Purpose Across many countries, immigrants underuse specialized care services. Norway has universal health coverage that is mostly free or with only small out of pocket payments. Currently 19.9% of the population are either immigrants or born in Norway to immigrated parents. Earlier Norwegian studies have found underuse of hospital services but using mostly crude measures of activity. The purpose of this paper is to shed new light on the use of health-care services by immigrants in Norway. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyzes health-care utilization of the entire Norwegian population (2016–2017) by exploiting complete national registry data. Statistical regression methods measure the utilization of somatic hospital services at the individual level, to see whether there are associations between immigration variables and the use of services. Findings Immigrants use only about half of the amount hospital care relative to the average population. After controlling for individual characteristics especially age and mortality, utilization for immigrants is still lower than non-immigrants. When the analysis compares patients with other patients (rather than with healthy inhabitants), the differences are even smaller. Originality/value The present study finds clear evidence of underuse among immigrants in Norway for all types of specialized somatic hospital care. A large part of the underuse can be explained by age, mortality and patient status. The remaining causes of underuse are complex and likely to be related to health literacy, cultural issues, language barriers, perceived cost, accessibility and trust.

The relevance of the study is determined by systemic problems in land use and the need to ensure the country's food security. The research focuses on the agricultural lands of five federal subjects in Asian Russia: Republic of Tuva, Republic of Buryatia, Tyumen Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, and Khabarovsk Krai. The aim is to identify the key reasons for the withdrawal of land from agricultural use and to develop measures for optimizing its utilization. The study employed methods of comparative and statistical analysis of state land registry and monitoring data for the period 2021-2025. The results revealed a significant variation in the proportion of unused land, ranging from 3.07% in the Republic of Tuva to 24-30% in the other studied regions. Environmental challenges in agriculture are intensifying under current conditions. Advances in biological and chemical processes have significantly expanded the possibilities for agricultural activity. This has led to an increase in geo-ecological problems: aridity, flooding, soil salinization, waterlogging, permafrost, desertification, dust storm formation, mudflows, wildfires, etc. It was established that the primary reasons are natural and climatic constraints (droughts, waterlogging, permafrost), organizational and economic factors (low profitability, machinery shortages), the consequences of the 1990s land reform, and imperfections in the legislative framework. Key proposed measures include: improving the monitoring system, developing land reclamation, providing economic incentives for agricultural producers, conducting a land inventory, and strengthening liability for the misuse of land. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its conclusions can be used by state and municipal authorities to develop targeted programs for bringing abandoned lands back into economic circulation and enhancing the efficiency of the macro-region's agricultural industrial complex.

The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the retention performance of filled and unfilled fluoride-containing resin-based fissure sealants applied to permanent first molars of children, and to assess the effect of rubber dam and cotton roll isolation techniques over an 18-month period. A total of 100 children/200 teeth participated in the study. The study was designed as a randomized, single-blinded, split-mouth trial. Mandibular permanent first molars of each patient divided into two groups: a-highly-filled pit-and-fissure sealant (Fissurit FX, Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) and a-non-filled pit-and-fissure sealant (Teethmate F-1, Kuraray, Okayama, Japan), both containing fluoride. Considering the method of isolation of the dry working field, each group was further divided into two subgroups: rubber dam isolation and cotton roll isolation. The retention of the sealing material was analyzed at 6, 12, and 18 months. The primary outcome of the study was sealant retention, while the presence of caries lesions was recorded as a secondary outcome. The data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of 0.05. At the 18-month follow-up, the complete retention rates were 76.4% for Teethmate F1 (80.0% with cotton-roll isolation, 73.0% with rubberdam isolation), and 58.3% for Fissurit FX (59.5% with cotton-roll isolation, 57.7% with rubberdam isolation), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the effect of isolation methods on the retention of materials. No caries lesion was detected among all the teeth being followed up after 18 months. Within the limitations of this study, sealant retention was more strongly influenced by filler content than by the isolation method used, with unfilled fluoride-containing sealants showing superior long-term retention. Both sealant types provided effective caries prevention over the 18-month follow-up period. Both fluoride-containing filled, and non-filled pit-and-fissure sealants demonstrated comparable retention and caries-preventive effects over 18 months, regardless of the isolation method, supporting their flexible use in clinical practice.The study was registered at CliniccalTrials.gov (Registration number: NCT07110701; Date of registration: 07 August 2025).

