Reduction Of Pesticide Residues Research Articles

Effect of processing on herbicide residues and metabolite formation during traditional Chinese tofu production

The fates of clomazone, fomesafen, and quizalofop-p-ethyl and its metabolite quizalofop (acid) in soybean samples during tofu processing were systematically assessed. Residues were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after each processing step, including washing, soaking, grinding and filtering, cooking, coagulating, and squeezing. The pesticide distribution at each step of the process was studied, and pesticide processing factors were calculated. Differences in the pesticide residue levels were found at each processing step. Changes in pesticide residues in the tofu products was closely related to their physicochemical properties such as octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), water solubility, and vapor pressure. The results showed that soaking prominently decreased fomesafen residues by 72.0%, as indicated by its high water-solubility and low log Kow. Grinding and filtering reduced pesticide residues by 88.8%–94.8%, mainly due to dilution or okara separation. The processing factors were generally <1 for each step and for the entire process, except those for cooking, coagulating, and squeezing. These results demonstrated that the overall process could significantly reduce clomazone, fomesafen, quizalofop-p-ethyl, quizalofop (acid) residues during tofu processing.

Effect of processing on the reduction of pesticide residues in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

ABSTRACT The behaviour of residues of tebuconazole, prochloraz, and abamectin in rehmannia during rehmannia decoction processing was systemically assessed. The pesticides were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after each processing step including washing, steaming and drying, carbonising, and boiling. Results showed that the pesticide residues significantly decreased after the steps of washing, carbonising, and boiling. Washing reduced pesticide residues by 41.2%–60.0%; carbonising reduced pesticides by 27.1%–71.1% in both prepared rehmannia and unprepared rehmannia. After boiling, the concentrations of tebuconazole and prochloraz were 0.0002–0.0022 mg kg−1 in decoctions. Abamectin was not detected in rehmannia after carbonising, and it was not detected in decoctions either. The processing factors (PFs) were less than 1 during food processing, indicating that the full set of processing can reduce the residues of tebuconazole, prochloraz, and abamectin in rehmannia decoction.

Study on the Effect of Cleaning Technology of Fresh Tea Leaves on the Quality of Green Tea

This experiment was conducted to study the new shoot, bud and leaf of Fuding Dabai Tea, which was picked and purchased from Zhongfeng Tea Garden in Ya'an famous mountain area. The sensory quality, contents, pesticide residues and heavy metals of fresh leaves and green tea were studied and compared. The total soluble solids content and turbidity of water samples before and after the cleaning process were determined. The results showed that: (1) the weighted total score of sensory evaluation of finished tea added with fresh leaf cleaning technology was 91.15, which was 2.45 points higher than that of the control (without fresh leaf cleaning), and increased by 2.76%. (2) Fresh leaf cleaning process can significantly reduce the content of tea polyphenols, caffeine and water extract, and the ratio of phenol to ammonia, but has no significant effect on the content of amino acid and soluble sugar. (3) The total soluble solids of Q 2 are 4.3 times as much as Q1, and the turbidity of Q2 is 37.2 times as much as Q1. Cleaning process of fresh leaves can significantly reduce the indexes of agricultural residues and heavy metals. In conclusion, the cleaning process of fresh tea leaves can improve the sensory quality of tea to a certain extent, significantly reduce the content of bitter and astringent substances in tea leaves, effectively clean the surface impurities of fresh tea leaves, reduce pesticide residues and heavy metal content.

참외의 세척 및 껍질 제거에 따른 농약 잔류량 감소

참외의 세척 및 껍질 제거에 따른 농약 잔류량 감소

Rapid analysis and residue evaluation of six fungicides in grape wine-making and drying

Rapid multianalysis methods of metalaxyl-M, boscalid, picoxystrobin, fluopicolide and its metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, pyraclostrobin, and mandipropamid in grapes, wine, and raisins were established. The residue determination of six fungicides in wine-making and fruit-drying processes and evaluation were studied. The six fungicides exhibited good linearity in all three matrices (r > 0.9953). The average recoveries of the six fungicides at three added levels were 78.8 %–106.3 % (RSD 0.6 %–12.5 %). During wine-making processes, metalaxyl-M dissipated slowly (T1/2 = 248 h), while the other five fungicides dissipated rapidly (T1/2 = 17−44 h). The transfer rates of the six fungicides in wine and pomace were 0.9 %–14 % and 22 %–72 %, respectively. During the drying process, the dissipation of metalaxyl-M was very limited, and the half-lives of the other five fungicides were 39−84 h. The processing factors (PFs) of the six fungicides during wine-making and drying were 0.01-0.19 and 0.35-0.97, respectively, which indicates that these processes can reduce the residues of these six fungicides in wine and raisins. The established multianalysis method provides a reference for the simultaneous detection of target pesticides in grape and its processed products. The residue determination results provide reasonable data for reducing pesticide residues and the dietary risk factors of grapes and their processed products.

