Regime In Indonesia Research Articles

THE SOCIAL VIOLENCE AND REGIME CHANGES IN INDONESIA

Purpose of the study: This paper aims to explain social violence during the transition of three regimes in Indonesia, from the Old Order to the New Order and from the New Order to the Reformation. This paper also analyzes the motives behind the violence at each transition of the regimes.
 Methodology: The research was conducted through a literature study by examining media documents, magazines, research reports, scientific articles, and books on various social violence practices in every three regimes in Indonesia.
 Main Findings: The result of the study found that the social violence in Indonesia has occurred in various forms and motives. Five types of social violence have been identified, communal violence, separatist violence, state-community violence, industrial relations violence, and political violence. The social violence has used as a tool to silence the past and carry out political propaganda by elites and to gain the power by opposition. Thus, it argues that all social violence practices are constructed by various interests of the regimes and anti-regimes.
 Applications of this study: This study provides a mapping of violence in every political and regime transition in Indonesia. Thus, this study can be applied for two important issues. First, this study can be used as reference in anticipating political violence in the national and regional election process in Indonesia in particular, and other countries in general. Second, for developing countries, this study can be used as reference as reference in mapping and analyzing various social violence practices that accompany the transition process.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The recent studies of violence in Indonesia covered the issues of religious, ethnic, economic and political violence. There are limited studies violence and democracy transition in Indonesia and it’s relation to political regimes. This article focuses on violence and its relationship with the political regimes and regime’s changes in Indonesia.

From ‘populist moment’ to authoritarian era: challenges, dangers, possibilities

ABSTRACT This essay, inspired by the huge outpouring of research generated in and around the Emancipatory Rural Politics Initiative, reflects on the challenges of analysing authoritarian populism and particularly its rural expressions. The paper first examines key features of authoritarian populism and early populist movements in the Americas and Russia. Then it turns to ‘illiberal’ neoliberalism and the origins of neoliberalism under brutal dictatorial regimes in Indonesia and Chile. The paper scrutinizes the scepticism about populism in the work of prominent liberal and neoliberal media pundits and scholars. The affinities and tensions between different authoritarian populist rulers, the worrisome transnational linkages of their support bases and the massive flows of right-wing donor money between white supremacist and nationalist movements in different countries suggest the emergence of a fractious axis, not as consolidated as the fascist axis of the 1930s and 1940s, but a rising threat to democracy nonetheless. The paper considers the degeneration of progressive populisms, such as Venezuelan chavismo, and the problem of resorting to ‘automatic’ or ‘unconditional’ solidarities as a factor in the delegitimizing of left alternative voices. The last sections discuss emancipatory politics, the recent phenomenon of pandemic authoritarianism and the rising protest movements that constitute a possible opportunity for progressive forces.

WABAH VIRUS KORONA DAN MOMENTUM EVALUASI REZIM KETAHANAN PANGAN DI INDONESIA

This study will explore the production approach of the food security regime in Indonesia, which increasingly marginalized peasant during the COVID-19 pandemic. The production approach emphasizes the role of global governance by encouraging trade liberalization and the large role of corporations to control the supply chain from upstream to downstream creating vulnerability to peasant. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a decline in market share of peasant agricultural products due to the closure of the wholesale market that supplies hotels and restaurants. The results of the study show that government policy during the COVID-19 pandemic increasingly benefited food corporations by easing operating hours for modern retailers and fixing selling prices that benefited corporations. Meanwhile, peasant are increasingly marginalized during the Corona virus outbreak in the operation of the food security regime with restrictions on the operation of traditional markets, price adjustments at the farm level, and the involvement of agribusiness application companies that are envisaged to help marketing, but in reality do not necessarily give selling prices which is beneficial due to the low bargaining power of  peasant.

Insecurity and Historical Legacies in Welfare Regime Change in Southeast Asia – Insights from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand

Anchored on the global welfare regime literature, this article discusses three key themes: welfare regime change, the drivers of change and the implication of the regime change toward insecurity in Southeast Asia. This article focuses on welfare regimes in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand mainly because these countries experienced high economic growth and were correspondingly affected by the 1997-Asian financial crisis. However, their response to the crisis differed due to their distinctive historical-colonial legacies. The article argues that the regimes shifted from productivist to a more inclusive regime partly as public health programmes reached citizens previously uncovered. However, the timing, pace and direction of welfare reform met social unrest, and fundamentally brought into the fore questions of ‘ontological security’. The article concludes that the three regimes cannot substantiate a shift towards ‘secure’ welfare regimes as they continue to rely heavily on family and community for welfare provision to overcome social risk.

