Regression Equations For Stature Estimation Research Articles

Estimation of male stature by ulnar length in Madhya Pradesh region by using linear regression analysis

Introduction: Establishment of reliable formula for stature estimation from fragments of bones especially in forensic examination is important for individual identification. Sexual differences in height and of long bones exist so there is need for studies emphasizing quantitative standards of sexual dimorphism in different populations. Limited availability of gender specific studies of stature estimation by using individual bones provide data for forensic identification that led me to study ulna bone to establish a linear regression equation for stature estimation in living adult males of age group 18-26 yrs in Madhya Pradesh region. Material & Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (M.P.) on 238 males by using anthropometer and spreading caliper and statistically analyzed. Ulna length were measured independently on right and left sides of each subject with the help of spreading caliper from the tip of olecranon process to the tip of styloid process and vertex to heel height was measured in the standing erect posture with subject looking forward straight to the horizon. Results: Value of correlation coefficient(r) of right ulna with stature was found to be 0.995 and left ulna with stature was 0.997. Regression equations and graphs interpret the height from the ulnar length in males. Conclusion: The regression formula derived will be useful for anatomists, clinician, anthropologists and forensic experts for estimation of the individual stature in Madhya Pradesh region for establishing identity.

Estimation of height from measurement of foot breadth and foot length in adult population of Rajasthan

Background: Stature is one of the various parameters of identification of the individuality of a person. Estimation of stature from various measurements of the body is of value in medicolegal investigations as well as in anthropology. The current study dealt with developing a regression equation for stature estimation from foot breadth and foot length and to find out the correlation between stature, foot breadth and foot length. Material and Methods: The data was collected from 500 asymptomatic, healthy medical students (267 males & 233 females) belonging to Rajasthan of age group ranged between 17-25 years. The study was conducted at Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan. Results: The correlation between foot length and stature (r= 0.756) was more than foot breadth and stature (r= 0.624) indicating foot length to be a better predictor of stature. Linear regression equations were derived for estimation of stature from foot breadth and foot length. Conclusion: Both foot breadth and foot length showed positive correlation with stature as indicated by the regression coefficient (r). The tibialis foot type was commonest followed by fibularis and then by indeterminate type. Key words: stature; foot type; foot breadth; foot length; correlation

Height Estimation Based on Foot Length and Breadth in Children, Teenager, and Adult in Bandung City, Indonesia

Stature estimation is important for forensic identification, particularly in dismembered body. The equation used to estimate the height of a population is not necessarily applicable to other populations (population spesific). This study was conducted to generate the linear regression equation for stature estimation based on foot length and foot breadth on the population in the city of Bandung. This cross-sectional study is conducted to 908 people, consisting of three age groups (children, adolescents, adults), in the city of Bandung. Sampling was done by multistage sampling. The stature was measured using a stadiometer SECA 213, right foot length (RFL), right foot breadth ( RFB), left foot length (LFL), and left foot breadth (LFB) were measured using sliding calipers. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21.0 for Windows. There is correlation between height with the RFL, RFB, LFL, and LFB. In contrast to the group of teenagers and adults, there is no boys-girls difference between height, RFL, RFB, LFL, and LFB. 21 regression equation for stature estimation based on the foot size. Stature estimation can be done using the linear regression equation based on the foot length and foot breadth, according to population, gender, and age of the subject being examined. Key words: height estimation, foot length, foot breadth

A Procedure for Calculating the Vertical Space Height of the Sacrum When Determining Skeletal Height for Use in the Anatomical Method of Adult Stature Estimation.

Estimating stature from skeletonized remains is one of the essential parameters in the development of a biological profile. A new procedure for determining skeletal height (SKH) incorporating the vertical space height (VSH) from the anterior margin of the sacral promontory to the superior margins of the acetabulae for use in the anatomical method of stature estimation is introduced. Regression equations for stature estimation were generated from measurements of 38 American males of European ancestry from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The modification to the procedure results in a SKH that is highly correlated with stature (r = 0.925-0.948). Stature estimates have low standard errors of the estimate ranging from 21.79 to 25.95 mm, biases from to 0.50 to 0.94 mm, and accuracy rates from 17.71 mm to 19.45 mm. The procedure for determining the VSH, which replaces "S1 height" in traditional anatomical method models, is a key improvement to the method.