In this randomized controlled, double-blind study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of sympathetic nerve fibers in erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and to compare it with thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) in patients scheduled for unilateral mastectomy. Additionally, we compared sympathetic blockade-related hemodynamic effects, sensory blockade distribution, and analgesic effects. Thirty-eight female patients aged 18-70 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification I-III, were included in the study. The patients were divided into Group E (those who received general anesthesia after the ESPB) and Group T (those who received general anesthesia after TEA). The extent of sympathetic blockade (via the hot-cold test) and skin conductance (GSR) were recorded as the co-primary outcome measures. Secondary outcomes included skin temperature, perioperative hemodynamic data, sensory block extent, postoperative pain scores, and analgesic consumption. Regarding the co-primary outcomes, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the hot-cold test or GSR values. In terms of secondary outcomes, although the rate of skin temperature change differed (p = 0.028), both groups showed significant warming. Hemodynamic data were comparable. However, ESPB produced a wider ipsilateral sensory block than TEA. The postoperative pain scores, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) demand, and rescue analgesic consumption were not statistically significantly different between the two groups. ESPB demonstrated similar sympathetic blockade efficacy to TEA. Additionally, it produced similar hemodynamic effects and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing unilateral mastectomy due to malignancy. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04702061, Date of registration: 24/12/2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04702061.

Cancer risk among women with scoliosis: a nationwide danish register-based study.

A conceptualisation of subjective financial distress as a consequence of a cancer diagnosis and treatment is still missing due to a lack of a comprehensive model accounting for all relevant dimensions of financial effects of cancer experienced by patients. Our goal was to derive a model for the German healthcare system to shed light on the complex process of financial effects of cancer. The model was developed through systematic literature review and qualitative studies, including interviews with 18 cancer patients and a focus group with 4 social services representatives. The iterative process of model development was accompanied by an ongoing exchange in the interdisciplinary research team. The developed model of financial effects of cancer experienced by patients consists of three dimensions: (1) actual and anticipated financial disadvantages, (2) behavioural and cognitive coping strategies, and (3) subjective financial distress conceptualised as negative effects in different aspects of daily living: employment, living situation, family, social participation, health promoting lifestyle, additional personally preferred treatments, navigating the health system, and a further area so-called unspecific. Subjective financial distress is driven by different financial effects of cancer experienced by patients and is perceived as negative in various aspects of daily living. While the identified categories of daily living can be observed in countries with universal healthcare coverage, the content and degree of each subcategory depend on country-specific characteristics. The introduced model can be used to inform the development of a new patient-reported outcome measure (PROM). NCT05319925 (registration date, 2022-06-01).

Endometrial cancer incidence is rising in the United States, including among women younger than 50 years, raising concern for women serving on active duty, retirees, and their dependents. Age-related differences in clinicopathologic features and treatment have been documented in the general U.S. population and the differences may be influenced by access to care. We aimed to study clinicopathologic and treatment features of women within the Department of War (DoW) Military Health System (MHS) to better understand age-related differences in tumor characteristics, surgical management, and adjuvant therapy by age in this universal access setting. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Military Cancer Epidemiology (MilCanEpi) database, which links the DoW cancer registry and medical claims data. Women diagnosed with endometrial cancer from 2001 to 2014 who underwent hysterectomy within 6 months of diagnosis were included. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) for advanced tumor stage (II-IV vs. I), aggressive histological subtypes (high-grade endometrioid endometrial carcinoma [EEC] or non-EEC vs. low-grade EEC), surgical approach, and adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy or radiation) by age group: 18-49, 50-64, and ≥65 years. Among 1,223 patients, 16% were aged 18-49, 61% aged 50-64, and 23% aged ≥65. Compared with women aged 50-64, those aged 18-49 were less likely to have aggressive histologic subtypes (ARR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44-0.96), while those aged ≥65 were at higher risk for more aggressive histologic subtypes (ARR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.25-1.90). No significant age-related differences were observed in tumor stage, time to surgery, surgical approach, or lymphadenectomy. Among patients with aggressive histologic subtypes (n = 287), receipt of adjuvant therapy did not differ significantly by age (18-49 years: ARR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.58-1.21; ≥65 years: ARR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.78-1.08) relative to women aged 50-64 years at diagnosis. Within the MHS, age-related differences in endometrial cancer were confined to tumor histology, with younger women less likely and older women more likely to present with aggressive subtypes. This is consistent with that reported in the general U.S. population. Importantly, no age-related differences were observed in surgical management or receipt of adjuvant therapy when adjusted for tumor features. This may suggest the role of healthcare access in mitigating age-related treatment gaps observed in the general population.

