Untargeted metabolomic data of some Indonesian seaweed species (Halymenia durvillei, Gracilaria gigas, Caulerpa racemosa, and Palmaria palmata).

This study employs geopsychiatry as an explanatory lens to situate schools within a risk–protection ecology in conflict-prone settings, with empirical testing focused on school-based mechanisms measurable through survey data. Using a cross-sectional design, we examined the associations among students’ school-based well-being, student–teacher relationship quality, perceived school psychological environment, and student–school connectedness in a sample of 310 secondary school students. Analyses included Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression with interaction tests (predictors mean-centered), controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). Results indicated that psychological need satisfaction (PNS), resilience (RES), and positive affect (PA) were positively associated with perceived school psychological environment (SPS), whereas negative affect (NA) was negatively associated. SPS emerged as the strongest predictor of student–school connectedness (SSC), supporting a proximal mechanism pathway centered on school bonding. At the relational level, student–teacher closeness and dependency were positively associated with SPS and SSC, whereas conflict was negatively associated. Interaction findings suggested that under less optimal relationships (high conflict/dependency), students’ daily emotions became more consequential for perceptions of school climate. Resilience appeared more relevant as a protective resource, although interaction effects on the mediator equation were generally small and evidence for moderated mediation was inconsistent. These findings underscore the importance of an integrated approach that strengthens a safe and supportive school psychological climate, improves teacher–student relationship quality, and develops students’ resilience and emotion regulation as core components of school mental health promotion in high-risk contexts.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is a medicinal plant whose extract quality can vary with environmental context and associated differences in plant morphology and secondary metabolism. This study examined how geographical variation across three Indonesian agroecological regions (Kediri, Kulon Progo, and Tawangmangu) is associated with morphological variation, qualitative phytochemical profiles, and measured bioactivity of C. asiatica extracts. Comparative analyses revealed distinct region‐specific morphological traits that covaried with differences in extraction yield, qualitative phytochemical signals, antioxidant capacity, and photoprotective activity. Among the tested solvent systems, ethanol consistently produced extracts with broader metabolite‐class signals and higher measured bioactivity. The high‐altitude Tawangmangu accession extracted with ethanol showed the lowest IC50 and the highest SPF values in this dataset, a pattern consistent with the working interpretation of eco‐phytochemical association along an environmental gradient. Factorial statistical analyses indicated significant effects of accession, solvent polarity, and their interaction on extract quality and bioactivity. Overall, the findings support the importance of integrating geographical origin and extraction strategy when selecting plant sources for standardized botanical extracts while acknowledging that mechanistic causation was not tested.

Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractFraud remains a pervasive challenge undermining financial integrity and stability in the banking sector, particularly in developing economies. This study investigates the determinants of fraud detection effectiveness in Indonesian Regional Development Banks (RDBs), focusing on auditor competency, internal control effectiveness, risk-based internal audit, risk management processes, and information technology utilization. The study population consisted of internal auditors, managers, and audit committee members at Indonesian Regional Development Banks. Using a quantitative approach with 204 survey responses analyzed through Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the results show that all five factors have a significant positive effect on fraud detection (R2 = 0.554). Risk-based internal audit demonstrates the strongest influence (sig 0.000 < 0.05), followed by risk management processes (sig 0.003 < 0.05), information technology (sig 0.002 < 0.05), internal control effectiveness (sig 0.001 < 0.05), and auditor competency (sig 0.017 < 0.05). The results reveal that all five factors significantly enhance auditors’ ability to detect fraud. These findings indicate that governance mechanisms and digital capabilities jointly enhance fraud detection effectiveness in RDBs.AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to thank the Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, especially the Research Institute, for its support and the Ministry of Education and Research through the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service program for providing intellectual assistance and funding for this project in the PMDSU grant (number: 83/UN5.4.10.K/PT.01.03/KP-DRTPM/2025).

