Region Of Belly Research Articles

Investation of Ectoparasites In Chickens In Village of Kramat District of Bangkalan Regency of Bangkalan

A study on the infestation of ectoparasites in chicken’s raised in Village of Kramat, District of Bangkalan, Regency of Bangkalan was conducted between July to October 2017. A total of 60 chickens were examined based on their sex and region of the chicken’s body. Identification was carried out on ectoparasites found identified using permanent mounting methods and scraping. The types of ectoparasites were M. gallinae 77%, L. caponis 52%, M. stramineus 15%, R. sanguineus 3%, G. gallinae 2%, G. gigas 2%, and D. gallinae 2%. Data were analyzed using Chi Square and Correspondence. The results of infestation was higher in males than females, although the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Results of analysis of the pattern of investation of ectoparasites in the region that includes in males and females body are M. gallinae in the region of the back. L. caponis in the region of the wings. M. stramineus. R. sanguineus in the region of the head-neck, G. gigas in the region of belly, G. gallinae in the region of the leg just found in the males body. D. gallinae in the region of the leg just found in the females body.

Hip Adductor Intramuscular Nerve Distribution Pattern of Children: A Guide for BTX-A Treatment to Muscle Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy.

To investigate the intramuscular nerve distribution pattern in the hip adductors of children and to precisely locate the injection site for botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) as a treatment for hip adductor spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Modified Sihler's whole mount nerve staining technique was employed to observe the distribution of intramuscular nerves in hip adductors of children and to further locate zones where terminal nerves are concentrated. The terminal nerves of the adductor longus appeared in a longitudinal distribution band parallel to the line between the upper 1/3 point of the lateral boundary and the center of the medial boundary. In adductor brevis, the terminal nerves showed a sheet-like distribution with a nerve dense area located in the middle of the muscle belly that extends from the upper-inner region to the lower-outer region. Gracilis showed a dense area of terminal nerves in the middle of the muscle belly, closer to the posterior boundary. In adductor magnus, the dense area of terminal nerves showed a sheet-like distribution in the middle and lower region of the muscle belly. The dense area of terminal nerves in the pectineus was located in the middle of the muscle belly. This study is the first to systematically investigate the intramuscular nerve distribution pattern in the hip adductors. The results indicated that the best targets for BTX-A injection, when treating spasticity, are the dense regions of terminal nerves described above.

High energy Gallium Arsenide laser does not facilitate collagen alteration in muscle skeletal extracellular matrix: experimental study

Abstract Introduction: Low intensity laser therapy has proven effective in treating different tissues, reducing inflammation, preventing the formation of fibrous tissue, and promoting muscle regeneration. Objective: To evaluate the effect of low intensity laser therapy, seven days after the injury, and verify whether the radiated energy chosen influences the formation of fibrous tissue. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats, adult male, average body weight 210-340 g were used. The animals were randomized into three groups: control group, untreated injured group (L), and injured and treated group (LT). After anesthetizing the animals, muscle injury was induced by freezing (cryoinjury) in the central region of the tibialis anterior muscle belly (TA) on the left hind limb, through an iron rod previously immersed in liquid nitrogen. A Gallium Arsenide laser, wavelength 904 nm was used. The applications were initiated 24 hours after injury, daily, for five days, at two points in the lesion area. After 7 days, the animals were euthanized; the TA muscle of the left hind limb was removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen and the obtained histological sections were subjected to Sirius Red staining. Results: Histological analysis showed no significant difference in relation to the area of fibrosis in the LT and L groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that the energy density of 69 J/cm² and final energy (4.8 joules) did not promote alterations in the area of collagen in the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix.

Spatial characterization of innervation zones under electrically elicited M-wave.

The three dimensional (3D) innervation zone (IZ) imaging approach (3DIZI) has been developed in our group to localize the IZ of a particular motor unit (MU) from its motor unit action potentials decomposed from high-density surface electromyography (EMG) recordings. In this study, the developed 3DIZI approach was combined with electrical stimulation to investigate global distributions of IZs in muscles from electrically elicited M-wave recordings. Electrical stimulations were applied to the musculocutaneous nerve to activate supramaximal muscle response of the biceps brachii in one healthy subject, and high-density (128 channels) surface EMG signals of the biceps brachii muscles were recorded. The 3DIZI approach was then employed to image the IZ distribution of IZs in the 3D space of the biceps brachii. The performance of the M-wave based 3DIZI approach was evaluated with different stimulation intensities. Results show that the reconstructed IZs under supramaximal stimulation are spatially distributed in the center region of muscle belly which is consistent with previous studies. With sub-maximal stimulation intensity, the imaged IZ centers became more proximally and deeply located. The proposed M-wave based 3DIZI approach demonstrated its capability of imaging global distribution of IZs in muscles, which provide valuable information for clinical applications such as guiding botulinum toxin injection in treating muscle spasticity.