ABSTRACT Background The optimal anesthetic approach for thrombectomy remains unclear. This study examined how anesthesia type influences efficiency and angiographic outcomes after adjustment for stroke severity, occlusion site, and key procedural factors. Methods Registry data from 2019–2025 were analyzed by anesthesia type to compare baseline characteristics, workflow metrics, and outcomes. Successful reperfusion (final TICI ≥2B) and first-pass effect (TICI 3 in one pass) were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated whether anesthesia type independently predicted successful reperfusion after adjusting for admission NIHSS score > 15, occlusion site, intravenous thrombolysis, number of passes, and procedure duration. Results Among 1070 patients, 74% underwent thrombectomy under general anesthesia (GA) and 26% under conscious sedation (CS). Patients treated with GA presented with higher stroke severity (NIHSS > 15, 64.6% vs 42.0%; p < 0.0001), more posterior circulation occlusions (9.3% vs 4.0%; p = 0.006), and less intravenous thrombolysis (24.3% vs 37.0%; p < 0.0001). Workflow times were similar between groups. GA was associated with a higher rate of successful reperfusion (94.1% vs 87.7%; p = 0.0005) despite slightly more device passes. After adjustment, GA remained was associated with higher odds of successful reperfusion (adjusted odds ratio [GA vs CS], 3.23; 95% CI, 1.72–6.09; p = 0.0003), whereas first-pass effect did not differ (adjusted odds ratio [GA vs CS], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.39–1.69; p = 0.59). Conclusions GA was used in more complex, severe cases but was associated with higher reperfusion without delaying workflow. Anesthetic selection should prioritize airway protection, physiological stability, and procedural control.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major risk factor for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). Oxidative stress and inflammation, mediated by the advanced glycation end products (AGE)-receptor for AGE (RAGE)-nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) pathway, contribute to OHSS development and impaired oocyte quality. Astaxanthin (AST), a potent antioxidant, may modulate this pathway. In this exploratory pilot trial using a triple‑blind, randomized, placebo‑controlled design, 44 PCOS patients at high risk for OHSS were assigned to receive AST (n = 22) or placebo (n = 22) adjunct to the COS regimen. COS was performed using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol with individualized gonadotropin dosing. Stimulation characteristics, gonadotropin dose, and follicle distribution were comparable between groups. The mean number of retrieved oocytes was slightly higher with AST, and the oocyte maturity rate (OMR) was significantly greater. Estradiol and progesterone levels on trigger day were lower in the AST group, though not statistically significant. Molecular analyses showed reduced RAGE expression, a lower phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa-B (pIκB)/inhibitor of kappa-B (IκB) ratio in granulosa cells (GCs), and significantly decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) in follicular fluid (FF), with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showing a downward trend. These findings suggest that AST supplementation may improve COS outcomes and favorably modulate inflammatory pathways, with potential to reduce OHSS risk in high-risk PCOS patients. However, this pilot trial was not powered enough to confirm the primary OHSS endpoint, and larger studies are required for validation.Trial registration: Registration ID: IRCT20231028059882N2; Registration date: 2024-06-15; Update date: 2025-03-16; Direct Access Link: https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/77250.

Adolescents placed in state-run secure youth homes (by the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care) due to substance misuse and serious norm-violating behaviour (including offending) are in pressing need of effective help, yet available treatments lack scientific support. The treatment Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) supports abstinence and improves social functioning in outpatient settings, but has not been evaluated in secure youth homes. To evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effects of A-CRA in Swedish secure youth homes, and assess the feasibility of study procedures before a multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT). In a randomised feasibility trial, 42 adolescents (16-20 years) at four secure youth homes were allocated to A-CRA plus treatment as usual (A-CRA+TAU; n=22) or TAU alone (n=20). Substance use was measured with self-reports and registry data at baseline, post-treatment and up to 24 months after treatment; participants were also interviewed about acceptability and satisfaction. Feasibility was demonstrated: 77% reached the predefined exposure threshold (≥12 A-CRA procedures). Adolescents found the intervention acceptable and helpful in secure care. Study procedures were largely workable, though questionnaire data showed substantial missingness. Preliminary effects were favourable, with no evidence of harm. A-CRA appears feasible in secure youth care, with minor adjustments, and is perceived as helpful and acceptable by adolescents. Treatment effects will be evaluated in an upcoming multicentre RCT. NCT05081934.