Medical education has increasingly emphasized social accountability and community-oriented learning to prepare graduates for complex health system challenges. Early Community Exposure (ECE) introduces medical students to real-world community and primary care contexts early in training, with the potential to foster empathy, professionalism, and contextual understanding of health. While ECE has been widely implemented, evidence remains limited regarding its impact on first-year medical students in newly established medical schools located in peripheral regions of Indonesia. This study explored how novice medical students experienced and interpreted their first exposure to community-based learning. This study employed a qualitative exploratory case study design. Participants were first-year medical students who completed the inaugural ECE program at Universitas Borneo Tarakan, a newly established medical school in North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Using purposive and snowball sampling, 15 students participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted between January and March 2025. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using a hybrid inductive-deductive approach informed by community-based education, experiential learning, and social cognitive theory. Strategies to enhance trustworthiness included member checking, reflexive journaling, and peer debriefing. Seven interrelated themes were identified: (1) meaningful experiences, (2) early learning transformation, (3) bridging theory and practice, (4) professional identity formation, (5) internalization of professional values, (6) adaptation and motivation, and (7) program optimization. Students described ECE as a transformative and humanistic learning experience that enhanced empathy, responsibility, teamwork, and confidence. ECE enabled students to contextualize preclinical knowledge within real community settings while fostering early professional identity formation. Challenges included limited time allocation, scheduling constraints, and accessibility issues for some community participants. Early Community Exposure provided first-year medical students with a pivotal learning experience that integrated cognitive, affective, and professional development from the outset of training. Embedding structured reflection, mentorship, and institutional support may further strengthen the educational impact of ECE, particularly in peripheral and resource-limited settings. These findings highlight the value of early community-based learning in preparing socially accountable physicians.

This study investigates the indirect relationship between FinTech adoption and sustainable financial behavior through the mediating roles of financial literacy and financial inclusion in the Indonesian context. While the proliferation of FinTech services is often seen as a catalyst for financial transformation, evidence remains limited regarding its behavioral impact, particularly in emerging markets. Using a quantitative explanatory design and data from 315 active FinTech users across diverse regions in Indonesia, this study applies Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine both direct and mediated effects. The results show that FinTech adoption significantly influences financial literacy and financial inclusion, but does not directly affect sustainable financial behavior. Instead, its influence is fully mediated by the users’ financial knowledge and access to financial services. These findings underscore the critical importance of capability and access in realizing the behavioral benefits of digital financial tools. The study offers theoretical contributions by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) within a FinTech context and provides practical implications for inclusive financial policy and literacy-driven innovation strategies.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease causing major economic losses worldwide. This study aimed to establish baseline serological data for FMD in cattle from an FMD-free region of Indonesia using a non-structural protein (NSP) antibody lateral flow assay and to evaluate diagnostic interpretation in a low-prevalence setting. A total of 218 serum samples were collected in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Six samples (2.75%) tested positive, 211 (96.79%) were negative, and one was invalid. The apparent prevalence was 2.75% (95% CI: 1.01-5.90%). Adjusted true prevalence using the Rogan-Gladen estimator was 0%, indicating no detectable infection within the study population rather than definitive absence of infection. Considering assay specificity (96.46%), the observed positives are consistent with expected false-positive results. No clinical signs were observed. These findings suggest no evidence of active FMD circulation within the limits of the study and highlight the importance of cautious interpretation of serological data in low-prevalence settings.

Telkomsel has implemented 5G New Radio (NR) technology across various regions in Indonesia, including Kosambi District, Tangerang Regency, where one of its sites newly activated 5G NR service in late 2025. Following the activation, performance analysis is necessary to ensure the network operates in accordance with the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) established by the operator. This study aims to analyze the downlink performance of the Telkomsel 5G NR network in Kosambi District using the Single Site Verification (SSV) method through drive test. The parameters analyzed include RF Mode, Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), and Downlink Throughput. Measurement results obtained 813 sample points, where 796 points (97.909%) performed serving on the 5G NR network and 17 points (2.09%) on LTE. RSRP and SINR parameters achieved averages of -78.61 dBm and 12.45 dB respectively, while downlink throughput reached an average of 71.02 Mbps. This study illustrates the empiricaperformance of the Telkomsel 5G NR network in Kosambi District against the established KPI standards, providing an initial overview of network conditions following activation that can serve as a reference for further network evaluation.

The future of the Indonesian is now seriously threatened by the high incidence of smoking behaviors among Indonesian adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with smoking behavior among high school students residing in tobacco-producing regions in Indonesia. Students' smoking behaviors, sociodemographic traits, and exposure to tobacco marketing were all gathered through a cross-sectional survey. In order to participate in this study, 210 junior high school students answered questions about their smoking habits. The results showed nearly one in five students reported currently smoking (19%), while 22.9% had experimented with smoking but had already quit. More than half of the students (51.9%) reported having received at least one offer to smoke, suggesting strong social exposure to smoking within their environment. Among students who smoked, the most common motivations were the appealing taste of cigarettes (35%) and the desire to appear cool (23%), while stress relief (33.3%) was the primary reason for continuing the behavior. These results highlight how crucial it is to apply evidence-based tobacco control measures in these areas in order to lower the prevalence of adolescents smoking. The findings have implication for educators and parents to monitor tobacco use and provide assistance in quitting tobacco usage.

