Regions Of Costa Rica Research Articles

Ansiedad matemática y ansiedad ante la enseñanza de la Matemática en docentes de educación primaria en Costa Rica

[Objective] This research project analyze math anxiety and anxiety experienced when teaching math by primary school teachers working for the Ministry of Public Education in Costa Rica. For this purpose, math anxiety and its three dimensions and math teaching anxiety and its four dimensions were determined. In addition, the influence of some variables such as academic performance, sex, and work experience on anxiety were also analyzed. [Methodology] The study was quantitative and had a sample of 372 practicing teachers (336 women and 36 men) from six regions of Costa Rica: San Carlos, North-North Zone, Limón, Los Santos, Puriscal, and Alajuela with ages between 23 and 63 years. Their experience as primary school teachers range from one year to 35 years, while 55 of them are still studying and 317 are not pursuing university studies. [Results] Higher academic performance is associated with lower MA and MTA scores. Furthermore, teachers suffer MA (Math Anxiety) and MTA (Math Teaching Anxiety), years of experience do not improve this situation, and less self-confident subjects experience more MTA. In addition, a positive correlation was found between MA, MTA, and their dimensions, being the correlations between GA (General Anxiety)-EA (Exam Anxiety), MA-GA, SC (Self-Confidence)-AMT (Attitude towards Math Teaching), and MTA-CK (Content Knowledge) the strongest. [Conclusions] The study concludes that the sample shows a significant percentage of MA and MTA, as well as their dimensions, which negatively affects attitude towards mathematics and teachers’ perception and self-confidence when teaching this subject.

Prevalence of seven viruses in Africanized honey bees in Costa Rica

Apis mellifera bees can be infected by a multitude of parasites and pathogens that may cause colony losses. Among these pathogens, viruses are one of the main threats to the bees’ health and well-being. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of 7 viruses in adult bees by real-time PCR in two descriptive cross-sectional studies; the first survey was carried out in 2011 during the rainy season and the second survey from March 2013 to February 2014 during the rainy (May to October) and dry seasons (November to April) in two regions of Costa Rica where most of the beekeeping activity is concentrated. Most viruses had a higher prevalence in 2013-2014 compared to 2011, however, CBPV went from 37% to 3% and KBV from 7% to 1%, both significantly (p-value < 0.05). DWV, BQCV, SBV, and ABPV had at least 10 times higher odds to be present in an apiary in 2013-2014 compared to 2011. IAPV showed identical prevalences in both time periods. Significant statistical differences in the virus prevalences were observed when seasons, regions, and years were compared.

DIET AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE MUSSURANA (Clelia clelia, SERPENTES: DIPSADIDAE) IN COSTA RICA: REPORT OF FIVE CASES

We present a series of predation events by the ophiophagous snake Clelia clelia (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from different regions of Costa Rica and comment on the strategy used to hunt and subdue the prey.

Approaches for the Prediction of Leaf Wetness Duration with Machine Learning.

The prediction of leaf wetness duration (LWD) is an issue of interest for disease prevention in coffee plantations, forests, and other crops. This study analyzed different LWD prediction approaches using machine learning and meteorological and temporal variables as the models’ input. The information was collected through meteorological stations placed in coffee plantations in six different regions of Costa Rica, and the leaf wetness duration was measured by sensors installed in the same regions. The best prediction models had a mean absolute error of around 60 min per day. Our results demonstrate that for LWD modeling, it is not convenient to aggregate records at a daily level. The model performance was better when the records were collected at intervals of 15 min instead of 30 min.

Precipitation and Temperature in Costa Rica at the End of the Century Based on NEX-GDDP Projected Scenarios

The evaluation of intraseasonal, seasonal, and annual variability of rainfall and temperature extremes, while using climate change scenarios data, is extremely important for socio-economic activities, such as water resources management. Costa Rica, a climate change hotspot, is largely dependent on rainfall for socioeconomic activities; hence, the relevance of this study. Based on the NEX-GDDP, rainfall and temperature range were analyzed for Costa Rica at the end of the century (2070–2099), while using 1970–1999 as a baseline for six available meteorological stations. Differences between the multimodel ensembles of two prospective scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and the historical information were computed. This study highlights Costa Rica as an inflexion region for climate change impacts in Central America, for which projected scenarios suggest an early onset of the rainy season, and a decline in the mid-summer drought (MSD) minimum. The assessment of model data in some regions of Costa Rica, for which historical data were available, suggests that the latter does not capture a well-known regional climate feature, the MSD, in both precipitation and temperature range well. The availability of observed past data sources is a major limitation of this research; however, with the station data used, it is still possible to draw some conclusions regarding future climate in some regions of Costa Rica, especially in the northwest side of the country, where past data are consistent with model information, providing a more reliable picture of changes in climate there that has potential implications for socioeconomic sectors.