Pituitary adenoma is a frequently encountered intracranial mass that is typically characterized by slow growth and benign behavior. There remains limited knowledge regarding the risk of developing a "subsequent primary malignancy" (SPM) in a patient with a pituitary adenoma. This study assessed the risk of developing a SPM after a pituitary adenoma diagnosis. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER-17) data registry, which consisted of 9,208,295 patients, was utilized to generate a cohort of 60,677 patients diagnosed with pituitary adenoma to identify patients at risk for a SPM. The SEER patient data was collected from the years 2000 to 2020. Statistical analysis was performed through SEER's stat package and Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIRs) for various malignancies after the diagnosis of primary pituitary adenoma were obtained. We also collected basic demographic, surgical, and postoperative data. Of the 60,677 patients, 4067 (6.7%) received a diagnosis of a SPM, which correlates to a higher risk than the general population (SIR, 1.1, 99% CI, 1.06-1.15). Patients with a pituitary adenoma had an increased risk of the following cancers: lymphatic and hematopoietic (SIR, 1.25; 99% CI, 1.09-1.41), kidney and renal pelvis (SIR, 1.45; 99% CI, 1.2-1.74), cutaneous melanoma (SIR, 1.36; 99% CI, 1.15-1.16), and thyroid cancer (SIR, 2.76; 99% CI, 2.32-3.26). Additionally, females were more predisposed to the following cancers: Digestive system (SIR, 1.19; 99% CI, 1.11-1.25), and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (SIR, 1.41; 99% CI, 1.04-1.88). Utilizing the SEER database, we have discovered an increased risk of SPM in patients with pituitary adenoma. Supplementary research may be done to determine any shared genetic abnormalities between the development of pituitary adenoma and these SPMs. Additionally, further research of the endocrinological effects of pituitary adenoma and potential associations to SPMs should be studied.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate associations between treatment modality and survival in patients with eyelid lymphoma using the SEER national cancer registry, and to identify demographic predictors of prognosis. Methods Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2000–2021) were analyzed for patients with histologically confirmed eyelid lymphoma. Demographic, histologic, and treatment variables were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models for 5 year and overall survival respectively. Results Among 509 cases, extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT; 47.5%) was most common, followed by follicular lymphoma (19.6%) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL; 12.0%). Radiation therapy was associated with improved survival in patients with MALT lymphoma (p < 0.05) but not in other subtypes. Chemotherapy was not independently associated with improved survival. Increased age at diagnosis and male gender were independent predictors of decreased survival (p < 0.05). Race, income, and marital status were not associated with altered five-year survival. Conclusions This population-based analysis demonstrates that survival in eyelid lymphoma varies by histologic subtype and is independently associated with age, sex, and radiation therapy use in MALT lymphoma. Findings should be interpreted in light of inherent limitations of registry data, including incomplete treatment and staging information.

Individual characteristics can be associated with maintaining adequate FV intake over time. Thus, we aimed to identify factors associated with maintaining changes in fruit/vegetable (FV) intake at 48months. Longitudinal analysis of data from a randomized trial carried out in a health promotion service, including individuals with positive changes in FV intake after intervention. FV intake was assessed at 48months, compared to 12months to identify whether maintenance was associated with demographics, health data, stages of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance, using multivariate regression. We included 2,232 participants, 88.4% were women, 46.6% were maintainers at 48months. Maintainers were older, had lower schooling and baseline FV intake, had been in the service for longer, and increased FV intake between 12 and 48months while non-maintainers decreased it. Being older or in the service for 36 + months were associated with 1% and 30% higher odds of maintenance; higher baseline FV intake and self-efficacy were associated with 1% and 2% lower odds of maintenance. Maintenance of changes in FV intake was associated with higher age, a longer time in the service, and lower baseline FV intake and self-efficacy. Health promotion services should aim for participant retention, and interventionists should pay attention to participants who might face more barriers for maintenance. RBR-9h7ckx. Date of registration: August 12, 2015.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains a challenging malignancy to treat, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) revolutionizing patient management. This pilot study, evaluated the efficacy and safety of combination therapy comprising camrelizumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, and autologous cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy in patients with refractory ccRCC. Twenty-one patients with refractory ccRCC were randomly assigned to receive either camrelizumab monotherapy (control group, n = 12) or camrelizumab combined with CIK cell re-transfusion (trial group, n = 9). Due to early termination (21 of 60 planned patients), all endpoints were exploratory. The objective response rate (ORR) was numerically higher in the combination group (55.6% vs. 41.7%; odds ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32-9.51), but not statistically significant. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 28.5 vs. 8.67 months (hazard ratio [HR] 0.40, 95% CI: 0.12-1.34), and median overall survival (OS) was not reached vs. 57.47 months (HR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.09-2.53). One patient in the trial group achieved a complete metabolic response (CMR). The combination was well-tolerated without new safety signals. Exploratory analysis suggested that higher baseline PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells might be associated with a better response, and the frequency of PD-1 positive cells tended to decrease after camrelizumab administration. The addition of CIK cell therapy to anti-PD-1 antibody showed signals of potential benefit in refractory ccRCC with a tolerable safety profile. This pilot study suggests the combination approach appears feasible and warrants investigation in larger trials in pretreated ccRCC patients.Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov, TRN: NCT03987698, Registration date: 17 June 2019.

