Regions Of Lithuania Research Articles

The Impact of Depopulation for Changes in the Network of General Education Schools

The purpose of the research was to reveal the impact of depopulation for changes in the network of general education schools in problem regions in Lithuania. The topic of the research – problem regions of Lithuania which include 22 sparsely populated municipalities (hereafter – the SPM) where a rural population density does not exceed 12,5 inh/km2. During the research, it was established that depopulation, decreasing population and number of school students affects the degradation of the network of general education schools. This is especially obvious in SPM, where the number of population is decreasing fast: 2001–2017 the number of population in the country decreased by 18 %, in SPM – 28 %; 2001–2016 the number of general education schools in country decreased by 49 %, in SPM – 62 %. This trend is especially striking in Northern East and Southern municipalities of Lithuania which are attributable to problem regions due to the growing social and spatial exclusion. There are no assumptions about the change in the demographic situation in the near future and this means that the network of schools will continue to decrease, only schools in bigger settlements of administrative centers of municipalities have more chances to remain. In order to at least stop the disappearance of the network of general education schools in SPM, there should be reduced requirements for rural schools (lower number of school students in classes, lower obligatory workload for teachers, supplements to salary for teacher etc.), the reorganization of schools should be more deliberate, etc.

Prevalence of self-reported drug hypersensitivity reactions among Lithuanian children and adults

Introduction and objectivesDrug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are the adverse effects of drugs that, when taken at doses generally tolerated by normal subjects, clinically resemble allergy. We aimed to assess the prevalence of self-reported DHRs among Lithuanian children and adults and to identify possible risk factors. Materials and methodsA cross-sectional survey of a population visiting their general practitioners in Vilnius and Kaunas regions of Lithuania was performed. Thirty-five questions on drug allergy symptoms, in addition, food, pollen allergy and family history were included. Results3222 (60.0%) children and 2148 (40.0%) adults were included in the study. 7.9% of children and 13.8% of adults reported a DHR for at least one drug (p<0.001). 69.8% of children and 47.3% of adults, who indicated DHRs, had skin symptoms. Rate of anaphylaxis was similar in both groups (about 10%). 4.5% of children and 7.3% of adults had DHRs induced by antibiotics and this was the most implicated group of drugs. Significant self-reported risk factors for DHRs were family history of DHRs (OR=6.007, 95%CI 4.756–7.587), pollen allergy (OR=2.0, 95%CI 1.573–2.544), food allergy (OR=1.92, 95%CI 1.505–2.448), female gender (OR=1.439, 95%CI 1.187–1.744) and age (OR=1.017 in favour of adults, 95%CI 1.013–1.021). ConclusionsThe prevalence of self-reported DHRs in Lithuania is higher among adults than children. Drug-induced skin reactions were the predominant symptom in both groups. Besides female gender and age, a positive family history of DHR and presence of pollen or food allergy may be associated with DHR.

Impact of economic development on the ecology in the regions of Lithuania

Impact of economic development on the ecology in the regions of Lithuania

Scots pine radial growth response to climate and future projections at peat and mineral soils in the boreo-nemoral zone

This paper aims to study what influence different meteorological parameters have on the radial tree growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in peat and mineral soils, as well as to make predictions of radial tree growth responses to changing climate based on various future climate projections. Four Lithuanian peatland complexes representing different geographical settings and hydrological conditions were studied. From each study site, two tree-ring width (TRW) series were derived, one from trees growing on peat soil and one from trees on mineral soil at the periphery of the peatland. The annual growth rings from trees grown on mineral soils, in different geographical regions in Lithuania, show synchronicity, whereas the correlation between the TRW series from different peatland sites was weak to absent. The main factor that explains radial tree growth at the mineral-soil sites was air temperature during early spring (February–March), which influences the onset and duration of the growing season. However, variations in radial tree growth on the peatland sites were also attributed to lagged hydrological responses relating to precipitation and evaporation over several years. Our future projections show that growth conditions for pine trees on mineral soils will improve in the twenty-first century in Lithuania following an increase of air temperature in early spring. The predictions for the trees growing on peat soils, however, rely on the groundwater-level changes governed by a combination of precipitation and evaporation changes. Towards the end of the twenty-first century, the groundwater level in most Lithuanian peatlands is expected to increase, which most likely will result in harsher growth conditions for the peatland trees. This assumption is, however, open for debate as the peatland trees appear to favour the current warming conditions. It may therefore be too early to precisely predict future growth responses for the peatland trees, but this study is a next step to better understand future climate dynamics and vegetation responses in the Baltic region.