‘Unsilencing’ Chinese Indonesians through Children's Literature

This study investigates children's books published after the collapse in 1998 of an authoritarian regime in Indonesia that spanned more than three decades. During these years, Indonesians with Chinese ancestry were silenced from expressing their culture, tradition, and language in public. A dichotomy between Chinese Indonesians and the ‘indigenous’ Indonesians was also employed as a political strategy that resulted in negative stereotypes of the ethnic group that persist long after the regime's demise. As the current post-authoritarian government attempts to reinstate Chinese Indonesians’ rights in observing their culture, children's literature in the country is also embracing this ethnic group. This article employs a critical multicultural reading to examine the representation of Chinese Indonesians across a range of picturebooks and middle-grade novels.

A Study on Authoritarian Regime in Indonesia: Perspective of the 1945 Constitution as a Democratic Constitution

The 1945 Constitution is the foundation of the constitution of Indonesia founded on the ideal of Pancasila that comprehend democratic values. As a democratic constitution, the 1945 Constitution is expected to form a constitutional pattern and a democratic government system. However, the 1945 Constitution has never formed a state structure and a democratic government system since it becomes the foundation of the constitution of the state of Indonesia in the era of the Old Order, the New Order and the reform era. Such conditions bear the question of why the 1945 Constitution as a democratic constitution never brings about the pattern of state administration and democratic government system. The conclusion is, a democratic constitution, the 1945 Constitution has never formed a constitutional structure and democratic government system because of the personal or group interests of the dominant political forces in the Old Order, the New Order and the reformation era has made the constitutional style and the system of democratic governance that cannot be built in accordance with the principles of democratic law reflected in the 1945 Constitution and derived from the ideals of the Indonesian law of Pancasila.

How Do Configuration Shifts in Fragmented Energy Governance Affect Policy Output? A Case Study of Changing Biogas Regimes in Indonesia

Biogas technology to support rural livelihoods and low-carbon development has been developed in different projects and programs in the Global South over the last few decades. However, the existence of multiple projects, actors and designs involved may lead to so-called fragmentation in governance. This research addresses the fragmented governance amongst the biogas programmes in Indonesia to study their impact on the implementation; the numbers of biodigesters disseminated and knowledge transferred. Drawing on concepts of fragmentation, regime effectiveness, and policy output, the research uses data from interviews with relevant actors, supplemented with documents review. Findings show that the governance architecture of biogas regime in Indonesia consists of different types of biogas programmes championed by different types of actors pursuing different objectives. There had been patterns and periodical shifts of configuration within the Indonesian biogas regime, i.e., from administrative fragmentation (2007–2009), to conflictive fragmentation (2010–2012), to cooperative fragmentation (2013–2016), and reduced fragmentation (2017). Shifting from administrative to cooperative fragmentation resonates with the increase of the number of biodigesters dissemination more than fourfold in ten years, from 800 in 2007, to 37,999 in 2016. The distribution of power within the governance architecture among government bodies, NGOs, and the private sector influenced the speed of implementation and innovation of the biogas programs. This suggests that a higher degree of distribution of power and cooperation within a governance architecture contribute to increasing policy output of the regime complex of renewable energy.

Private forest in facing the timber legality regime in Indonesia: the NGOs’ role

Private forest becomes a role model of sustainable forest management in Indonesia. Not only it is able to rehabilitate critical lands, but it also significantly contributes to meet the community daily needs and wood-based industries due to using agroforestry system as its management practice. However, in 2009 the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) of Indonesia decided to implement a timber legality assurance system as a mandatory instrument including for private forest. However, the administrations and procedures are complicated. Private forest thus faces new challenges to obey the complication of the system. NGOs are often mentioned as the most contributing actor in solving private forest difficulties. This paper thus attempts to shed light on the challenges faced by private forest because of the timber legality policy and how NGOs take their role.