Background Digital transformation has emerged as a key driver of competitiveness across industries, yet its adoption in the upcycling craft sector remains insufficiently explored. Existing studies often focus on large enterprises, leaving a research gap in understanding how micro-scale, resource-constrained upcycling businesses integrate digital technologies, specifically within the Indonesian upcycling craft sector context. This study addresses this gap by developing the Behavioral-Based Digital Transformation (BBDT) model to investigate behavioral determinants of digital adoption, implementation, and innovation outcomes in Indonesia’s sustainability-oriented creative sector. Method This study employed a sequential exploratory mixed-methods approach. The qualitative phase involved field observations and in-depth interviews with three upcycling craft enterprises, while the quantitative phase surveyed 30 micro-scale upcycling businesses across multiple Indonesian regions. Data were analyzed using thematic coding, NVivo software, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the proposed Behavioral-Based Digital Transformation (BBDT) model. Results and Conclusion Findings indicate that internal and external factors, including leadership commitment, financial capability, and market demand, significantly shape behavioral orientation toward digital adoption. Behavioral intentions, in turn, drive digital technology implementation, enhancing operational efficiency, material optimization, and product innovation. Digital adoption acts as both an outcome and enabler of early-stage sustainable transformation pathways, sustainable transformation, with innovation reinforcing initial cycles of engagement with technology. The study provides preliminary support for the mediating role of behavioral intention and underscores the critical importance of human and organizational readiness. These insights offer theoretical contributions to TAM, TPB, and IDT integration and practical guidance for policymakers, creative communities, and micro-enterprise owners.

Coastal regions in Indonesia are currently facing unprecedented risks from the convergence of global climatic shifts and localized geological instability. This study investigates the intensifying vulnerability of the Jakarta-Bekasi coastal corridor, highlighting it as a critical zone within the broader context of regional climate adaptation. The objective is to evaluate the synergistic impact of eustatic sea-level rise and aggressive land subsidence on permanent inundation projections through 2030. Utilizing a quantitative geospatial design, the research integrates satellite altimetry from the Sentinel-6 mission with terrestrial geodetic data from 12 Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS) across a 12,500-hectare study area. Key variables include vertical land motion rates and sea surface height anomalies, processed through high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMNAS). Results indicate that localized land subsidence, peaking at 11.2 cm per year, is the primary driver of flood risk, rendering Relative Sea Level Rise () significantly more destructive than global eustatic averages. Statistical analysis confirms that subsidence accounts for 82% of the variance in coastal inundation expansion, with critical hotspots in the Penjaringan and Muara Gembong sectors. These findings imply that current coastal defense structures are nearing functional failure due to the rapid erosion of operational freeboards. Consequently, the study concludes that regional resilience necessitates a shift from static engineering to adaptive water management and the implementation of Nature-based Solutions. Future research should prioritize AI-driven predictive modeling and volumetric building load analysis to enhance long-term mitigation strategies.

Inadequacy of benzo[a]pyrene as a risk indicator for PAH-contaminated rice: A comparative health risk assessment in Malaysia and Indonesia.

Wind energy represents a promising resource for accelerating the transition to renewable energy and meeting global net-zero emission targets. While wind turbines have generated considerable amounts of electricity in specific regions of four-season countries, their potential in low-wind countries is generally limited, thereby inhibiting further investigation. However, advancements in wind turbine design and wind resource databases have provided new opportunities for assessing utility-scale wind energy potential. Therefore, this study assessed the potential for utility-scale wind power generation in low-wind regions of Indonesia's Java–Bali region. The Weibull distribution of wind speed and theoretical energy output were investigated using 10-year hourly temporal-based wind speed data collected at 100 m height from 2006 to 2015. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) power density classification was used to identify locations for energy generation analysis under wind turbine capacities of 1, 2, and 2.5 MW. The trade-offs between the average energy output over ten years and capacity factors were also considered. The results showed that the Ujungjaya area in Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, has the potential to produce an estimated 13,916 MWh of energy per year using the 2.5 MW turbine with a capacity factor of 60.5% and Weibull parameters k and c of 2.49 and 8.22, respectively. The annual wind-based electricity generation potential of selected locations revealed that low-wind regions of Indonesia should not be overlooked when strategically planning wind energy utilisation to support the sustainable energy transition. In addition, the results have important implications for including additional wind energy in the energy mix of developing countries with similar low-wind regimes.