Design Characteristics of the Short Version Ei-Darl-V1 Of Original Emotional Intelligence Measurement Technique

Research background and hypothesis. In the absence of unanimous definition of emotional intelligence (EI), it is reasonable to integrate various concepts of this construct when constructing the new original EI research methodology. Therefore, a decision was made to provide the tasks in various ways, i. e. not only in the form of items, but also providing face mimic identification and emotional-social and interpersonal situation solution assignments, which would cover a larger part of the research phenomenon. Research aim was to present the short version of the created EI measurement technique – EI-DARL-V1 – based on the best practices of foreign scientists by identifying the problems of the construction methodology and providing psychometric characteristics. Research methods. While constructing EI measurement technique, the two following blocks of tasks were prepared: 1) the block of tasks that defines EI as a personality trait; 2) the block of tasks that define EI as a cognitive (ability) characteristic. 119 items were generated for the version EI-DARL-V1. The study data were collected in 2012–2013 from 1430 subjects (experimental group consisted of 1400 subjects and control-contrast (i. e. older age) group consisted of 30 subjects) in different regions in Lithuania. Subjects’ age of the main (experimental) sample was 19.7 years (SD = 3.29). Research results. The created EI measurement technique EI–DARL has two forms – the short (EI-DARL-V1) and the long (EI-DARL-V2) ones. The short version, presented in this article, consists of five scales (“Understanding your emotions”, “Your emotional control”, “Understanding emotions of the other person”, “Control of other emotions”, “Manipulations”), a 73-item questionnaire, where subjects reveal their degree of agreement with the items. Discussion and conclusions. The psychometric quality characteristics of the measurement technique subscales meet the requirements: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient values fluctuate from 0.73 to 0.89; the average inter-correlation among the measurement technique items is from 0.29 to 0.49; i/tt (resolution) indicators often exceed 0.5; the instrument has only those items, the factorial loadings exceed 0.3; factor’s overall explained dispersion ranges from 22 to 46%; KMO values range from 0.88 to 0.94. EI-DARL-V1 validity and reliability conditions are met.Keywords: emotional intelligence, psychometrics, validity, reliability.

Rozwój regionalny Litwy w warunkach integracji gospodarczej

W artykule została podjęta tematyka rozwoju regionalnego Litwy w warunkach integracji gospodarczej, a jego celem jest analiza poszczególnych regionów Litwy pod kątem ich rozwoju i wskazanie na wewnętrzne regionalne zróżnicowanie kraju. Do przeanalizowania wymienionych czynników wykorzystano metodę statystyki opisowej. Poddano analizie szereg wskaźników; są to m.in. PKB, stopa 19 bezrobocia, stopa zatrudnienia. Po przystąpieniu do Unii Europejskiej Litwa, jako pełnoprawny członek ugrupowania, uzyskuje środki pomocnicze w celu realizacji projektów rozwojowych. Produkt krajowy brutto jest jednym z głównych wskaźników służących ocenie stanu gospodarki kraju. Analiza udziału PKB regionów w PKB kraju wykazała, że największy udział mają okręgi wileński, kowieński i kłajpedzki. Dodatkowo w przypadku PKB per capita analiza wykazała wzrostową tendencję we wszystkich regionach. Z przeprowadzonych analiz procesu rozwoju regionalnego wynika, że po przystąpieniu Litwy do Unii Europejskiej większa część badanych wskaźników uległa pozytywnym zmianom, m.in. dzięki wykorzystaniu środków unijnych.

REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN LITHUANIA

The aim of this study is to identify current pattern specific to the development of the Lithuanian counties by using a comparison approach. The research was based on annual data covering the period 2011–2016. Various aspects of the environmental, social and economic differences between the regions in Lithuania are analysed and discussed. The article focuses on regional disparities but also considers changes over time. In this research there have been applied nonparametric statistical methods and graphical presentation. The results have indicated that there is a clear predominance of three regions – Kaunas, Klaipėda and Vilnius counties. The conducted analysis showed, that there were statistically significant differences in the activity rate, the average disposable income and the number of households that have an internet access comparing by the years.