Comparative Case Study on Institutionalization of Ruling Parties Under Military Authoritarianism: Democratic Republican Party Under Park Chung-Hee Regime in South Korea (1961-1979) and GOLKAR Under Suharto Regime in Indonesia (1966-1998)

Comparative Case Study on Institutionalization of Ruling Parties Under Military Authoritarianism: Democratic Republican Party Under Park Chung-Hee Regime in South Korea (1961-1979) and GOLKAR Under Suharto Regime in Indonesia (1966-1998)

Reproliferation of Islamist Movement in Surakarta: Trajectory and Strategy in The Post Democratization Indonesia

Islamist movement has been proliferating in line with the historical trajectory of Indonesia's political journey; starting from the colonial regime, in the beginning of independence, New Order regime and today’s Era Reformasi. The process of Democratization and modernization lead the ideology of Islamism to a new phase of religious movement. Along with the growth of democracy in Indonesia, Islamist movement precisely shows its existence intensely in public sphere. The opening canals of freedom in the Reformation Era became a new space for ideology of Islamism to evolve and adapt some strategies to survive amidst the onslaught democratization in Indonesia. This article aims at looking to what extent the proliferation of Islamist movements after the collapse of Soeharto’s authoritarian regime in Indonesia. In this case, Surakarta becomes important to observe because it’s historical context as an embryo in giving birth to earlier Islamist movements, as well as a city famous for the proliferation of ideology of Islamism in Indonesia. Using political sociology approach, this study attempts to understand the path of proliferation of Islamist movements and its various interplayed strategies to the socio-political conditions that occur; either on a global or local scale. This article argues that the development of democracy in Indonesia continues to alter the route map of the Islamist movement. Finally, the results of this study reveal that the proliferation of the current Islamist movement plays a new strategy that appropriated with the development of democracy and technological advancements to gain more public sphere by Indonesian people.

Perceived benefits and costs of REDD+ projects under different forest management regimes in Indonesia

ABSTRACTAlthough Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) projects have been extensively trialled, the benefits and costs perceived by households are not fully understood. This study examined the benefits and costs perceived by households under private, government and community forest regimes in Indonesia. This study also analysed the interrelationships of households’ perception towards REDD+ with perceived benefits and costs, forest management regimes, and socioeconomic characteristics using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). In comparison to REDD+ benefits, perceived REDD+ costs by households have a stronger and negative influence on their support for REDD+ projects. Among three types of perceived benefits – social, economic and environmental, only environmental benefits are strongly associated with households’ support for REDD+. The perceived environmental and future benefits of REDD+ projects under a community forest regime are higher than private and government regimes. Therefore, future REDD+ projects under a community forest regime are more likely to be accepted. This information would be useful to design future REDD+ policy.

INDONESIA – AMERIKA DALAM KERANGKA COMPRHENSIVE PARTNERSHIP

Indonesian political and strategic relations are quite good with the United States, especially since the New Order regime in Indonesia, namely in the 1960s. But economic ties the two sides have not grown enough in comparison with the United States economic relations with neighboring Indonesia, Singapore and Australia. In terms of political and strategic aspects in the relationship between the two countries produced in the United States and Indonesia are less developed the economic potential between the two. Both countries have significant potential to further enhance the bilateral relations to the mutual interest through the establishment of a comprehensive partnership (Comprehensive Partnership) is a strategic step in improving relations of cooperation in politics, economy, security, environment, energy, education and other areas of life other. Efforts to improve relations between the two sides appeared in recent years because of the encouragement of the government of Indonesia and US efforts to seek larger markets in order to restore its economic crisis. In November 2010 the leaders of both countries signed the US-Indonesia Compherensive Partnership Agreement (US-Indonesia CPA) which is a long-term commitment of both countries to enhance and deepen bilateral relations. One sector that is the focus of the cooperation is the economic sector.