Effective communication, motivation, and self-efficacy are essential competencies for nursing students to deliver high-quality patient care. Educational strategies grounded in motivational theory, such as the ARCS model, may enhance these outcomes. This study aimed to examine the effects of an education program based on the ARCS motivational model on nursing students' communication skills, learning motivation, and academic self-efficacy. A mixed-method randomized controlled trial was conducted with sixty-four first-year nursing students randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 34), which received six hours of ARCS-based communication training, or a control group (n = 34), which received standard instruction. Quantitative data were collected pre- and post-intervention using validated instruments measuring communication skills, learning motivation, and academic self-efficacy. Qualitative data were obtained from reflective journals written by the experimental group and analyzed through inductive descriptive content analysis. The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in ego-supportive language, active listening, and empathy (p < 0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in the I-language subscale. Only the experimental group showed significant increases in learning motivation and academic self-efficacy (p < 0.05), while the control group remained stable. Qualitative findings generated three overarching themes-Transformation in Communication, Motivation through ARCS, and Internalization and Development-which supported the quantitative results and illustrated enhanced emotional empathy, perceived relevance, and satisfaction. Education based on the ARCS motivational model significantly improved nursing students' communication skills, motivation, and self-efficacy. While affective and participatory competencies developed substantially, cognitive-reflective components may require extended or repeated interventions. The ARCS framework offers a robust pedagogical approach to fostering learner engagement and readiness in nursing education. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07004205 Registration date: 12.05.2025).

Paclitaxel being an effective treatment for ovarian cancer, presents one of the most critical toxicities; peripheral neuropathy (PN), a debilitating side effect that might limit continuation of chemotherapy. Vitamin B was found to significantly improve PN and Gabapentin is debatably used in chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of vitamin B prophylaxis in reducing the severity of CIPN, particularly in diabetic patients with the need for Gabapentin as additional therapy and the potential impact on disease response. A clinical trial of 146 adult ovarian cancer patients received Paclitaxel for 18 weeks; randomly allocated into two arms: One arm received vitamin B prophylaxis before starting Paclitaxel and other received upon CIPN. Gabapentin was given upon aggravation of CIPN. This study showed a significant reduction in CIPN grade over time, with fewer patients progressed to higher grades in prophylactic versus non-prophylactic group, extended to significant improvement in CIPN in prophylactic versus non-prophylactic diabetic patients. Gabapentin was more significantly required in non-prophylactic versus prophylactic group. A significant correlation was found between dose modification due to CIPN and CA125 status. Finally, a significant difference in PFS between prophylactic and non-prophylactic group was found at the end of the study. These results reinforce the potential role of vitamin B prophylaxis in improving patient outcomes through significantly reducing CIPN severity and minimizing the risk of dose reductions, thereby contributing to better disease response. Trial registration number: NCT07191587, date of registration: 09/24/2025, retrospectively registered.