Tikriniai velniavardžiai lietuvių tarmėse ir tautosakoje

Lietuvių tatmėse ir tautosakoje užfiksuoti 22 skirtingi tikriniai velnio vardai. Drauge su įvairiose Lietuvos vietose vartojamais tarminiais variantais jų esama netoli penkiasdešimties. Dažniausiai tai populiarūs krikšto vardai, nekrikštavardinių velniavardžių pasitaiko palyginti retai. Šiame straipsnyje jie aptariami kilmės, darybos ir funkcijos aspektu. krikštavardiniai velniavardžiai gali būti įvairios kilmės: hebrajų, graikų, lotynų, rečiau germanų arba slavų. Etninėje kultūroje velnias dažnai suvokiamas kaip antropomorfinis personažas, todėl ir jam taikomi antroponimai palyginti neblogai atspindi lietuviams nuo seno įprastą krikštavardžių įvairovę. Didžiausiu variantiškumu (fonetikos, morfologijos, žodžių darybos skirtumais) pasižymi pragaro valdovo tikriniai vardai. Antroponimai linkę virsti velnio eufemizmais arba mįslių žodžiais todėl, kad neturi leksinės reikšmės. Tikriniai velnio vardai tautosakos tekstuose gali atlikti penkias skirtingas funkcijas: apeliatyvinę, maginę, eufemistinę, pragmatinę, apotropinę.

Analysis of the stress (RYR1) gene and osteochondrosis in wild boars in Lithuania

The aim of the experiment was to determine the RYR1 genotype and to analyse the distribution of osteochondrosis (OC) in wild boars from different regions of Lithuania. Hair and bone samples were collected from wild boars of various sexes and ages that had been shot during hunting season. Genomic DNA was extracted from hair roots. The RYR1 gene was analysed with the PCR-RFLP method, using specific primers and restriction enzymes Alw211 and Hin61. Only one C allele (q = 1.00) and CC genotype of the RYR1 gene were identified. Thus 138 genotyped wild boars were stress-resistant with both dominant alleles intact (no mutation). OC was measured by the cut surface of the distal femur and humerus. The prevalence of OC among the 34 wild boars tested was 20.6%. 5 animals (14.7%) had OC lesions in the hind legs and 2 animals (5.9%) had them in the front legs. OC affected leg joints more often in adult females (third-years and older), but this dependence was not significant (p &gt; 0.05)..

The Building and Renovation History of Vilnius and Kaunas Churches: Dendrochronological Dating and Historical Sources

Summary We present the application of dendrochronological dating of the renovation and construction works of churches in the Kaunas and Vilnius regions of Lithuania. The model for the estimation of the missing rings of Scots pine was used in Lithuania for the first time. We have assessed 18 timber cross-sections from nine churches, which were used for the constructions from the second half of the 17th to 19th c. The oldest wood samples were dated from St. Michael’s Church in Vilnius (1668±4) and St. George, the Martyr, (Bernardine) Church in Kaunas (1693±3). The aim of this study was to compare the results of the investigation of timber samples from 9 churches with archival sources and literature data and to reveal the renovation history of the buildings. The study of written historical sources has revealed a lack of recorded building and reconstruction phases of the churches. This fact was later confirmed by the results of dendrochronological dating. The dating of the timber revealed undocumented reconstruction dates in Zapyškis church (1791±3), St. George, the Martyr, (Bernardine) Church in Kaunas (1711±4), St. Anne Church in Skaruliai (1693±3) and Vilnius Cathedral (1814±4).

