart disease across the world. Although pharmacologic therapies are effective, lifestyle and dietary changes have become essential elements in the prevention and management of this condition. Objective: To determine the success of diet and lifestyle interventions in the control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Material and Methods: This study was conducted descriptively at Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar KPK from Jun 2024 to Jun 2025. One hundred and fifty adult hypertensive patients were enrolled. Structured questionnaires and clinical blood pressure were used to measure data. Respondents who claimed lifestyle changes were grouped into adherent and non-adherent. Results: Sixty percent (90 out of 150) of participants made lifestyle changes, including limiting salt intake, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, and exercising regularly. These participants exhibited a significant reduction in blood pressure, with a mean systolic blood pressure of 132.7 ± 8.4 mmHg compared to 142.3 ± 10.2 mmHg in the non-adherent group (p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, diastolic blood pressure was lower in the adherent group (82.1 ± 6.7 mmHg) compared to the non-adherent group (88.9 ± 7.5 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, the adherent group showed improvements in BMI and physical activity levels, with 55% losing at least 1 BMI unit compared to 18% in the non-adherent group, and 64.4% engaging in regular physical activity (≥3 times/week) compared to 21.6% in the non-adherent group. Conclusion: Life and food habits are essential factors in achieving better control over blood pressure, and therefore, special attention should be given to this aspect in blood pressure management programs.

Background and Study Aim. Water safety remains a major public health issue worldwide, and water rescue personnel play a critical role in drowning prevention, emergency response, and promotion of safe behavior in aquatic environments. Professional water rescuers are exposed to high physical, psychological, and cognitive demands, often working under conditions of time pressure, fatigue, and emotional stress. Previous studies have primarily focused on technical effectiveness, rescue equipment, and training procedures, while socio-behavioral aspects of leisure activities and everyday physical activity among water rescue personnel have received limited scientific attention. In professions characterized by high responsibility and stress, leisure structure and physical activity are recognized as important factors influencing psychophysical condition, resilience, and occupational performance. However, empirical data addressing these relationships in water rescue services are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify the socio-behavioral characteristics of leisure activities and physical activity among water rescue service personnel in Poland and to determine their associations with subjectively assessed psychophysical effects and fulfillment of professionally significant needs. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 certified water rescue personnel (58% men, 42% women). Data collection was performed in 2024–2025 using a structured online questionnaire. The instrument included sociodemographic variables, preferred and actual forms of leisure activities, weekly volumes of specialized (swimming-based) and additional physical training, self-assessed psychophysical effects of physical activity, and needs fulfilled through exercise. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, with informed consent obtained from all respondents. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Associations between leisure activity patterns and psychophysical effects were analyzed using the χ² test, with statistical significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Results. Active forms of leisure were preferred by 81% of respondents, whereas 19% reported predominantly passive leisure behavior. Socially oriented activities were the most common form of actual leisure (36%). Weekly swimming-based training of 1–4 hours was reported by 48% of participants; 29% trained 4–8 hours per week, and 23% exceeded 8 hours. Additional non-specialized physical activity of 2–4 hours per week was reported by 30% of respondents. Improved well-being was reported by 37%, improved body appearance by 27%, increased energy levels by 16%, and enhanced resistance to illness by 11%. Positive psychophysical effects were reported significantly more often by individuals preferring active leisure compared to those with passive leisure patterns (p &lt; 0.05). Stress reduction (53%), emotional release (52%), and psychological detachment from professional duties (51%) were the most frequently indicated needs fulfilled through physical activity. Conclusions. The findings indicate that physical activity constitutes a central element of leisure behavior among water rescue personnel and is closely associated with positive psychophysical outcomes. Regular physical activity appears to serve not only a professional training function but also an important psychoregulatory and restorative role. These results highlight the relevance of integrating structured physical activity and active leisure strategies into occupational support programs for water rescue services and justify further longitudinal research using objective assessment methods.

Hypertension affects over 30% of adults worldwide, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases. While regular physical activity is a well- established strategy for lowering blood pressure, additional therapeutic approaches may help individuals who struggle to achieve target blood pressure levels. Hot-water immersion is garnering attention due to its potential cardiovascular benefits. Historically practiced for therapeutic and cultural purposes, hot-water immersion induces physiological responses that share key similarities with physical activity. Accumulating evidence suggests that hot- water immersion may contribute to blood pressure reduction. However, while small-scale studies report promising acute and chronic blood pressure lowering effects, critical gaps remain in the literature. This review summarises current evidence on the anti-hypertensive effects of hot-water immersion, outlining key areas for future research. Hot-water immersion may emerge as an accessible and culturally relevant adjunct therapy for hypertension management.