Estimation of Height from Measurement of Foot Breadth and Foot Length in Adult Population of Rajasthan

Background: Stature is one of the various parameters of identification of the individuality of a person. Estimation of stature from various measurements of the body is of value in medicolegal investigations as well as in anthropology. The current study dealt with developing a regression equation for stature estimation from foot breadth and foot length and to find out the correlation between stature, foot breadth and foot length. Material and Methods: The data was collected from 500 asymptomatic, healthy medical students (267 males & 233 females) belonging to Rajasthan of age group ranged between 17-25 years. The study was conducted at Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan. Results: The correlation between foot length and stature (r= 0.756) was more than foot breadth and stature (r= 0.624) indicating foot length to be a better predictor of stature. Linear regression equations were derived for estimation of stature from foot breadth and foot length. Conclusion: Both foot breadth and foot length showed positive correlation with stature as indicated by the regression coefficient (r). The tibialis foot type was commonest followed by fibularis and then by indeterminate type. Key words: stature; foot type; foot breadth; foot length; correlation

Stature estimation measuring per-cutaneous length of ulna in living subjects

Background: Estimation of stature from bones play an important role in identifying unknown bodies, parts of bodies or skeletal remains. Multiple anthropometric techniques have been used to estimate stature from skeletal remains by anthropologists, anatomists & forensic experts. Since olecranon process and styloid process of ulna are easily felt through the skin, it becomes easy to measure the length of the bone. Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between stature and ulna length and to derive a regression formula between the ulna length and height of an individual. Materials and Methods: 300 subjects (150 males & 150 females) aged between 21 and 25 years were included in this study. Measurements of ulna length were taken by using Dividing Calipers and the height was recorded using Stature meter. The data was subjected for statistical analysis using SPSS software. Results: A positive correlation between height and ulna length was observed in both sexes and it was statistically significant. Regression equation for stature estimation was formulated using the ulna length for both sexes. Conclusion: Since simple and easily applicable methods are involved in the determination of stature, it is widely used. The present study thus helps in establishing identity of an individual when only some remains of the body are found as in mass disasters, bomb explosions and accidents. Keywords: Dividing calipers, Height, Regression equation, Ulna length, Anthropometry

STATURE ESTIMATION FROM PARTIAL MEASUREMENTS AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF UPPER LIMB BONES IN KOREANS

The aim of this study was to develop regression equations for stature estimation using the upper limb bone in Korean individuals. A total of 105 samples (55 men and 50 women) obtained from cadavers were used for developing equations. Bones with obvious pathologies or healed fractures were excluded. The coefficient of determination (r2) of the variables was slightly higher in men than in women. Ulna length (MLU) in both sexes was found to have the highest r2 value. Moreover, the regression equation using a stepwise analysis in a sample of combined sex using partial segments was based on MLR (Maximum length of the radius), MLH (Maximum length of the humerus) and TDHH (Transverse diameter of the humeral head) (r2 = 0.949). This method can be used to estimate stature when unidentified human bones are found at excavation sites.

On the relationship between stature and anthropometric measurements of lumbar vertebrae

Stature estimation is important for identifying human remains. Analysis of body parts has become an important forensic tool during global operations in the context of cases in which human remains have been dismembered, mutilated or decomposed. However, unless almost the full skeleton or at least a long bone of the lower limb is available, accuracy is still limited to approximate body height. Especially with respect to single vertebral measurements, only a rough prediction is possible. Due to their complex geometry, vertebral measurements are possible at various locations. Nine locations have been considered in this study. Regression equations for stature estimation using lumbar vertebral geometry from computed tomography scans have been evaluated to identify the measurement which gives the most reliable body height estimation. The study group comprised a representative sample of a German metropolitan male population (42 autopsied individuals). Comparing the influence of various vertebral geometry measurements with body height resulted in a coefficient of correlation (R) of 0.19–0.53 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of ±11.6 up to ±13.1cm.The largest correlation with a single vertebral measurement was achieved with the central height of the vertebral body of L2 as predictor; the standard error (SE) of the estimate was 5.9cm. Using models from CT scans appeared superior to current invasive procedures that use direct measurements of the vertebral body, in terms of reproducibility and time efficiency. For fragmented non-skeletonized human bodies, height prediction based on an all-virtual model of the vertebrae is possible. However, the regression coefficient may be similar to classic caliper measurements that prove easier if skeletonized bones are available.

Estimation of Stature From Hand and Foot Measurements in a Rare Tribe of Kerala State in India.