Household vegetable processing practices influencing occurrence of pesticide residues in ready‐to‐eat vegetables

AbstractInfluence of vegetable processing on pesticide residues in ready‐to‐eat vegetables studied at the experimental level does not necessarily reflect actual situation at household level. This study assessed influence of household vegetable processing practices on pesticide residues in ready‐to‐eat vegetables at household level in Arusha, Tanzania. Data on vegetable handling practices were collected through observations and physical interviews in 70 households. Samples of raw and ready‐to‐eat vegetables were collected from the households for pesticide residues analysis. Detectable pesticide levels were found in 46% of raw and 14% of ready‐to‐eat vegetable samples. Pesticide residues detected were in the groups of organophosphates (22.8%), pyrethroids (14.3%), organochlorines (7.14%), benzoic acids (7.14%), and carbamates (5.71%). Unauthorized pesticides (dichlorvos, tetramethrin, and bendiocarb) and environmentally persistent pesticide (dieldrin) were found at levels above their respective maximum residue levels. Washing of vegetables twice or more (p = .01) or peeling (p = .008) was significantly associated with reduction of pesticide residues. There was a significant association between occurrence of pesticide residues in ready‐to‐eat vegetables and washing of minor ingredients with the water used to wash major ingredients (p = .001). Household practices of washing of vegetables with portable water followed with peeling can reduce pesticide residue levels significantly.

The effectiveness of chemical solutions on the removal of carbaryl residues from cucumber and chili presoaked in carbaryl using the HPLC technique

This research aimed to compare the efficiency of five washing solutions (0.9% NaCl, 0.1% NaHCO3, DI water, 0.001% KMnO4, and 0.1% acetic acid) for removing carbaryl residues from cucumber and chili. The vegetables were soaked in 10 mg/L of carbaryl solution for 30 min and then washed for 30 min in one of the five washing solutions and the results compared. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the amounts of carbaryl residues remaining were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that 0.001% KMnO4 was the most effective at removing carbaryl from both vegetables. Washing with 0.001% KMnO4 reduced carbaryl residues to 64% and 28%, respectively, of the original concentrations. Washing with DI water was the least effective method of removing carbaryl residues. Hopefully, the results will encourage further research, into reducing carbaryl contamination by washing with chemical solutions, which will enable producers to reduce pesticide residues.

사과 및 들깻잎 중 이산화염소수를 활용한 농약 저감화 연구

사과 및 들깻잎 중 이산화염소수를 활용한 농약 저감화 연구

Asma(Vitis vinifera var. Sultani çekirdeksiz) Yapraklarında Farklı Salamura Ortamlarının Pestisit Kalıntı Düzeylerine Etkisi

Amaç: Farklı salamura ortamlarının, asma yapraklarında pestisit kalıntı değerlerine (MRL) olan etkisi araştırılmıştır.Materyal ve Metot: Sultani çekirdeksiz üzüm çeşidine ait asma yaprakları Temmuz ayı başında hasat edilmiştir. Hasat edilen yapraklar kuru (salamurasız), %10 tuz içeren soğuk (26.5 °C) ve sıcak (80 °C) salamurada 4 ay boyunca saklanmıştır. Pestisit kalıntı analizleri LC-MS/MS Agilent Technology ve GC- MS Agilent Technology sistemleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.Bulgular: Salamurasız (kuru) saklanan yapraklarda pestisit kalıntı değerlerinin, iki farklı sıcaklıktaki salamuralı ortama göre çok yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Salamurasız(kuru) ortama göre pestisit kalıntı değerlerindeki azalışın soğuk salamurada %69-73, sıcak salamurada ise %73-91 oranında olduğu saptanmıştır.Sonuç: Sıcak salamura uygulamasının, Sultani Çekirdeksiz üzüm çeşidine ait asma yaprağında pestisit kalıntı değerlerinin azaltılmasında, daha etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Glutaredoxin S25 and its interacting TGACG motif-binding factor TGA2 mediate brassinosteroid-induced chlorothalonil metabolism in tomato plants

The presence of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables poses a serious threat to human health. Brassinosteroids (BRs) can reduce pesticide residues in plants, but the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Here, we identified a tomato glutaredoxin gene GRXS25 which was induced by 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) and chlorothalonil (CHT) in a way dependent on apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Silencing of GRXS25 in tomato abolished EBR-induced glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) gene expression and activity, leading to an increased CHT residue. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed protein-protein interaction between GRXS25 and a transcription factor TGA2. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that TGA2 factor bound to the TGACG-motif in the GST3 promoter. While silencing of TGA2 strongly compromised, overexpression of TGA2 enhanced expression of GST genes and CHT residue metabolism. Our results suggest that BR-induced apoplastic ROS trigger metabolism of pesticide residue in tomato plants through activating TGA2 factor via GRXS25-dependent posttranslational redox modification. Activation of plant detoxification through physiological approaches has potential implication in improving the food safety of agricultural products.