BackgroundCognitive Reserve (CR) is the brain's inherent capacity to withstand neurological changes and maintain cognitive functionality despite pathological or age related changes. It also provides valuable insight into one's resilience to Alzheimer's disease pathology. Epidemiological research indicates, attainment of higher cognitive reserve reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease by maintaining better brain functionality.MethodsHere, we propose a novel mobile application, Cognitive Reserve Measurement, designed for comprehensive assessment, longitudinal monitoring and targeted augmentation of CR to alleviate the risk of Alzheimer's disease. To meticulously track behaviours germane to cognitive well‐being, our application employs interfaces like a home screen, journal data, and game screen to encourage user engagement and regular participation in cognition‐boosting activities. The established Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) is seamlessly integrated to provide a robust quantitative evaluation.ResultsApp was developed using Flutter and Dart for cross‐platform functionality, the application's backend relies on Firebase for secure and real‐time storage of user data, such as journal entries and CRI scores. Ensuring data security is a top priority given the sensitive nature of cognitive health. Upon initial setup, user's attain their baseline based score on Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) score. The Journal section prompts users daily to reflect on activities from the previous day and the Journal Data section is for tracking activities that influence cognitive health shall purposefully track user habits stimulus for CR (e.g. regular physical activity, social engagement, sleep regimen, stress management etc.) and progress over time through sophisticated data visualization. Users can also engage in brain training games designed to enhance memory and reasoning skills. Currently the app is in the testing phase with a prototype being evaluated for usability and engagement to promote cognitive resilience and support healthy aging.ConclusionAiming to address the escalating global need for effective cognitive health intervention within an increasing geriatric population, the application leverages the accessibility of mobile technology and provides a tool for precise measurement and optimization of CR. The foundational rationale for this application underscores the pivotal role of CR in preserving healthy brain functionality across lifespan, eventually preventing or delaying Alzheimer's disease onset.

BackgroundCognitive Reserve (CR) is the brain's inherent capacity to withstand neurological changes and maintain cognitive functionality despite pathological or age related changes. It also provides valuable insight into one's resilience to Alzheimer's disease pathology. Epidemiological research indicates, attainment of higher cognitive reserve reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease by maintaining better brain functionality.MethodsHere, we propose a novel mobile application, Cognitive Reserve Measurement, designed for comprehensive assessment, longitudinal monitoring and targeted augmentation of CR to alleviate the risk of Alzheimer's disease. To meticulously track behaviours germane to cognitive well‐being, our application employs interfaces like a home screen, journal data, and game screen to encourage user engagement and regular participation in cognition‐boosting activities. The established Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) is seamlessly integrated to provide a robust quantitative evaluation.ResultsApp was developed using Flutter and Dart for cross‐platform functionality, the application's backend relies on Firebase for secure and real‐time storage of user data, such as journal entries and CRI scores. Ensuring data security is a top priority given the sensitive nature of cognitive health. Upon initial setup, user's attain their baseline based score on Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) score. The Journal section prompts users daily to reflect on activities from the previous day and the Journal Data section is for tracking activities that influence cognitive health shall purposefully track user habits stimulus for CR (e.g. regular physical activity, social engagement, sleep regimen, stress management etc.) and progress over time through sophisticated data visualization. Users can also engage in brain training games designed to enhance memory and reasoning skills. Currently the app is in the testing phase with a prototype being evaluated for usability and engagement to promote cognitive resilience and support healthy aging.ConclusionAiming to address the escalating global need for effective cognitive health intervention within an increasing geriatric population, the application leverages the accessibility of mobile technology and provides a tool for precise measurement and optimization of CR. The foundational rationale for this application underscores the pivotal role of CR in preserving healthy brain functionality across lifespan, eventually preventing or delaying Alzheimer's disease onset.