Binaural beats, which induce brainwave entrainment, have reduced anxiety and sedative use. This study evaluated the effect of binaural beats on emergence delirium (ED) in children undergoing strabismus surgery under general anesthesia. This randomized controlled trial included 73 pediatric patients aged 2-7 years receiving binaural beats (n = 36) or noise-canceled silence (n = 37) during general anesthesia. ED was defined as a Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) score > 12 or Watcha score > 2. Primary outcome was the incidence of ED. Secondary outcomes included PAED, Watcha, and Faces Legs Activity Cry Consolability (FLACC) scores in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), intraoperative electroencephalogram band power differences, and PACU stay duration. The incidence of ED did not significantly differ between groups (38.89% vs. 54.05%; relative risk 1.39 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.84-2.31]; p = 0.287). However, PAED scores at PACU arrival, at 20 min, and the highest score during PACU stay were significantly lower in the binaural group (median difference -1 [95% CI, -3 to 0]; p = 0.026 at arrival; -4 [95% CI, -4 to 0]; p = 0.035 at 20 min; -1 [95% CI, -3 to 0]; p = 0.048 for the highest score). Watcha and FLACC scores, band powers, and PACU stay duration did not differ significantly between groups. Binaural beat application during general anesthesia did not significantly reduce the incidence of ED. Exploratory analyses suggested a reduction in maximum PAED score, but this requires further study. NCT05883280 (registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov (registration number, principal investigator: Jeong-Hwa Seo, registration date: May 22, 2023)).

Mass spectrometry-based spatial omics is a powerful approach for visualizing the spatial organization of proteins, metabolites, lipids, and other biomolecules in situ, combining the molecular depth of mass spectrometry with spatially resolved imaging. This systematic review traces the rapid technological and computational evolution of this field, including innovations in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), labeling-based approaches, and proximity labeling techniques. It also highlights recent advances that enhance spatial resolution, expand molecular coverage, and enable deep molecular characterization and review analytical pipelines that integrate deep learning, cross-modality registration, and cloud-optimized data formats. From the multimodal and practical perspective, the integration of MSI with other spatial omics platforms and its transformative applications in tumor microenvironment profiling, neurodegenerative disease, developmental biology, biomarker discovery, and precision medicine are discussed. Finally, this review outlines challenges and opportunities, emphasizing the need for standardization, clinical validation, and interpretable artificial intelligence to enable broader adoption. These advances position MS-based spatial omics as a foundational pillar for multimodal spatial biology and personalized healthcare.

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) multiple myeloma (MM) survival statistics (https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html) that have been used to guide MM management and control have been systematically overestimated due to the inclusion of smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), a premalignant condition of MM. Using the latest SEER release, we estimated the extent of such overestimation in the survival statistics. In 2016, 77.9% out of 5,495 patients reported as overall MM were symptomatic MM and 10.9% were SMM. Median survival was 65.8 months for overall MM versus 56.8 months for symptomatic MM (p < .001). Inclusion of SMM overestimated MM survival by 9 months. Five-year relative survival estimates from 2015-2021 were 61.6% for overall MM, 57.9% for symptomatic MM, and 88.3% for SMM, versus SEER's reported 62.4%. Survival statistics for symptomatic MM and SMM should be reported separately to guide MM management and prevention at the population level.

Incidence rates of oesophageal cancer (EC), predominantly oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), in areas of China are the highest worldwide. Selenium, a trace element linked to ESCC risk, likely plays a role in ESCC's enigmatic spatial distribution. We investigated the association between soil selenium and EC incidence in China. We conducted a large ecological study using 2016 population-based EC incidence data from 486 cancer registry catchments covering 380 million people and 74,000 EC cases. We assigned mean soil selenium concentrations to each area from geospatial maps. Age-standardized EC incidence rates (ASRs) were computed. We used linear regression models to estimate approximate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for ASRs across soil selenium quintiles and for areas classified as deficient (≤ 0.2mg/kg). The distribution of ASRs differed above and below the selenium deficiency threshold (0.2mg/kg). Above, 100% of ASRs in females and 87% in males were < 15/100,000. Below, 81% of ASRs in females and 36% in males were < 15/100,000, with ASRs having a wide range (0 - 117.5 per 100,000 person-years). Soil selenium-deficient areas were linked to more than twofold increased EC incidence among males (IRR: 2.45; 95% CI: 2.13, 2.81) and threefold among females (IRR: 3.35; 95% CI: 2.67, 4.19). These findings support the hypothesis of selenium's role in the incidence of EC, which may arise from increased susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of other exposures in selenium-deficient areas. In China, all EC hotspots occur in selenium deficient areas, yet there are selenium deficient areas with low EC rates.