Effectiveness of Costa Rica’s Conservation Portfolio to Lower Deforestation, Protect Primates, and Increase Community Participation

Common approaches to reverse the trend of tropical deforestation and loss of wildlife include systems of protected areas (PAs) such as national parks, payments for ecosystem services programs (PES) that provide financial rewards to landowners protecting their forests, and ecotourism that attempts to increase local economic gains and protect biodiversity while minimizing detrimental ecological effects from tourists. For example, Costa Rica successfully reversed deforestation by restoring forest cover from 24.4% in 1985 to >50% by 2011 through implementation of national environmental protection policies in the 1990s that included a portfolio of PAs, PES, and ecotourism. However, the social-ecological effectiveness of this conservation portfolio in terms of interactions between deforestation, biodiversity, and community participation is not clear across local scales. Therefore, we conducted multitemporal geospatial analysis to determine forest cover change from 2001-2017, broad census surveys to determine primate species richness and group encounter rate, and surveyed private landowners to determine participation in PES and ecotourism across four regions of Costa Rica. Net forest loss varied sevenfold across regions and occurred in both protected and non-protected areas across all regions from 2001-2017, although rates were lower inside protected areas. Primate group encounter rate varied significantly across all regions with an elevenfold difference between the region with the most primates compared to the region with the least. All but one region contained the full community of primate species present. Participation in conservation incentives also varied sevenfold across regions, with those reporting the highest participation having the highest primate density and diversity, as well as the lowest deforestation rates. These results suggest that the most effective strategy to simultaneously curb tropical deforestation, protect primates, and ensure community benefits may depend on a complete portfolio of PAs, PES, and ecotourism, rather than a subset of these strategies. Future studies will explore finer scale differences and similarities across PA, PES, and ecotourism forests, including measures of primate physiology and behavior, forest structure, and pesticide exposure.

Intensive farming drives long-term shifts in avian community composition.

Agricultural practices constitute both the greatest cause of biodiversity loss and the greatest opportunity for conservation1,2, given the shrinking scope of protected areas in many regions. Recent studies have documented the high levels of biodiversity-across many taxa and biomes-that agricultural landscapes can support over the short term1,3,4. However, little is known about the long-term effects of alternative agricultural practices on ecological communities4,5 Here we document changes in bird communities in intensive-agriculture, diversified-agriculture and natural-forest habitats in 4 regions of Costa Rica over a period of 18 years. Long-term directional shifts in bird communities were evident in intensive- and diversified-agricultural habitats, but were strongest in intensive-agricultural habitats, where the number of endemic and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List species fell over time. All major guilds, including those involved in pest control, pollination and seed dispersal, were affected. Bird communities in intensive-agricultural habitats proved more susceptible to changes in climate, with hotter and drier periods associated with greater changes in community composition in these settings. These findings demonstrate that diversified agriculture can help to alleviate the long-term loss of biodiversity outside natural protected areas1.

The experience of implementing the Intercollegiate Educational Robotics Olympiad within the framework of the Training of Trainers in Vulnerable Areas Project in Costa Rica

This article presents the experience of conducting the Intercollegiate Robotics Olympiad in 2017, as a result of the implementation of the project of the School of Computing of the National University of Costa Rica (UNA), called Trainers in Robotics for Colleges in Vulnerable Areas, which is developed jointly with the Costa Rican Institute of Drugs (ICD) and the Ministry of Public Education (MEP). In addition, the challenges developed by the executors of the project and the results obtained by the benefited students who participated in this event are announced. This is an inter-institutional project of Costa Rica, which is aimed at preparing instructors in the area of robotics at the secondary level, so that they can train their students in vulnerable regions of Costa Rica. In order to give their students the opportunity to occupy their free time in positive activities.

Chemical and Antioxidant Charaterization of Native Corn Germplasm from Two Regions of Costa Rica: A Conservation Approach.

The cultivation of native corn has decreased in favor of the cultivation of improved commercial corn varieties. This study seeks to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of 36 samples of native corn germplasm from the Brunca (BR) and Chorotega (CR) regions of Costa Rica. The main parameters of comparison were the composition of antioxidant compounds, antiradical activity, and microbicidal effect. The total amount of polyphenols in the germplasm (120 mg GAE/100 g d.w.) was not related to the regions from which the samples were obtained. The overall average for antioxidant capacity was 21.20 μmol TE/g d.w. Accessions from the CR region had higher antioxidant capacity. Anthocyanin content was higher in purple accessions and undetectable in white germplasm. Antioxidant capacity was statistically related to polyphenols content (r = 0.714, p < 0.01). The most promising corn accessions in terms of nutraceutical value came from the CR region.