BackgroundLatinos are 1.5 times more likely than non‐Latino Whites to develop Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). This increased risk is partly attributable to a higher prevalence of risk factors, though the exact connection remains unclear. Physical activity (PA) has been recognized as a protective factor in preserving cognitive health and mitigating ADRD risk. While prior research has explored this relationship among non‐Latino Whites, there is limited evidence on the protective role of PA in older Latino adults. This study investigates the associations between PA frequency and global cognition in community‐dwelling older Latinos.MethodA total of 95 Spanish‐speaking participants (MAge 65.06 ± 6.65, Meducation 12.16 ± 4.88 years, 70.5% female, and 80 cognitively unimpaired) from the Boston Latino Aging Study (BLAST) were included. PA frequency was assessed by the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS), a self‐reported questionnaire, which measured total minutes per week of various forms of exercise. Global cognition was evaluated with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Spearman rank correlations examined the relationship between physical activity and global cognition. Non‐parametric partial correlations were performed to adjust for age, sex, education and cardiac risk ratio‐ calculated as total cholesterol divided by HDL cholesterol, a marker of atherosclerosis risk.ResultOn average, pand had a mean MMSE score of 26.68 ± 2.98. A higher frequency of physical activity was significantly associated with better performance on the MMSE (rs = .25, p = .02), even after adjusting for covariates.ConclusionA higher frequency of weekly physical activity was linked to better global cognition among older Latino adults, highlighting the protective role of regular physical activity in enhancing cognitive performance and reducing cardiovascular risk within this population. Our findings support the inclusion of physical activity as an integral part of Alzheimer's prevention strategies for Latinos. Future longitudinal studies with larger, more diverse samples and objective PA measures is needed to further elucidate the relationship between physical activity and cognition in Latinos and other ethno‐racially diverse groups.

BackgroundDementia, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is a growing public health challenge with significant impacts on individuals and healthcare systems (CRIVELI, 2023). Prevention through multimodal strategies is essential to mitigate this epidemic (ROSENBER, 2020). The complexity of dementia requires approaches that simultaneously target multiple modifiable risk factors. Recent studies have focused on interventions combining lifestyle changes with the potential use of pharmacological agents, such as metformin (BARBERA, 2024).MethodsA comparative analysis was conducted using three scientific articles from the Medline database, which address methods for dementia prevention.ResultsMET‐FINGER: Evaluates the combination of the FINGER 2.0 multimodal intervention with metformin in adults at risk of dementia. Primary outcomes focus on changes in global cognition assessed through a battery of neuropsychological tests.LatAm‐FINGERS: Adapts the FINGER model for Latin America, focusing on lifestyle interventions. Participants are evaluated at multiple time points using culturally adapted neuropsychological tests and undergo biological sample collection and neuroimaging. Both studies include interventions such as healthy diet, regular physical activity, cognitive training, and management of vascular and metabolic risk factors. The WW‐FINGERS network fosters international collaboration among these studies, generating robust and comparable evidence. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of implementing multimodal interventions in diverse populations with cultural and regional adaptations. The original FINGER study showed significant benefits in cognitive function. Preliminary results from other trials suggest that multimodal interventions may reduce the risk of cognitive decline in high‐risk individuals. The LatAm‐FINGERS study identified a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, emphasizing the need to address cardiovascular risk factors in dementia prevention.ConclusionsMultimodal approaches represent a promising strategy for dementia prevention. Combining lifestyle changes with pharmacological interventions may be more effective in addressing the complexity of dementia. Personalizing interventions is crucial to ensure adherence and effectiveness across different cultural and social contexts. International collaboration, through networks such as WW‐FINGERS, is essential to generate solid and comparable evidence. These studies highlight the importance of a global effort to implement dementia prevention strategies and reduce the impact of this condition.