Evaluation of low-level laser therapy on skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by assaying biochemical markers and histological changes.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into two experimental groups, as follows: the diabetic IR group (G1, n = 10) and the diabetic IR + LLLT group (G2, n = 10). Ischemia was induced in anesthetized rats from the right femoral artery clipping for 2h, followed by a reperfusion for 24h. Then, the laser irradiation (K30 handheld probe, AZOR, Technica, Russia, 650nm, 30mW, surface area = 1cm(2), energy density = 1.8J/cm(2)) was carried out by irradiating the rats over a unique point on the skin over the middle region of the right gastrocnemius muscle belly three times (every 8h), starting after initiating the reperfusion for 3min. At the end of the reperfusion period, rats were anaesthetized and blood samples were collected and used for the estimation of pO2, pCO2, pH, HCO3, serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Subsequently, the right gastrocnemius muscle samples were taken for wet/dry weight ratio assessment and histological/biochemical examination. The pO2, pCO2, HCO3, and pH levels were similar for both groups (P > 0.05). The serum LDH and CPK levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for G2 compared to G1. In comparison to G1, tissue malondialdehyde level in G2 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In G2, superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased compared to G1 (P < 0.05). Unlike G2, a significant decrease in the activity of catalase was observed in G1 (P < 0.05). The wet/dry ratio in G1 was significantly higher than that of G2 (P < 0.05). Histological examination confirmed that the extent of muscle changes in G1 was higher than G2 (P < 0.05). Finally, according to this study, LLLT has a beneficial effect on the IR muscle injury treatment in the diabetic rats. Therefore, we suggest that further research needs to be conducted using different laser parameters and examining response over a longer period of tissue recovery.

Manipulating vibratory devices’ orientation and position enhances proprioceptive disturbance during upright stance

We tested local vibration effects during upright standing considering: (i) the orientation of vibratory devices in relation to muscle fibres; (ii) the muscle region stimulated; and (iii) the number of stimulation spots. Results showed a higher balance disturbance with vibration devices oriented parallel to triceps surae muscle fibres. The single stimulation of the proximal region of the tibialis anterior muscle belly induces the same proprioceptive disturbance as stimulating multiple regions simultaneously.

A new highland species of treefrog of the Dendropsophus columbianus group (Anura: Hylidae) from the Andes of Colombia

A new species of tree frog of the genus Dendropsophus is described from the highlands of the Cordillera Central of theAndes, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia (06º58’50’’N, 75º08’07’’W, 1700 m a.s.l.). Dendropsophus norandinus sp.nov. differs from other Andean Dendropsophus previously described by the following combination of traits: dorsal skinsmooth with minute scattered tubercles; axillary membrane developed; distal subarticular tubercle of fourth finger bifid;ventral surfaces cream with variable brown markings on gula, throat, and outer region of belly; medial area of the bellyimmaculate; in life axilla and groin pale yellow in males and bright orange in females; toe webbing extensive [I (1–1+ )–(11/2–13/4 ) II 1–(2–2- ) III 1–(2–2- ) IV (2–2- )–1 V], and tadpoles with tooth row formula of 0/2. On the basis of morphologicalsimilarities, principally between tadpoles, we tentatively assign this new species to the Dendropsophus columbianus group.

To Determine the Influence of the Complete Denture Prosthesis on Masticatory Muscle Activity in Elderly Patients: An in vivo Study

ABSTRACT Introduction Mastication is a highly coordinated neuromuscular function involving fast effective movements of the jaw and continuous modulation of force. In older subjects these mechanisms act with marked differences. They have a reduced capacity in various functions of stomatognathic system. Objectives To evaluate the elevator and depressor muscle activity with and without complete denture prosthesis. Materials and methods For the purpose of the study 12 patients between the age of 40 and 70 years were selected. Surface electrodes from the electromyographic unit were placed in the region of right and left anterior temporal muscles, Masseter muscle and depressor muscle at the region of anterior belly of digastric and the electromyographic activity was recorded. Results and discussion The obtained values were subjected to statistical analysis. A paired t- test was performed to determine the difference between the subjects with and without denture prosthesis. Conclusion The elevator muscles showed higher activity in subjects wearing the denture prosthesis when compared to those without denture prosthesis. No significant change in muscle activity was seen on maximal opening of the depressor muscle between the subjects with and without denture prosthesis.

New Species ofIschnocnema(Anura, Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

We describe a new species of Ischnocnema from Santa Teresa, in the Atlantic Rainforest of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Ischnocnema abdita sp. nov. is a member of the Ischnocnema lactea species series; it differs from other Ischnocnema mainly by presenting small size (adult male SVL 15.7 ±0.49 mm; range 15.0–16.8 mm); small discs on fingers I and II, and elliptical, wider than long, moderate sized discs on fingers III and IV; and finger I slightly smaller than finger II. The new species closely resembles Ischnocnema bolbodactyla, differing from it by presenting upper and lower margins of iris red in life; inguinal region with many yellow blotches in life; posterior region of belly and ventral surfaces of thighs, shanks, and feet roughly marbled with large pale yellow blotches; and hidden dorsal area of thighs dark brown with few large pale yellow blotches.