The present study has been undertaken on the Vettuvar group of tribes in Kasargod district of Kerala state, and explores the usability of dimensions of hands and feet as predictors of stature in the tribal population of Kasargod District of Kerala, India. The present study is the first ever documented anthropological work on the tribes of Kasargod district, Kerala, India. Two hundred subjects comprising of 100 males and 100 females in 20-30 years age group were included in the study group. Dimensions of hands and feet viz: hand length, hand breadth, foot length and foot breadth were measured independently on left and right side of each individual using a Sliding calliper. Stature of individuals was measured with the help of a Stadiometer. Statistical analysis indicated that the bilateral variations were insignificant for all the measurements except foot breadth among females (p<0.001). The paired sample t-test showed that the statistical difference between males and females was highly significant for all the measurements (p<0.001). The correlation between the stature and various parameters studied in males and females were found to be positive and statistically highly significant. Linear and multiple regression equation for stature estimation were calculated separately for males and females. The significant positive correlation between the study variables and the stature indicates that these variables can be successfully used to predict stature.

Estimation of Stature from Cephalo-Facial Dimensions by Regression Analysis in Gujarati Population

During investigation in cases of missing body parts or unknown identity, the expert is often required to opine about the personal identification of the body. Stature of a person is a useful indicator of physical identity. Stature estimation leads to a positive identification of the living or when only cephalo-facial are brought under examination. The current study dealt with developing regression equation for stature estimation from cephalo-facial dimensions and to find out the correlation among body height with each cephalo-facial dimensions of Gujarati people. This leads to positive identification of the living or cadaver. Eight cephalo-facial dimensions of 901 Gujarati (676 male and 225 female) namely maximum head length, maximum head breadth, bizygomatic breadth, bigonial diameter, morphological facial length, physiognomic facial length, and total cephalo-facial height and biocular breadth along with body height was measured. It was marked that the mean stature and cephalo-facial measurements of males were significantly higher than that of females. The correlation coefficient (r) of all cephalo-facial dimensions were less than 0.5 which means stature estimation from cephalo-facial dimensions is not reliable. Multiple regression equations are more reliable than linear regression equations.

Stature estimation based on measurements of the sternal medullary cavity using multidetector computed tomography images of Japanese cadavers

Stature estimation using a skeleton is important for the medicolegal investigation of unidentified human remains. The aims of this study were to identify a correlation between stature and measurements of the sternal medullary cavity using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and derive regression equations for stature estimation in the Japanese population. Measurements were conducted on 215 Japanese subjects (107 males, 108 females) who underwent postmortem computed tomography with subsequent forensic autopsy between May 2012 and January 2014. For assessment, MDCT cross-sections through the mid-point of the first costal facets were chosen. The length of a rising diagonal stroke from the bottom left to the top right of the sternal medullary cavity (RS) and the length of a falling diagonal stroke from top left to bottom right of the sternal medullary cavity (FS) were measured. Statistical analyses indicated that both RS and FS were positively correlated with stature regardless of sex. The correlations were stronger for males than for females. The correlation coefficients for RS were higher than those for FS, and standard errors of estimation calculated by regression analysis using RS were lower than those using FS regardless of sex. Measurement of the sternal medullary cavity using MDCT images may be a potentially useful tool for stature estimation, particularly in cases where better predictors such as long bones are not available.

Prediction of Stature Based on Foot Length

Background Estimation of body height from its segments or dismember parts has important considerations for identifications of living or dead human body or remains recovered from mass disaster or other similar conditions. Objective Stature is an important consideration in determining the identity. Our aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between foot length and body height and to derive a regression equation for stature estimation from foot length and to find out the correlation between body height and foot length. Methods The present study was conducted on 200 medical students of age group 18 to 23 years studying in MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. India. Body height and foot length were measured in centimeter. All the measurements were taken by using standard measuring devices and standard anthropometric techniques. Results Correlation coefficients between stature and foot dimensions were found to be positive and statistically highly significant. Prediction of stature was found to be most accurate by multiple regression analysis. Conclusions In population similar to our subjects, stature and gender estimation can be done by using foot measurements and it will be helpful for Anatomists, Anthropologists and forensic experts to calculate stature based on foot length. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v3i1.10058 Journal of Nobel Medical College Vol.3(1) 2014; 66-70

Stature estimation based on radial and ulnar lengths using three-dimensional images from multidetector computed tomography in a Japanese population