Background: In Algeria, breast cancer, the leading cause of cancer death among women, is showing a worrying trend. With its steady increase, it now constitutes a crucial public health issue, requiring prevention and management approaches that consider local specificities. Aims: Recent studies show that the risk factors for breast cancer are not well known by patients and even by some healthcare professionals. This study aims to determine the key factors likely to affect the disease Study Design: Mention the design of the study here. Place and Duration of Study: The study involved patients consulting at the medical oncology department of the university hospital (CHU), Our study took place over a period from 04/03/2025 to 04/04/2025. Methodology: Our work is a survey aimed at determining risk factors in the breast cancer population. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 257 breast cancer patients treated at the University Hospital of Oran. Results: Among breast cancer patients, the major risk factors identified include obesity (34%), radiation exposure (31%), the use of deodorants and antiperspirants (64%), and a sedentary lifestyle, with only a third of women engaging in regular physical activity. In the sample studied, 7% of patients use hormone replacement therapy for menopause, while alcohol and tobacco use were nonexistent. This information reinforces the importance of a preventive approach tailored to the local sociocultural context. Conclusion: The results of the acquired risk factors constitute a valuable source of information and show promise for further research.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and one of the most common CNS disorders, predominantly affecting young adults. It is believed that a robust immune response to presumed CNS antigens is driven by an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. There are four distinct forms of MS, classified based on clinical presentation: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and progressive relapsing MS (PRMS). Clinically, RRMS is the most common form, initially diagnosed in approximately 85 % of patients. We examined 78 patients with MS, including 56 women (72 %) and 22 men (28 %) aged 26 to 49 years (mean age – 34.5 ± 5.2 years). The disease duration ranged from 1 to 16 years (mean – 5.2 ± 2.9 years), with an average EDSS score of 4.7 ± 0.5. Analysis of functional tests revealed a statistically significant improvement (p&lt;0.05) in balance and coordination according to the Berg Balance Scale (by 10.4 %) in individuals who completed a full course of physical rehabilitation. Additionally, these patients showed an 8.8 % reduction (p&lt;0.05) in the time taken to complete the “Four Square Step Test”, indicating improved speed and ability to change movement direction. Thus, regular physical exercise positively impacts neuromuscular coordination and the neurophysiological mechanisms regulating motor activity in MS patients. According to the data, the second patient group undergoing comprehensive therapy including physical rehabilitation showed a significant decrease in the scores for the pyramidal functional system (FS) — 3.2 ± 0.5 points (moderate lower limb paraparesis, possibly combined with mild upper limb paresis), and the cerebellar FS — 2.2 ± 0.5 (moderate gait ataxia and mild limb ataxia). This indicates a slowing of disease progression, reduction in activity limitations, and overall improvement in patient condition due to regular physical activity. Conversely, in the groups receiving conventional exercise programs or irregular physical therapy, no significant improvements in the evaluated indicators were observed. Patient status assessment also demonstrated a statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in anxiety and depression, as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, by 20.4 % among those who completed the full rehabilitation course. Thus, regular physical exercise improves neuromuscular coordination, leading to increased self-esteem, reduced panic feelings, and enhanced sense of well-being in MS patients. During the study, 14 patients withdrew: 4 patients (15.4 %) from group I, 2 patients (8 %) from group II, and 8 patients (29.6 %) from group III. The findings confirm that the highest level of patient compliance was observed in group II, demonstrating regular participation in the proposed physical rehabilitation program — a key factor for successful improvement in functional status. Patients who fully adhered to the rehabilitation program showed statistically significant improvements in balance, coordination, reaction speed, and psycho-emotional status. In contrast, no substantial positive changes were recorded in patients with low compliance or irregular physical activity (group III). This emphasizes the importance of motivating patients to consistently follow rehabilitation protocols and maintaining their adherence to treatment throughout the course of therapy.

In this paper, the author will discuss the effects of regular physical activity on the control of aggression among adolescents on pedagogical and psychological levels. It examines the influence of the various types of exercises, exercise frequencies, and school based programs on emotional awareness, self-control, and peer conflict. The debate incorporates the data taken in experiments, longitudinal studies, and classroom interventions. The physiological regulation of stress and mood enhancement is achieved by aerobic exercise. The team sports develop social abilities and give systematic environments to handle impulses. Yoga and tai chi are mind-body practices, which make individuals more focused and less emotional. The paper includes also the practical recommendations to schools, addressing the exercise intensity in relation to age, in accordance with social-emotional learning, teacher education, and regular follow-up. The paper identify common methodological limitations in current research, including short follow-up periods, inconsistent aggression measures, and limited attention to gender and socio-economic differences. The article concludes with actionable recommendations for educators and researchers, a proposed evaluation toolkit you can adopt, and a curated reference list of 30 to 35 accessible empirical and review sources. This work aims to help you design evidence-based physical activity programs that reliably improve emotional regulation and reduce adolescent aggression, and to meet the reporting standards required by English for Specific Purposes journals.

The present study investigated the impact of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on physical activity (PA) levels, gender differences in activity, and the relationship between PA, well-being, and mood among gym exercisers. A cohort of 366 gym exercisers (126 males, 240 females) aged 15 to 59 years (Mage = 34.63 ± 9.27) willingly participated in this study. Data were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) for PA and sedentary behavior, the Short Diet Behavior Questionnaire for Lockdowns (SDBQ-L) for healthy eating, the 4-Dimensional Mood Scale (4DMS) for mood, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) for anxiety, and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index for mental well-being. Additionally, participants’ attitudes and intentions toward exercise and returning to fitness centers were assessed. The findings revealed that moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and healthy eating behaviors significantly predicted participants' well-being and positive energy. Conversely, sedentariness along with healthy eating behaviors were significant predictors of negative arousal. Males reported higher levels of MVPA and intention to be physically active compared to females. Younger participants showed higher VPA, depression, and anxiety, and lower BMI compared to older participants. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining regular PA, particularly at moderate or vigorous intensities, and healthy eating habits for mental well-being during public health crises. These insights hold considerable value for shaping future policies and intervention strategies aimed at mitigating the detrimental consequences of prolonged physical inactivity.