This paper examines the role of the Dayak Customary Council (DAD) as a local policy entrepreneur in the implementation of Indonesia's food estate program in Central Kalimantan. While the national policy has sparked debate regarding its socio-environmental impacts, the influence of indigenous actors on agenda-setting remains underexplored. This study investigates how DAD reframed the food estate as a development opportunity, utilized customary rituals to legitimize land conversion, and strategically aligned with the provincial government. Using a qualitative case study and process tracing methodology, data were gathered through interviews, document analysis, and field observations. The findings demonstrate that DAD performed a dual role as both a cultural mediator and a political actor, skillfully navigating between state interests and indigenous concerns. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of hybrid governance by illustrating how indigenous institutions can act as key policy entrepreneurs in subnational policymaking. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating indigenous governance structures into the policy process. In practical terms, the findings highlight the need for policymakers to engage with indigenous institutions in development projects, ensuring the integration of local knowledge and values. Further research should explore the long-term socio-environmental impacts of such collaborations and how they influence policy outcomes across different regions in Indonesia.

Aceh, located in the western region of Indonesia, possesses a rich cultural and historical legacy shaped by diverse ethnic influences that have formed the Acehnese Malay identity. Among its significant cultural assets is Rumoh Aceh, a traditional residential architecture that embodies local values but is increasingly threatened by modernization and changing housing practices. This study extends a doctoral research project that applies Gadamerian Hermeneutics, particularly the concept of the “fusion of horizons” introduced by Hans-Georg Gadamer, to reinterpret the architectural meaning of Rumoh Aceh within contemporary contexts. The research aims to develop a contextual design framework for simple housing based on the embedded values of traditional architecture. The findings identify four key design principles derived from Rumoh Aceh: (1) spirituality and symbolism, reflected in elements such as qibla orientation, odd-numbered staircases, and floral ornamentation as markers of identity; (2) environmental adaptation, including cross ventilation, elevated structures, and gable roofs suitable for tropical climates and disaster mitigation; (3) socio-cultural sustainability, emphasizing spatial arrangements that support family interaction, reception, and public–private boundaries; and (4) spatial flexibility, enabling multifunctional and land-efficient design while preserving cultural values. These principles were subsequently operationalized in the design of simple residential housing in Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar Regency. The study contributes to bridging traditional architectural knowledge and contemporary housing needs by offering an evidence-based and culturally grounded guideline for sustainable simple housing development.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the extent to which advertising rates, number of listeners, and number of companies that advertise affect the receipt of advertising revenue in LPP RRI Bandar Lampung. Research Methodology: The data used include advertising rates based on the type of service (ad spots, adlibs, talk shows), the number of radio listeners per month from 2022 to 2024, the number of companies that advertise, and the receipt of advertising revenue during the period. Results: The results showed that the variety of flexible advertising rates, increasing the number of listeners, and increasing the number of companies that advertise significantly contribute to the increase in advertising revenue in LPP RRI Bandar Lampung. Conclusions: The results showed that the advertising tariff strategy implemented by LPP RRI Bandar Lampung succeeded in increasing revenue, supported by an increase in the number of listeners and advertiser confidence. However, a comparison with other radio stations shows that strategies and results may vary depending on different business models, target audiences, and sociocultural contexts. Limitations: This study has limitations on the scope of data that only includes LPP RRI in Bandar Lampung City, so the results cannot be generalized to all regions of Indonesia. In addition, the variables studied are limited and do not include other external factors, such as marketing strategies and economic conditions, which can also affect advertising revenue. Contributions: This study provides an empirical understanding of the factors affecting the receipt of advertising revenue at LPP RRI, especially in the city of Bandar Lampung. The results of this study can serve as a reference for RRI management in formulating strategies to increase advertising revenue through tariff optimization, increasing the number of listeners, and cooperating with more advertising companies.