Costa Rican Students’ Mindsets Toward Studying English

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study consists of a quantitative analysis comparing the mindsets of high school students from three different regions of Costa Rica. The objective is to identify students’ mindsets for English learning. Possible differences between the three geographical areas are explored. The results suggest that the students in all three regions appear to tend toward the growth mindset for studying English. No salient differences regarding students’ mindsets toward learning English were found among the three regions. The reasons for these results and pedagogical implications are also discussed.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Identificación de una colección de microalgas aisladas de Costa Rica mediante secuenciación de ADNr 18S

Las microalgas componen un diverso grupo polifilético de microorganismos fotosintéticos. Debido a su potencial biotecnológico, los estudios para aislar e identificar nuevas cepas han incrementado, por lo que es necesario el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas para su correcta identificación y clasificación. Utilizando herramientas de biología molecular, en este estudio se analizó el gen del ADNr 18S de 12 cepas microalgales aisladas de diferentes regiones de Costa Rica, resultando seis pertenecientes a la clase Trebouxiophyceae, tres a Chlorophyceae, dos a Prymnesiophyceae y una a Cyanidiophyceae. Este estudio reporta por primera vez la identificación molecular de cepas microalgales aisladas de Costa Rica, resaltando la diversidad de estos microorganismos en el país.

Proanthocyanidin Characterization and Bioactivity of Extracts from Different Parts of Uncaria tomentosa L. (Cat's Claw).

Apart from alkaloids, bioactive properties of Uncaria tomentosa L. have been attributed to its phenolic constituents. Although there are some reports concerning low-molecular-weight polyphenols in U. tomentosa, its polymeric phenolic composition has been scarcely studied. In this study, phenolic-rich extracts from leaves, stems, bark and wood (n = 14) of Uncaria tomentosa plants from several regions of Costa Rica were obtained and analysed in respect to their proanthocyanidin profile determined by a quadrupole-time-of-flight analyser (ESI-QTOF MS). Main structural characteristics found for U. tomentosa proanthocyanidins were: (a) monomer composition, including pure procyanidins (only composed of (epi)catechin units) and propelargonidins (only composed of (epi)afzelechin units) as well as mixed proanthocyanidins; and (b) degree of polymerization, from 3 up to 11 units. In addition, U. tomentosa phenolic extracts were found to exhibit reasonable antioxidant capacity (ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) values between 1.5 and 18.8 mmol TE/g) and antimicrobial activity against potential respiratory pathogens (minimum IC50 of 133 µg/mL). There were also found to be particularly cytotoxic to gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and colon adenocarcinoma SW620 cell lines. The results state the particularities of U. tomentosa proanthocyanidins and suggest the potential value of these extracts with prospective use as functional ingredients.

Feasibility, Within-Day and Between-Day Variability of Transthoracic Echocardiography in Sloths (Bradypus Variegatus and Choloepus Hoffmanni)

Bradypus variegatus (Xenarthra, Bradypodidae) and Choloepus hoffmanni (Xenarthra, Megalonychidae) are sloths from the tropical rain forest of the Caribbean and Pacific regions of Costa Rica. Because of their unique physiology and behavior, sloths have intrigued scientists, and several studies have already been conducted regarding blood pressure and heart rate variations. However, the use of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in these species has never been reported. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine the feasibility, and then the within-day (repeatability) and between-day (reproducibility) variability of TTE in sloths. A total of 36 TTE examinations (including a total of 1080 measurements) with continuous ECG monitoring were performed on 4 different days by a trained observer on 6 healthy, adult, sedated Choloepus hoffmanni (sexually intact females, age, mean ± SD [minmax] 5.1 ± 1.3 years [4.0-7.5]) from the Costa Rica Animal Rescue Centre. Standard transthoracic M-mode and two-dimensional mode measurements included left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and endsystolic diameters and thicknesses, the LV fractional shortening, the E point-to-septal separation, the left atrium-to-aorta ratio, and the right atrial width-to-the left atrial width ratio. Pulsed-wave Doppler parameters included peak systolic aortic and pulmonary flow velocities as well as early and late diastolic mitral flow velocities. A general linear model was used to determine the within-day and between-day coefficients of variation (CV). The main results were the following: all measurements could be performed at each TTE examination. Most within- and between-day CV values (90%) were <15%, the lowest being observed for the right atrial width-to-left atrial width ratio (2.2%). These results suggest that TTE is feasible and reliable in sloths, and therefore can be part of the cardiovascular exploration in these species. Further studies are now required to determine the corresponding reference intervals.