The aim of our study was to evaluate correlations between cadaver stature (CS) and radial and ulnar lengths based on three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images, and to develop modern regression equations for estimating CS in a Japanese population. Measurements were performed on 245 Japanese subjects (123 males and 122 females) who underwent postmortem CT between May 2011 and December 2013. A 3D reconstructed image was used for assessment. The linear distances of the left radial (LR) and right radial (RR) lengths were measured as a straight-line distance from the most anteroproximal point of the head to the most distal end of the styloid process. The linear distances of the left ulnar (LU) and right ulnar (RU) lengths were measured as a straight-line distance from the most posteroproximal point of the olecranon to the most distal end of the styloid process. The correlation between CS and each parameter (LR, LU, RR, and RU) was assessed using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and regression analysis was performed for stature estimation. There were significant correlations between CS and each parameter regardless of sex, indicating that the radial and ulnar lengths measured on 3D CT images can be predictive of stature estimation. Simple regression equations for stature estimation calculated from LR provided the lowest standard error of estimation (SEE) (all subjects, SEE=4.18 cm; males, SEE=4.09 cm; females, SEE=4.21 cm). In addition, multiple regression equations were more accurate and reliable than the single linear regression equations.

Stature estimation from partial measurements and maximum length of lower limb bones in Koreans

The aim of this study was to develop regression equations for stature estimation using the lower limb bone in Korean individuals. A total of 105 samples (55 men and 50 women) obtained from cadavers were used for developing equations. Bones with obvious pathologies or healed fractures were excluded. The coefficient of determination (r2) of the variables was generally higher in men than in women. Femur length (MLF) in men and the distance from most the proximal point of the intercondylar fossa to the midpoint of the lesser trochanter (IFLM) in women, were found to have the highest r2 value. Moreover, the regression equation using a stepwise analysis in a sample of combined sex using partial segments was based on IFGP (distance from the most proximal point of the intercondylar fossa to the most proximal point of the greater trochanter) and EBF (epicondylar breadth of the femur) (r2=0.760). This method can be used to estimate stature when unidentified human bones are found at excavation sites.

A Study of Estimation of Stature from Footprint Length

Identification of an individual is the mainstay in forensic investigations. Estimation of individual's stature is an important parameter for identifying a person as it is an inherent characteristic. Examination of footprint provides important evidence in a crime scene investigation as it helps in estimation of stature of a culprit and in mass disasters where only foot is available. The present study was carried out to know the relationship between footprint length and stature in individuals hailing from Hyderabad Karnataka region and to know if there is any difference in the stature estimated by right and left footprint lengths in both the sexes. Total of 200 students (100 males and 100 females) studying in MRMC, Gulbarga were included in the study. The length of the footprint and the height of each student are measured. A positive and significant correlation between the stature and right footprint length and left footprint length was observed in both the sexes. Regression equations for stature estimation were formulated using right and left footprint length separately in both the sexes. There is no statistically significant difference in the stature estimated by right and left footprint length in both the sexes. The results indicate that footprint length provides an important means in estimating the stature of an unknown individual.

Estimation of stature from foot outline (3D footprint) measurements in Ibans of East Malaysia by regression analysis

Objective: To derive regression equations for stature estimation from foot outline lengths of Iban ethnics in East Malaysia. Material and methods: The study was carried out at Sarawak state, northern Borneo Island in East Malaysia, involving 320 adult Iban subjects (160 males and 160 females).Informed consent and Human Ethical Approval were obtained. The heights of the individuals were recorded with portable height measuring device (SECA 206) and foot outlines were collected following the standard procedure. The data obtained were analyzed with PASW 20 computer software and derived regression equations to estimate stature from foot outline lengths of Iban ethnics. Results: Investigation revealed that all foot outline lengths exhibit statistically positive significant correlation with stature (p<0.001). The mean stature and foot outline lengths are found to be significantly higher in males than females. Correlation coefficient (R) values are found to be higher in the pooled sample (0.845–0.870) when compared with males (0.718–0.772) and females (0.695–0.748). Conclusion: The result of this investigation provided population specific regression equations for stature estimation from foot outline (complete and partial) lengths in Ibans of East Malaysia. The regression equations derived for the pooled sample can be used to estimate stature when the sex of the footprint remains unknown, as in real crime scenarios.