Normative Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions in Indonesia

It is undeniable that the flow of globalization plays a major role in every aspect of state life, including the field of law and the legal product itself. Indonesia as a WTO member is obliged to ratify various types of international agreements to be made into domestic law products in the form of the Law. One of the important issues that must be protected is Intellectual Property Rights which is compiled based on the TRIPs standard. In its development, the concepts and characteristics of IPR have caused losses to developing countries such as Indonesia which have many assets in the form of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions held by local communities. The IPR legal regime cannot accommodate the protection of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions as a whole. The direction of legal regulation that protects traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions today is to form a new legal product that is specifically outside the IPR regime. The Bill on Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions has long been composed by Indonesia since 2008 and included in the 2009-2014 National Legislation Program. But even until now there has been no approval made by the government. The normatification of this bill is very important to be done so that it can be given that traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions can be used as an aid for advancing the nation's economy. By using normative legal research methods and qualitative approaches, this study concludes that the IPR legal regime in Indonesia has not been able to provide maximum protection to traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions. Therefore, it is very important to discuss and ratify the Bill on Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions to become products law to guarantee protection and provide economic benefits to the State and society.

Human Rights Regime: Between Universality and Cultural Relativism, An Indonesian Experience

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 come with the idea that human rights are all universal. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 1993 strengthen the universalism of human rights by claiming that and interdependent and interrelated. The international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing, and with the same emphasis. While the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind, it is the duty of States, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms. And here is the problem. Indonesia is a member of the United Nations. Indonesia adopted UDHR 1948 and made it as the primary source of National Human Rights Provision (Law No. 39/ 1949). However, in practice, there are a lot of challenges in implementing universal human rights in Indonesia. Cultural relativism exists. This paper, therefore, will explore the complexity of Human Rights regime in Indonesia among various cultural relativism surrounding it by using legal and normative approach. The research found that international human rights law in Indonesia can not be implemented in the same manner as applied in the Western world. Instead, it needs to consider local and regional values, as well.

The Study of Faustmann Formula Application in Sustainable Natural Forest Management in Indonesia

In the forest economics literature, Faustmann formula is highly adopted for profit maximization problem in forest management, mostly in plantation forest. Stylized models of Faustmann formula to be applied in selective logging regime have also been studied extensively in multi-age and multi-species forest. In general, natural forest managers in Indonesia have not adopted the Faustmann formula in their management decisions. Sustainability aspect in natural forest management is applied based on silvicultural consideration, i.e. measuring residual stand that is able to be harvested in the next cutting cycle. This study aims to analyze the application of Faustmann formula in the current selective logging regime in Indonesia (i.e. TPTI), so that the natural forest managers may gain maximum profit and sustainable. This study is a qualitative research based on literature review. The results of this study show that under deterministic growth model (i.e. matrix transition model) and robust damage model (i.e. transition matrix with different damage proportions on each species and diameter class), the Faustmann formula can be applied for selective Logging regime in Indonesia. Keywords: Faustmann formula, selective logging, natural forest, Indonesia

Building Nonprocedural Legitimacy in Modern Southeast Asia - A Case Study on the Latter Period of Sukarno’s Regime in Indonesia

본 연구는 역사적인 자료들의 분석을 통해 인도네시아의 초대 대통령인 수까르노가 자신의 정치적인 행위들과 정치체제를 강화하기 위해 어떻게 비절차적 통치정당성을 활용했는지 살펴보고자 한다. 본 연구에서 정의하는 비절차적 통치정당성은 그 근원이 서구로부터 이식된 근대적 제도가 아니라 인도네시아를 비롯한 동남아시아의 전통적인 권력 개념에 기인한다. 필자는 1955년 반둥 비동맹회의 이후 기존의 근대 대의 민주주의적 정치제도에 대한 노골적인 불만을 가졌던 수까르노의 정치적 변화, 특히 서구의 인도네시아를 향한 이른바 ‘제국주의적 위협’과 이로 인해 조성되었다고 여겨지는 정치적 위기 상황의 끊임없는 제기를 주목한다. 구체적으로 그는 독립이후 성립된 정치적 제도의 정당성을 파괴하면서 동시에 ‘나사꼼’(NASAKOM)과 ‘교도민주주의’로 대표되는 전통적 동남아시아의 융합적인 권력개념에 부합하는 정치제도의 등장을 옹호하기 위해 ‘인도네시아 민족’의 영토를 침범하는 것으로 상상되는 제국주의적 위협과 이로 인해 초래된 정치적 위기를 끊임없이 제기한다. 1961년과 62년 사이에 일어난 네덜란드로부터의 서파푸아(이리안자야) 수복운동과 영국정부의 말레이시아 독립 승인 과정에서 일어난 외교 갈등을 일컫는 이른바 꼰쁘론따시(Konfrontasi)는 비절차적 통치정당성에 크게 의존했던 후기 수까르노 정권의 상황을 상징적으로 보여준다.