Serology, molecular detection and risk factors of Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs in Costa Rica

A cross-sectional study combining different serological and molecular techniques for the detection of Ehrlichia species in dogs and their ticks was carried out with data from all regions of Costa Rica. A seroprevalence of 32.1% (131/408), and infection with E. canis of 3.2% (13/407) was found, whereas 6.9% (9/130) of ticks attached to the dogs were PCR positive to E. canis. Higher prevalences were found outside the Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA). Risk factors associated with E. canis seropositivity were age, between 2 and 7 years (RR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.2) and 8–15 years (RR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2–3.0), number of dogs/total of households [Dogs per Household Ratio (DHR) ≥3.1 (RR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4–3.0)], number of dogs infested with at least one tick/total of dogs sampled [Tick Infestation Prevalence (TIP)≥31% (RR: 2.1; 95% CI:1.3–3.3)] and living outside the GMA (RR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2–2.4) and being a mixed-breed dog (RR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.1). Risk factors for E. canis PCR positive dogs were a depressive attitude (OR: 11.2; 95% CI: 1.1–115.9), fever (OR:4.8; 95% CI:1.2–19.3), DHR≥3.1 (OR: 5.7; 95% CI:1.7–19.2)], number of ticks/total of dogs sampled [Tick Distribution Ratio (TDR) ≥2.1 (OR: 6.5; 95% CI: 1.3–31.8)], and TIP≥40% (OR: 5.7; 95% CI: 1.7–19.2). This paper describes E. canis seroprevalence, PCR prevalence and tick analysis in dogs from Costa Rica, with associated clinical signs and owner perceptions. In summary, most of the E. canis infections in dogs in our country seemed to pass unnoticed by owners. Since most of the seropositive dogs (97.7%, 131/134) were negative for E. canis DNA in their blood, it is important to determine in future studies if these dogs recovered from the E. canis infection without any medication, or are persistently infected, and will develop chronic disease.

Using Wastewater Expertise for Humanitarian Efforts to Bring Centralized Treatment to Developing Regions of Costa Rica – An Update on the Global Water Stewardship

Using Wastewater Expertise for Humanitarian Efforts to Bring Centralized Treatment to Developing Regions of Costa Rica – An Update on the Global Water Stewardship

Phenolic Assesment of Uncaria tomentosa L. (Cat's Claw): Leaves, Stem, Bark and Wood Extracts.

The phenolic composition of extracts from Uncaria tomentosa L. from different regions of Costa Rica was studied using advanced analytical techniques such as UPLC/TQ-ESI-MS and 13C-NMR. Samples from leaves, stems, bark and wood (n = 22) were subjected to extraction to obtain phenolic and alkaloid extracts, separately. Comparatively, higher values of total phenolic content were observed for leaves, stems and bark (225–494 gallic acid equivalents/g) than for wood extracts (40–167 gallic acid equivalents/g). A total of 32 non-flavonoid and flavonoid compounds were identified in the phenolic extracts: hydroxybenzoic acids (benzoic, salicylic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, prochatechuic, gallic, syringic and vanillic acids), hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and isoferulic acids), flavan-3-ols monomers [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin)], procyanidin dimers (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B7 and two other of unknown structure) and trimers (C1, T2 and one of unknown structure), flavalignans (four unknown structures pertaining to the cinchonain family) and propelargonidin dimers (four unknown structures, reported for the first time in U. tomentosa). Additionally, alkaloid extracts obtained from the plant residue after phenolic extraction exhibited a content of tetracyclic and pentacyclic alkaloids ranging between 95 and 275 mg/100 g of dry material for bark extracts, and between 30 and 704 mg/100 g for leaves extracts. In addition, a minor alkaloid was isolated and characterized, namely 18,19-dehydrocorynoxinoic acid. Our results confirmed the feasibility of U. tomentosa as a suitable raw material for obtaining phenolic- and alkaloid-rich extracts of potential interest.