Stature estimation based on footprint measurements of Malays in peninsular Malaysia by regression analysis

Objective:To derive regression equations to estimate stature from footprint lengths of Malay ethnicsin peninsular Malaysia. Material and methods: The study was carried out in UniversitiSains Malaysia involving 400 adult Malay subjects (200 males and 200 females) who are staff and students. Informed consent and Human Ethical Approval were obtained. The heights of the individuals were recorded with portable height measuring device (SECA 208) and footprints were collected using inkless shoe print kit (Carolina, USA). The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS computer software and derived regression equations to estimate stature from footprint lengths of Malay ethnics in peninsular Malaysia. Results:Investigation revealed that all footprint lengths exhibit statistically positive significant correlation with stature (p<0.001). The mean stature is found to be significantly higher in males than females. All the footprint lengths in males are found to be larger than females both in left and right feet.The mean second toeheel footprint lengths in both left and right are found to be the longest both in males and females. Correlation coefficient (R) values are found to be higher in the pooled sample (0.740.78) when compared with males (0.430.51) and females (0.530.61). Conclusion: The result of this investigation provided population specific regression equations for stature estimation from footprints (complete and partial) of Malays in peninsular Malaysia. The regression equations derived for the pooled sample can be used to estimate stature when the sex of the footprints owner remains unknown, as in real crime scenarios.

Stature estimation in Japanese cadavers using the sacral and coccygeal length measured with multidetector computed tomography

We evaluated the relationship between stature and the length of the sacrum and coccyx using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and derived regression equations for stature estimation in the modern Japanese population. Two hundred and sixteen Japanese subjects (110 males and 106 females) who underwent postmortem computed tomography with subsequent forensic autopsy between January 2010 and August 2013 were measured. A sagittal-plane image of the sacrum and coccyx was used. Anterior sacral length (ASL) was defined as the linear distance from the anterosuperior edge of the first sacral vertebra (S1) to the anteroinferior edge of the fifth sacral vertebra (S5), and posterior sacral length (PSL) was defined as the linear distance from the posterosuperior edge of S1 to the anteroinferior edge of S5. Anterior sacrococcygeal length (ASCL) was defined as the linear distance from the anterosuperior edge of S1 to the anteroinferior edge of the last coccygeal vertebra (LCV), and posterior sacrococcygeal length (PSCL) was defined as the linear distance from the posterosuperior edge of S1 to the anteroinferior edge of the LCV. The correlation between stature and each parameter was evaluated by simple regression analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. Each parameter was significantly and positively correlated with stature among both males and females. Cadaver stature (CS, cm)=0.39×PSL (mm)+123.70 [Corrected] provided the most accurate stature prediction (R=0.507, SEE=5.83 cm) in males. CS (cm)=0.56×PSCL (mm)+85.29 provided the most accurate stature prediction (R=0.659, SEE=6.68 cm) in females. We conclude that sacral/sacrococcygeal length measured with MDCT is a potentially useful tool for stature estimation, particularly in cases where better predictors such as the long bones are not available.

Correlations of stature with foot length in Andhra region

Objectives -Stature is the height of the person in the upright posture. It is an important measure of physical identity. Interrelationships among different body measurements may be used to estimate one from another in case of missing body parts. There are numerous means to establish stature and their significance lies in the simplicity of measurement, applicability and accuracy in prediction. The current study aimed at developing a regression equation for stature estimation from foot length and to find out the correlation between body height and foot length of Andhra population if any. Method -It was conducted on 150 students of age group 17 to 22 years studying in Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally, AP, India. Body height and foot length were measured in centimeter. Result -There was significant correlation between height and foot length. The regression equation for height and foot length was found to be Y = 3.179 X + 87.65, where X is the foot length and Y the height. Conclusion- The present study will be of immense significant for the anthropologists, medico legal workers and scientists for accurate measurement of either of the parameter when one is available particularly for Andhra Population.

Stature estimation from foramen magnum region in Chinese population.

Estimation of stature from body parts plays a vital role in identifying the dead. This study focused on dimensions of the foramen magnum region and examined the relationship between stature and the dimensions of the foramen magnum region in northern and southern Chinese populations. Measurements were taken on the skulls of 276 individuals (all male). Data on 48 individuals from northern China and 140 from southern China were used for further stature reconstruction of the above two populations in China. Statistical analyses indicate that bilateral variation is insignificant for all measurements except maximum length of condyle in the southern Chinese population (p<0.01) and that the northern and southern populations differ significantly only in the minimum distance between condyles. Linear and multiple regression equations for stature estimation were established. The correlation coefficients between stature and the various measurements differed between the northern and southern Chinese populations.