Introduction: Maternal mortality remains a critical public health challenge in developing countries, where 94% of global maternal deaths occur. Social determinants—including education, poverty, geographic access, gender inequality, and health system quality—drive persistent disparities. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on these determinants to identify priority interventions. Methods: We screened 80 studies (RCT, etc) from Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Inclusion criteria required quantitative data on social determinants and maternal mortality outcomes in World Bank-defined developing countries. Data extraction focused on seven domains: study setting, social determinants, maternal mortality measurement, associations, interventions, barriers, and key findings. Results: Low maternal education showed the strongest individual-level association, with relative risks of 3.2 (95% CI: 1.5–6.9) for no formal education versus secondary education [1]. Female literacy rate was the strongest national-level predictor in the Eastern Mediterranean (β = −1.045, p < 0.01), exceeding GDP per capita [2]. Household poverty was associated with hazard ratios of 3.92 (95% CI: 1.01–15.3) in rural South Africa [4] and 94.8% of maternal deaths in Pakistan occurred among poor women [60]. Geographic barriers dominated Sub-Saharan Africa and rural Nepal, with transportation delays reported in 84.6% of African studies [6]. The three-delays model showed continental patterning: Delay 1 (decision-making) dominates Asia, Delay 2 (transport/geography) dominates Africa, and Delay 3 (quality of care) dominates Latin America [7]. Health system failures contributed to 80.8% of deaths in African facilities [6]. Community-based interventions including birth preparedness (≥30% coverage reduced mortality by 53%, RR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.26–0.87) and emergency transport loans showed effectiveness [15,41]. Discussion: Education, poverty, and geographic access are consistently the most powerful determinants across all settings, but their relative importance shifts with economic development. In low-income rural settings, geographic distance and transport are binding constraints; in middle-income urbanizing contexts, health system quality and governance become paramount. Indonesia-specific evidence is limited but suggests high institutional delivery coverage (91.8% of deaths occurred in facilities in Bali) has shifted the bottleneck from access to quality of care [14]. The absence of Papua-specific studies represents a critical evidence gap. Conclusion: Reducing maternal mortality in developing countries requires multi-level interventions that simultaneously address education, poverty, transport, and health system quality. Priority actions include: (1) sustaining female secondary education, (2) scaling community-based transport financing, (3) improving facility readiness for emergency obstetric care, and (4) targeting interventions to the predominant delay pattern in each region. Research is urgently needed in remote Indonesian regions such as Papua.

This study examines the factors contributing to the increasing compound annual growth of e-wallets in Indonesia, particularly within Generation Z. E-wallets are favored for transactions due to their perceived ease of use, enhanced security, and time-saving features. Additionally, the attractiveness of e-wallets is enhanced by promotions, discounts, and accessible account openings. This research adopts a quantitative approach, employing Partial Least Square (PLS) software to test hypotheses using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). A sample of 823 Generation Z individuals from various regions of Indonesia was analyzed. The findings indicate that attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, usage intentions, and actual behavior significantly influence Generation Z’s utilization of e-wallets. The study reveals that Generation Z frequently engages in daily transaction activities using e-wallets, predominantly influenced by the safety and convenience perceived in e-wallet technologies. Despite this reliance, it is noted that Generation Z often overlooks potential risks associated with e-wallet transactions, feeling secure with e-wallets as their primary transaction tool. This research enhances the understanding of e-wallet usage dynamics among Generation Z, emphasizing the significant impact of psychological and behavioral factors on the adoption of digital financial technologies.

The development of a blue economy that is sustainable in nature necessitates the presence of effective governance systems that can effectively translate the aspirations of national policies into the local sphere, especially in the less developed, frontier, and outermost regions of Indonesia. The EMMIE (Effect, Mechanisms, Moderators, Implementation, Economic) framework has been employed as a tool to analyze the policy implementation of coastal tourism in Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, through the application of qualitative case studies that incorporate in-depth interviews, field studies, and document analysis to reveal the presence of a multidimensional policy failure in all five EMMIE aspects of the policy in the region. The presence of Law 23/2014 as a “meta-moderator” that limits the powers of local governments in the management of marine resources has also been revealed in the research, which has also developed four policy strategies that can be employed in the region, including the development of inter-governmental co-management agreements, the development of a Blue Economy Financing Facility, the development of a permanent Community & SME Empowerment Hub, and the development of a diversified blue economy strategy that focuses on the value chain of seaweed farming as well as community-based tourism development.

This article examines the crisis of ethical, moral, and virtuous values in contemporary economic and trade practices, which are still prevalent in many regions of Indonesia. This crisis is marked by the neglect of public rights, deceptive and manipulative investment schemes based on speculation, and the commercialization that erodes the spiritual dimensions of economic actors. Phenomena such as the unilateral and coercive use of public spaces and facilities without regard for public access, economic and trading activities that neglect religious obligations, and the proliferation of investment schemes promising instant profits all indicate a significant moral and ethical degradation in economic (muamalah) practices. This study employs a qualitative method with a normative-philosophical approach, examining the thoughts of Al-Ghazali, Ibn Khaldun, and classical Islamic scholars (salaf) concerning ethics, morality, and virtuous conduct in economic activities. The findings reveal that trade in Islam is not merely about ensuring the smooth functioning of economic transactions or pursuing profit by any means necessary. Rather, it serves as a domain for moral and ethical formation, reflecting the ideals of Maqasid al-Shariah, particularly in the preservation of wealth (hifz al-mal), life (hifz al-nafs), and religion (hifz al-din). This article strongly emphasizes the urgency of reconstructing ethical economic and trade practices grounded in moral values and Islamic teachings as a foundation for sustainable economic development and social stability, both globally and particularly within the Indonesian contex.