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS IN THE MUNICIPALITIES OF LITHUANIA AND LATVIA REGIONS

: The authors of this article discuss the tourism development conditions in the municipalities of the Eastern Aukštaitija region, in Lithuania, and the Latgale region, in Latvia. The aim of the research is to explore tourism development conditions in the municipalities of the Eastern Aukštaitija region, in Lithuania and Latgale region, in Latvia. Objectives of the research are to characterize the factors influencing the development of tourism, to perform an analysis of the main factors of tourism development of the Eastern Aukštaitija region in Lithuania and the Latgale region in Latvia, and to define the major factors of tourism management in the municipalities of the Eastern Aukštaitija region, and the Latgale region. The scientific problem - the tourism development trends have not been studied in a local, municipality level in Lithuania and Latvia and tourism in districts is developed without a clear and long-term development strategy and consistent implementation of the program. The authors of the article apply the analysis of scientific literature, quantitative research – a survey and questionnaire data generalization. Six tourism specialists in the eastern Aukštaitija region, and 30 tourism specialists in the Latgale region, were interviewed. Tourism development issues are discussed and the results of the research (analysis of scientific literature and the questionnaire, analysis of strategic documents) are performed. The conclusions of article are: factors which influence tourism in the Lithuanian and Latvian regions most are the image of tourism destination/awareness, quality of tourism services, management of tourism destination, variety of tourism services and tourism infrastructure. Second conclusion: tourism specialists identified management of tourism destination, image of tourism destination/ awareness, quality of tourism services in Lithuania region; cultural, natural and human resources and tourism services (travel organization, tourism information services, nutrition in the Latvian region, as tourism development strengths in municipalities of the Lithuanian and Latvian region; tourism diversity and tourist infrastructure in the Lithuanian region and tourism infrastructure and entertainments in Latvia region were identified as weaknesses. Third conclusion: tourism development in both regions is threatened by such factors as unplanned changes of the state economic development priorities, population migration to other countries and other factors. While, tourism development in the region can benefit from EU funds, and the growing demand for active recreation and health tourism products in the hospitality industry and etc. Tourism development at the municipalities of both regions in Lithuania and Latvia is influenced by such factors, as the development of the tourism planning and management system, adequate competence of human resources, cooperation between public and private sectors, planning and organization, legal tourism base, tourism projects development and implementation, tourism development strategy and research in the tourism development area.

Memorialization of Maironis with Respect to Literary Canonization (1932–1940)

The paper focuses on the performative and material memorialization (anniversaries, funeral, obituaries in the press, the gravestone, and the memorial museum) ofMaironis (Jonas Mačiulis, 1862–1932) in the 1930s, which contributed to the consolidation of the poet’s position in the national literary canon. It also describes what prevalent meanings of his literary works were being formed by different practices of memorialization. When Maironis died in 1932, the press was full of obituaries, detailed commentaries, and interpretations of his funeral. We also have a script of his 70th birthday celebration, which, together with the mentioned acts of memorialization, shows that Maironis occupied the central spot in the national literary canon in the early 1930s. The very fact of his death granted an additional motive towards a faster canonization of the poet and served as a base to form Maironis’s patriotic cult. In the obituaries, the meaning of Maironis’s poetry was predominantly judged from the point of view of its social and historical impact and Maironis was extolled as a prophet of the national revival who had awakened the Lithuanians to the fight for their language, culture, and statehood. During the interwar period, the era of the national revival had become an essential place of collective memory in general, thus the poetry of Maironis, who had already been treated as the national poet of the revival, was recognized not only as a witness of that epoch, but also as the one that could fulfill the vitally important function of mobilization of the community and of the formation of national and civil identity. When Maironis was still alive, he was commemorated in various toponyms of Kaunas and other regions of Lithuania. After his death, the importance of his memorialization in different ways became obvious. Shortly after his funeral, the publication of memoirs about his life, stories about the processes of writing poetry, and his letters was initiated. In the late 1930s, a mausoleum of Maironis was built near Kaunas Cathedral Basilica, a bust of Maironis was erected in the square of the Military Museum of Vytautas the Great, and Maironis Memorial Museum was founded. There were no other Lithuanian writers in the period of the Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940) who received so much attention from the state and so much financial support as was assigned to the memorialization of Maironis.

Distribution, state and conservation of Equisetum telmateia in Lithuania

Abstract Conservation of endangered plant species requires a thorough knowledge about the present state of their populations and habitats as well as identification of current and potential threats. The aim of this research was to evaluate current distribution, state of habitats and the size of populations of Equisetum telmateia (Equisetaceae) in Lithuania as well as to reveal the main threats and requirement for the conservation of this species. Analysis of all available information revealed that E. telmateia currently occurs in seven localities in Lithuania, mainly in the southern part of the country. One formerly recorded population in the south-western part of Lithuania has become extinct. Two reported localities in the environs of Druskininkai (southern Lithuania) are doubtful, because the reports have been based on misidentified specimens. Locality of E. telmateia in the western part of the country probably has been provided erroneously and one locality in the south-eastern region of Lithuania should be verified and the identity of the species requires confirmation. Total area occupied by the stands of E. telmateia in Lithuania is 2.41 ha. Most frequently this species grows in river valleys or close to rivers and occupies alluvial forest habitats, which frequently creates complexes with habitats of mineral-rich springs or springs with tufa formations. Occasionally it grows in the habitats of forests of slopes, tall herb fringe communities and hay meadows. Sporulation of E. telmateia in Lithuania is poor: no fertile shoots were registered in two studied populations, whereas in other localities few fertile shoots were recorded. Evaluation of the status of E. telmateia in Lithuania applying the IUCN criteria resulted in its categorization as a vulnerable species. The main threats for E. telmateia are forest logging and changes in habitat hydrological regime, though wild animals, human activities and invasive plant species also have certain negative impact on the populations of this species.