Authoritarian elections, state capacity, and performance legitimacy: Phases of regime consolidation and decline in Suharto’s Indonesia

Political scientists have recently debated the extent to which strong state capacity helps authoritarian regimes to win elections and extend their rule. This article proposes that it is not only important to disaggregate the various forms of state capacity mobilized for that purpose, but also to analyze the sequence with which autocracies deploy them. Using Suharto’s New Order regime in Indonesia as a case study, I argue that regimes mobilize different forms of state capacity in distinct phases of their development, and that the sequencing of this deployment can have implications for the regime’s endurance. Suharto, for example, gradually reduced the importance of coercion as he increasingly focused on the state’s ability to facilitate elite co-optation and economic patronage. This helped to extend the regime’s endurance as long as the economy flourished, but also made it vulnerable to the fluctuations in the world economy that caused its demise in 1998.

The Forgotten Medium: Hoso Kanri Kyoku and the Beginning of National Broadcasting in Indonesia

This essay examines Hoso Kanri Kyoku, a bureau of radio centre and regulation, which has been much underestimated and understudied. It became an instrument of mass mobilization and mass psychology in the Japanese occupation period. The essay sees also the pivotal role of this institution in disseminating ideas of ‘ke-Indonesiaan’. The aim of this essay is to show how the transformation process of the institution after the proclamation of Indonesian independence. The essay uses historical archival research as a method of data collection. This essay have indirectly presented that the Soeharto regime continued the legacy of the Japanese Military regime in Indonesia.

Serpent's source: Determining the source and geographic origin of traded python skins using isotopic and elemental markers

Commercial production systems for wildlife increasingly involve closed-cycle captive breeding, in which effective regulation requires methods for verifying the provenance of stock. We compared the isotopic and elemental compositions of skin from wild and captive-bred pythons raised under different diet regimes in Indonesia and Viet Nam to examine the efficacy of using these techniques as a means of determining the source and origin of skins entering international trade. We found significant differences in both isotopic and elemental markers between wild and captive-bred snakes, as well as those from different geographic origins. Combinations of both techniques were able to discriminate between diet treatments and geographic origins with up to 100% accuracy. Moreover, our experimental manipulation of python diets confirmed that the application of specific diet regimes (or the addition of known elemental markers) for captive-bred snakes can create signatures specific to those animals, vastly improving the efficacy of these methods. Our study strongly suggests that the analysis of isotope ratios and elemental markers offers a powerful tool for verifying the provenance of reptile skins entering trade – but these methodologies will be most applicable (and cost-effective) for species with small populations of genuine conservation concern, rather than for large volume trade in species for which there is little conservation risk.

The Strong State And Pancasila: Reflecting Human Rights in the Indonesian Democracy

The rights of every Indonesian citizens are protected by the 1945 Constitution. Does the reality matches with the normative regulations? Does democratization improves the protection of human rights especially in term of the religious freedom? We find that there is a discrepancy between the ideal written constitution and the reality. In this following essay I argue that the failure of Indonesian democratic regimes to protect human rights is the result of the lack of "stateness". The ideal of "stateness" is referring to Fukuyama idea that is "the ability of state to plan and execute policies and to enforce law". I will present the argument that the weakness of the administration cause by an ambiguity in the interpretation of the Indonesia ideology, Pancasila (the Five-Principles). This paper will firstly discuss the idea of strong state and its relation to the protection of human rights. Alongside the theoretical examination of the concept, I will discuss the weakness of democratic regimes in Indonesia to protect human rights. This will be followed by an examination of the core argument of the paper, argue that the principle cause of the state weakness lies on the ambiguity of the administration to interpret Pancasila.