University years represent a period of major transition during which health-related behaviors, such as sleep and physical activity, may influence students’ academic functioning. This cross-sectional, single-center study, conducted at an Italian university, examined the associations between sleep, physical activity, and academic well-being. Students completed an online survey assessing sleep, physical activity, and several indicators of academic functioning (i.e., academic stress, self-efficacy, dropout intention, and motivation). Nonparametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis, Jonckheere–Terpstra) were used to explore differences in these indicators across sleep quality and physical activity categories, while linear regressions tested associations between sleep duration and Metabolic Equivalent of Task–minutes/week with the same academic outcomes. A total of 2192 students (15.55%) accessed the survey, and 1246 (8.84%) completed all questionnaires. Most participants were female (62.7%) and Italian (94.5%). Both sleep and physical activity showed significant but small associations with academic stress, dropout intention, and self-efficacy, whereas associations with academic motivation were weaker. These findings suggest that maintaining regular physical activity and healthy sleep habits may contribute to students’ academic adjustment, although the cross-sectional design limits causal interpretation and underscores the need for integrative models to better understand the underlying psychological mechanisms.

Background: The health benefits of regular physical activity are irrefutable; and everybody can benefit from being active. The evidence is overwhelming with risk reductions of at least 20% to 30% for more than 25 chronic medical conditions and premature mortality. Even higher risk reductions (i.e., ≥ 50%) are observed when objective measures of physical fitness are taken. International physical activity guidelines generally recommend 150 minutes per week of moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity for physical fitness and reduction of risk of chronic diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of moderate intensity exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in secondary school-age adolescent males. Methods: In this interventional study 47 secondary school age adolescent males with age range from 16 to 19 years were recruited. All subjects underwent moderate intensity exercise program for two months. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and lipid profiles were assessed before and after going through the course of moderate intensity exercise training. Risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) was determined by Framingham, ASSIGN and British national formulary scoring systems. Results: this study showed a significant reduction in heart rate (p≤0.001), blood pressure, lipid accumulation product (p=0.01) and visceral adiposity index (p=0.012) after moderate intensity exercise also moderate intensity exercise training reducing the risk of MI (p=0.042). On the other hand, showed there is no significant effect on weight, BMI, waist circumference and lipid profile, Conclusions: The moderate intensity exercise training reducing the incidence of hypertension and reducing the risk of MI.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from peripheral insulin resistance and progressive β-cell dysfunction. The disease leads to micro- and macrovascular complications, significantly impairing patients' quality and length of life. Lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, body weight, sleep, stress, and substance use, play a key role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Numerous studies show that modifying these factors improves glycemic control, lowers HbA1c, reduces the need for hypoglycemic medications, and in some cases may induce disease remission. Low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, and low-calorie diets improve metabolic parameters and support weight reduction. Regular physical activity, including aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training, increases glucose uptake by muscles, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces visceral fat. Optimal body weight, waist circumference, and sleep duration and regularity significantly affect blood glucose levels and HbA1c control. A comprehensive approach addressing diet, physical activity, weight management, and sleep improvement promotes effective glycemic control and reduces the risk of T2DM complications.

Background: Cardiometabolic diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide and are strongly influenced by lifestyle factors. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between a healthy lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk in higher education students in the San Martín region, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic convenience sampling was conducted among 1054 students from higher education institutions in the San Martín region, Peru. The Healthy Diet and Lifestyle Scale (DEVS) was applied, and anthropometric indicators (BMI and waist circumference) were assessed by trained nutritionists. Descriptive statistics, association tests (chi-square and Wilcoxon), and Poisson regression models with robust variance were used. Results: Obesity was significantly associated with higher vitamin B12 intake (PR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.16–4.91) and with higher water consumption (>8 glasses/day) (PR = 2.61; 95% CI: 1.20–5.66), although these findings may reflect reverse causality given the cross-sectional nature of the data. Greater whole grain consumption was associated with a lower risk of elevated waist circumference (PR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.40–0.91). Similarly, engaging in ≥30 min of daily physical activity was significantly associated with reduced central adiposity (PR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.56–0.86). Conclusions: The findings suggest that whole grain consumption and regular physical activity act as protective factors, whereas certain dietary patterns—despite being considered healthy—may be associated with higher cardiometabolic risk depending on the dietary context.