Projection of Lithuanian river runoff, temperature and their extremes under climate change

Abstract The aim of this research is to analyse and project the effects of changing climate on Lithuanian river runoff and water temperature. Climate change is expected to affect the extremes of the major river indices that impact fundamental ecological processes in river ecosystems. The available runoff and temperature data of rivers from three different hydrological regions of Lithuania were used. HBV software was applied for modelling of hydrological processes in the selected river catchments. The expected future changes of runoff and water temperature were projected according to a new set of scenarios (called representative concentration pathways) presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. The projected extreme values of runoff (flood and low flow discharges) and water temperatures in the beginning and the end of the 21st century were compared to the ones from the past period. The results showed a decrease of spring flood discharges and summer low flows and an increase of river water temperature at the end of the 21st century. The results are going to be used for an integrated assessment of the impact of climate change on aquatic animal diversity and productivity.

Assessment of the Interrelations between Economic and Ecological Development in Regions of Lithuania

In order to analyse the interaction of three components of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental – they must be defined in quantitative terms. In this respect, the ecological development plays a special role, since both economic and social development goals must conform to environmental protection restrictions. The ecological development, just as the other components of sustainable development, is a complex thing that manifests itself in many different ways. The indicators that express them have various dimensions, and their manner of change can vary, i.e. one indicator rises as the situation improves while another may fall. Multi-criteria methods are well suited for the qualitative analysis of such manifestations. The goal of this paper is to perform a comprehensive analysis of Lithuania's regional economic and ecological development using the MDE method (Multi-criteria Different Evaluation), taking into account factors that both positively and negatively affect the ecological situation, and to determine the effect that economic development has on ecological development.

Psychological and physical well-being of Lithuanian youth: Relation to emotional intelligence

ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to unveil the ways in which the emotional intelligence (EI) of a young person is linked with subjective assessment of physical state, depressiveness, anxiety, and psychological well-being, as well as to determine whether these factors are reliable predictors of EI constituents. Materials and methodsThe study was conducted using an original EI test (EI-DARL-V1/V2), which consisted of a traditional 73-item questionnaire; tasks of emotional, social and interpersonal situations; and identification of emotions in facial expressions (pictures). Questionnaire items were multiplexed into 5 subscales using multi-step factor analysis. Special questionnaires were devised and presented to participants together with the EI questionnaire in order to assess subjective assessment of physical and mental health, depressiveness, anxiety, and psychological well-being. There were 1430 participants from various regions of Lithuania who participated in the study. The age of participants varied from 17 to 27 years. ResultsEstablished inverse linear correlation showed that those participants who experienced certain somatic symptoms or unpleasant psychological states had lower EI; a particularly strong correlation was observed between poor subjective assessment of health and understanding and control of one's own emotions. Depressed and anxious participants possessed poorer understanding and ability to regulate emotions of others as well as their own. Also, these participants performed worse when resolving emotional, social, and interpersonal situations. A direct relationship between EI and psychological well-being was established according to three EI indexes i.e. (a) understanding of own emotions; (b) understanding of emotions of other people; (c) control of emotions of others. As perception of psychological well-being increased, participants were able to understand emotions of others better and demonstrated even better ability to understand and control their own emotions. The study failed to determine whether emotion recognition from non-verbal signs (face pictures) was related to at least one of the previously mentioned indexes. ConclusionsThe study revealed that the factors such as subjective assessment of physical and mental health, depressiveness, anxiety, and psychological well-being were reliable predictors of certain EI indexes.