Poblaciones e identificación de los hongos causantes de mohos poscosecha en el pedúnculo de la piña, en dos zonas de Costa Rica

El desarrollo de mohos en el pedúnculo de la piña de Costa Rica, es uno de los problemas poscosecha más importantes que conlleva al rechazo de la fruta en el mercado destino. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las poblaciones de los hongos causantes de mohos en el pedúnculo de la piña, en diferentes fases de procesamiento poscosecha, mediante muestreos mensuales durante un año de producción en 2 zonas. Además, se realizó la identificación morfológica y molecular de los hongos más frecuentes. Se cuantificó, in vitro, el número de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) en el agua de desinfección, la cera, el aire de las cámaras de almacenamiento y en el pedúnculo y la cáscara de la fruta, sin procesar (SP) y procesada (P) con los tratamientos comerciales de las fincas. Además, se evaluó la incidencia y severidad de moho en el pedúnculo. Hubo variaciones en las poblaciones de hongos en todas las fases de procesamiento y en la fruta, con valores más altos en la cera que en el agua de desinfección. En el pedúnculo de fruta SP se obtuvo poblaciones más altas que en fruta P, lo cual coincidió con mayores porcentajes de moho al finalizar el almacenamiento. En las cámaras de enfriamiento también se recuperó esporas de hongos, que podrían ser una fuente de inóculo para el desarrollo de moho. Los principales hongos identificados fueron Penicillium purpureogenum, P. diversum y Penicillium sp., los cuales presentaron alta esporulación in vitro y crecimiento en el pedúnculo. Además en diferentes puntos del proceso como el encerado y el enfriamiento, en los que se capturaron esporas, la fruta podría ser contaminada, por lo que se considera importante la adecuada limpieza de las cámaras de enfriamiento, así como evitar que la cera acumule poblaciones importantes de microorganismos.

SalmonellaIsolates in the Introduced Asian House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) with Emphasis onSalmonellaWeltevreden, in Two Regions in Costa Rica

The Asian house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus has been widely introduced in Costa Rica and tends to establish in human settlements. Some studies in other invaded countries have suggested that this gecko plays a significant role in the epidemiology of salmonellosis and it is of value to public health. To our knowledge, no studies have examined Salmonella from this species in Costa Rica. Therefore, we collected 115 geckos from houses in two Costa Rican regions. We examined gut contents for Salmonella through microbiological analysis. Presumptive Salmonella spp. were sent to a reference laboratory for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Molecular typing was also conducted with the main Salmonella isolates of zoonotic relevance in Costa Rica. H. frenatus was found in 95% of the houses surveyed. Salmonella was isolated in 4.3% of the samples, and four zoonotic serovars were detected. None of the isolates were resistant to the antibiotics most frequently used for salmonellosis treatment in Costa Rica. All Salmonella isolates from the lower gut of H. frenatus are associated with human salmonellosis. Pulsotypes from Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden were identical to the only clone previously reported from human samples in Costa Rica. Molecular typing of Salmonella Weltevreden suggested that H. frenatus harbors a serovar of public health importance in Costa Rica. Results demonstrated that H. frenatus plays a role in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in two regions of Costa Rica. However, more detailed epidemiological studies are needed to understand better the role of the Asian house gecko with human salmonellosis, especially caused by Salmonella Weltevreden, and to quantify its risk in Costa Rica accurately.

Zoonotic Species of the Genus Arcobacter in Poultry from Different Regions of Costa Rica

In recent years, emerging pathogens have received special attention due to their consequences for public health. Given that Arcobacter has been isolated in Costa Rica from commercial meat poultry samples, the aim of this research was to determine its isolation frequency from laying hens, broilers, ducks, and geese and to compare two types of samples, namely, cloacal swabs and stool collection. Arcobacter was isolated from 22 (11%) of the 200 samples examined. Fifteen (55%), eight (30%), and four (15%) of the isolated strains were identified as A. butzleri, A. cryareophilus, and Arcobacter spp., respectively. Also, there is a statistically significant difference among the isolation frequencies of Arcobacter for the types of samples evaluated, yielding more isolates from stool samples than from cloacal swab collection. This work describes the distribution of Arcobacter in farm animals as potential sources for its spread from animal-derived products.

Aliae lepanthes machogaffenses(Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae)

Abstract. Two new species of Lepanthes are described and illustrated. Lepanthes elvirae is reminiscent of L. estrellensis in the large size of the flower and the broad and rounded laminae of the lip, but can be distinguished from the latter by the glabrous sheaths of the ramicaul, the petals with lobes distinctly different in size and the lobes of the lip held subparallel to the column. Lepanthes queveriensis is most similar to L. cribbii, from which it differs by the inflorescence sub equal to longer than the leaf, the margins of the sepals entire, the shorter body of the lip, provided with two hemielliptic, low, and the rectangular, straight appendix of the lip. Considerations on orchid diversity in unexplored regions of Costa Rica are presented.