Regional differences in blood flow variation in rat masseter muscle

Regions of a belly in a masseter muscle have been suggested to be activated independently in order to enable complex jaw-movements. However a regional difference of the masseter blood flow (MBF) is still unclear although the blood flow is one of the most important factors during activation of the muscle. The present study examined regional differences in blood flow in rat masseter muscle by comparing blood flow values at the inferior, centre, superior, anterior, and posterior regions of the muscle belly using a laser speckle imaging flowmeter with or without sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. Regional differences in blood flow levels were observed in each region of the masseter muscle belly during rest. Additionally, amplitudes of blood flow changes evoked by electrical stimulation of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves differed among regions. These results demonstrate the regional differences in hemodynamics during rest, sympathetic vasoconstriction (including the recovery phase), and parasympathetic vasodilatation in rat masseter muscle.

Double innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

We came across a very rare case in which the anterior belly of the digastric muscle was innervated by the twigs of the facial nerve in addition to those of the mylohyoid nerve. The anomaly was discovered in the cadaver of an 84-year-old Japanese male bequeathed for a training seminar in gross anatomy at Kumamoto University in 2003. One twig issued from the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve and entered the central region of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle on the lower surface. The other twig issued from the stylohyoid branch of the facial nerve, descended along the lateral margin of the stylohyoid muscle and entered the anterior belly of the digastric muscle on the lower surface near the intermediate tendon. The twig from the marginal mandibular branch was distributed to the shallow (lower) and central region near the medial margin of the anterior belly. The twig from the stylohyoid branch was distributed to the shallow and lateral region of the anterior belly. These two twigs communicated with the mylohyoid nerve at several peripheral parts. Textbooks on general anatomy make mention of only one nerve, the mylohyoid, supplying the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. However, the present case manifests that the anterior belly receiving twigs from the mylohyoid and facial nerves is formed with the second brachial component as well as the first.

Derivation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle receiving twigs from the mylohyoid and facial nerves

The anterior belly of the digastric muscle is usually supplied by the mylohyoid nerve, and in general anatomy textbooks, the anterior belly is invariably described as receiving no other nerve except the mylohyoid nerve. In fact, however, it is sometimes supplied by a branch of the facial nerve in addition to the mylohyoid nerve. Such cases were found in 8 bodies or 9 head sides among 539 bodies or 1078 head sides of Japanese subjects. Those nine cases were investigated in detail and it was clarified that they had the following three characteristics in common: (1) the twig originating from the facial nerve appears as the twig of the stylohyoid branch in most cases, (2) the twig from the facial nerve enters the anterior belly on its lower (shallow) surface and the twig of the mylohyoid nerve on its upper (deep) surface, (3) the twig of the mylohyoid nerve is distributed to the deep region and the twig of the stylohyoid branch is distributed to the shallow region of the anterior belly. From these results, it was concluded that the anterior belly, receiving the twigs of the mylohyoid and facial nerves, had been formed by secondarily combining the most ventral and rostral part of the primordium of the stylohyoid muscle in the second branchial arch with the caudal part of the primordium of the anterior belly in the first branchial arch.

Revision of the cyprinid genus Placocheilus Wu, 1977 in China, with description of a new species from Yunnan

Placocheilus is re-diagnosed on the basis of oromandibular structures compared to those of closely related groups. It is represented in China by three species restricted to Yunnan, namely P. caudofasciatus from the Tengtiaohe River (Nam Na), P. cryptonemus from the Nujiang Rive (upper Salween River basin), and P. robustus, herein described as a new species from the Yuanjiang River (Red River basin). P. robustus n. sp. is differentiated from its congeners in having a stout caudal peduncle (depth 72.4–82.5% of its length) and the medium-sized scaleless midventral region of belly extended slightly beyond halfway from the pectoral- to pelvic-fin origin. It is further distinguished from P. caudofasciatusin having a coarsely crenulated rostral fold with 18–23 indentations on its distal margin and a smaller mental adhesive disc (length 66.7–71.4% of its width and 37.0–43.1% of the head length).

Tension Distribution to the Five Digits of the Hand by Neuromuscular Compartments in the Macaque Flexor Digitorum Profundus

The macaque flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) consists of a muscle belly with four neuromuscular regions and a complex insertion tendon that divides to serve all five digits of the hand. To determine the extent to which compartments within FDP act on single versus multiple digits, we stimulated the primary nerve branch innervating each neuromuscular region while recording the tension in all five distal insertion tendons. Stimulation of each primary nerve branch activated a distinct region of the muscle belly, so that each primary nerve branch and the muscle region innervated can be considered a neuromuscular compartment. Although each neuromuscular compartment provided a distinct distribution of tension across the five distal tendons, none acted on only one digital tendon. Most of the distribution of tension to multiple digits could be attributed to passive biomechanical interactions in the complex insertion tendon, although for the larger compartments a wider distribution resulted from the broad insertion of the muscle belly. Nerve ligations excluded contributions of spinal reflexes or distal axon reflexes to the distribution of tension to multiple digits. We conclude that the macaque FDP consists of four neuromuscular compartments, each of which provides a distinct distribution of tension to multiple digits.