Assessment of wind resources and short-term power prediction in Lithuania

The installed wind power in Lithuania reached 422 MW in 2015, and it was one of the most developing renewable energy sectors in the country. For this reason, it is important to estimate wind energy potential and the tendencies of wind power prediction accuracy. In this work, the results of statistical analysis of wind measurements in a number of locations in Lithuania are presented, which makes the basis for wind energy potential estimation. Wind power prediction errors of different time scales have been analysed, and the influence of seasonal and diurnal wind power variation is pointed out. Also, the possibilities of connection of new wind farms to the grid are analysed in the paper. Investigation shows that northern and middle regions of Lithuania are the most favourable for further wind power development with the goal of reaching the total installed power of 840 MW till 2030.

Impact of anthropogenic pressure on the formation of population structure and genetic diversity of raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides.

The raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides experienced an active introduction and acclimatization in the European part of Russia followed by its migration to and colonization in the neighboring countries. Eventually, it has spread rapidly into many European countries. N. procyonoides probably invaded Lithuania from the neighboring countries of Belarus and Latvia where the species was introduced. However, the data on genetic diversity and population structure of the raccoon dogs in the recently invaded territories are still scarce. The objectives of this study were to investigate genetic diversity of N. procyonoides in Lithuania after acclimatization, and to assess the impact of anthropogenic pressure on the formation of population structure. A total of 147 N. procyonoides individuals collected from different regions of Lithuania were genotyped using 17 microsatellite markers. The microsatellite analysis of raccoon dogs indicated high levels of genetic diversity within the population. The Bayesian clustering analysis in STRUCTURE identified 4 genetic clusters among sampled raccoon dogs that could not reveal a clear separation between subpopulations. The widespread distribution of raccoon dogs in Lithuania, high level of genetic variation observed within subpopulations, and low level of variation portioned among subpopulations suggest migration and gene flow among locations. The significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances indicated isolation that reflected the distance between locations. The fencing of highways and very intensive traffic could be barriers to gene flow between the western and eastern sampling areas of raccoon dogs.

Risk Factors and Types of Urinary Incontinence among Middle-Aged and Older Male and Female Primary Care Patients in Kaunas Region of Lithuania: Cross Sectional Study.

The aims of the study were to evaluate the incidences, types of urinary incontinence (UI) and its risk factors among middle-aged and older (> 40 years) men and women visiting a general practitioner (GP). This is a descriptive and cross-sectional comparative study using a questionnaire-based survey included 172 male and female patients who consecutively visited a primary care center in Kaunas region of Lithuania. All 86 women (100%) and 65 men (75.58%) had symptoms of UI (P < .001). About 55% of women were classified as having stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and 60% of men urge urinary incontinence (UUI) (P < .001). The risk factors for women with SUI were: age below 60 years (odds ratio [OR] = 2.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89-4.43; P < .001), being married (OR = 6.31, 95% CI: 2.35-16.97; P < .001), sedentary-standing job (OR = 1.492, 95% CI: 1.01-2.20; P = 0.041), arterial hypertension (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.39-2.96: P < .001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 1.02-8.86; P = .032), menopause (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.20-1.83; P < .001) and features of past pregnancies. The UUI was associated with age over 60 years (OR in men = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.15-7.51; P = .022, in women OR = 8.76, 95% CI: 2.37-32.33; P < .001. Low health-related quality of life was the most prevalent among men with UUI (50.8%) and among women with SUI (23.3%) (P = .023). UI was common among patients aged > 40 years visiting GP and affected more women of the same age range. SUI was more prevalent among women, while more men had UUI. Age below 60, being married, pregnancy and delivery history, concomitant illnesses were significant risk factors for women' SUI and older age and menopause for UUI. The only risk factor for men' UUI was age over 60 years.

High Emotional Intelligence: Family Psychosocial Factors

Since a family plays a significant role in the development of a personality in the childhood, it is very important to find out, what are the exact social and psychological family factors that are the most essential for the development of emotional intelligence (EI). In the study, data from 1,430 subjects was collected in various regions of Lithuania. The average subject age was 19.7 years (SD=3.29). 43.2 per cent men and 55.5 per cent women (1.3 per cent of participants have not specified their gender) participated in the research. The majority of subjects were high school (56.7 per cent) and university (35.2 per cent) students. EI-DARL methodology (Antiniene & Lekaviciene, 2014) was used to assess EI. It was established that EI level is statistically significantly related to some family factors: psychological climate in the family, strength of subject relations with their mother/ father, subjective perception of family financial status, etc.