Expression and functional analysis of the propamocarb-related gene CsMAPEG in cucumber

BackgroundPropamocarb (PM) is one of the main pesticides used for controlling cucumber downy mildew. However, due to its volatility and internal absorption, PM can easily form pesticide residues on cucumber fruits that seriously endanger human health and pollute the environment. The breeding of new cucumber varieties with a low abundance of PM residues via genetic methods constitutes an effective strategy for reducing pesticide residues and improving cucumber safety and quality. To help elucidate the molecular mechanism resulting in a low PM residue abundance in cucumber, we used the cucumber cultivar ‘D0351’ (which has the lowest PM residue content) as the test material and identified genes related to low PM residue abundance through high-throughput tag-sequencing (Tag-Seq).ResultsCsMAPEG was constitutively expressed and showed both varietal and organizational differences. This gene was strongly expressed in ‘D0351’. The expression levels of CsMAPEG in different cucumber tissues under PM stress were as follows: fruit>leaf>stem>root. CsMAPEG can respond to salicylic acid (SA), gibberellin (GA) and Corynespora cassiicola Wei (Cor) stress and thus plays an important regulatory role in plant responses to abiotic and biological stresses. The PM residue abundance in the fruits of CsMAPEG-overexpressing plants was lower than those found in antisense CsMAPEG plants and wild-type plants at all tested time points. The results revealed that CsMAPEG played a positive role in reducing the PM residue abundance. A CsMAPEG sense construct increased the contents of SOD, POD and GST in cucumber fruits, enhanced the degradation and metabolism of PM in cucumber, and thus effectively reduced the pesticide residue abundance in cucumber fruits.ConclusionsThe expression patterns of CsMAPEG in cucumber cultivars with high and low pesticide residue abundances and a transgenic verification analysis showed that CsMAPEG can actively respond to PM stress and effectively reduce the PM residue abundance in cucumber fruits. The results of this study will help researchers further elucidate the mechanism responsible for a low PM residue abundance in cucumber and lay a foundation for the breeding of new agricultural cucumber varieties with low pesticide residue abundances.

Dissipation Behavior of Three Fungicides during the Industrial Processing of PaeoniaeRadix Alba and Associated Processing Factors.

Before being administered as medicinal products, Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) must be processed and decocted for human consumption. While the presence of pesticide residues in CHMs is a major concern, pesticide dissipation behavior during CHM processing has rarely been reported. In this study, the dissipation of three pesticide residues in the CHM Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) was investigated during each step of industrial processing. The boiling process was found to significantly reduce pesticide residues (61–89%), and the peeling process also contributed to pesticide degradation (29–68%). The high temperature (60 °C) during the drying process led to further pesticide degradation. The processing factors of all three pesticides after each processing step were less than one, and the processing factors for the overall process were lower than 0.027, indicating that industrial processing clearly reduced the amount of pesticide residues (97.3–99.4%). The findings provide guidance for the safe use of fungicides in CHMs and can help establish maximum residue limits for PRA to reduce human exposure to pesticides.

Reduction of phoxim pesticide residues from grapes by atmospheric pressure non-thermal air plasma activated water.

In this study, we propose a novel strategy, plasma activated water (PAW) to reduce pesticide residues on agricultural products. To validate its feasibility and effectiveness, we employee high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect phoxim on grapes. HPLC results suggest that the reduction of phoxim on grapes achieve 73.60% after treated 10 min by PAW prepared 30 min, and the concentration of phoxim decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with the preparation time of PAW. Furthermore, HPLC-MS analysis shows that the reduction effect of phoxim by PAW is dominated by the degradation of phoxim. Combined with analyzing the physicochemical properties of PAW, one possible degradation pathway is proposed under the present experimental conditions, mediated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The acidic environment (pH < 3) and high oxidation capacity (ORP > 500 mV) are suggested to be a benefit to the reduction of phoxim. Besides, the experimental results regarding color, firmness, sugar, vitamin C, and superoxide dismutase of grapes demonstrate that the PAW treatment will not significantly affect the quality of grapes. In conclusion, phoxim pesticide residues on grapes could be effectively reduced by the PAW strategy and without a significant (p < 0.05) effect on grapes quality.

Reduction of pesticide residues from teff (Eragrostis tef) flour spiked with selected pesticides using household food processing steps

Teff (Eragrostis tef) is an ancient cereal that is indigenous from Ethiopia. Nowadays, teff grain is becoming popular to many parts of the world. Teff is gluten-free in nature, has high iron and fiber content, and many other health benefits make this crop interesting to many consumers. Since no insect pests are attacking the teff grains, farmers do not apply pesticides on it, unlike maize and other grains. Nevertheless, residues of organochlorine pesticides have been detected at an alarming level that could pose a consumer risk. Teff is often consumed as injera which is a fermented flat pancake. The main aim of the present study is, therefore, to investigate the effect of household food processing (doughing and baking) on the reduction of pesticide residues from teff. Pesticide residues previously detected in teff grain such as permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos ethyl, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, o,p’-DDT, and p,p’-DDT were spiked and extracted followed by the subsequent household processing which are generally doughing (dough making followed by fermentation) and baking. From the findings of this study, doughing decrease the pesticide residues in the range of 59.9–86.4% and baking in the range of 63.2–90.2%. Kruskal−Wallis analysis indicates that the reduction of pesticide residues by baking is significantly different from doughing (p-value < 0.0001). There is also a significant difference between non-fermented and fermented dough (p-value = 0.012). The processing factor for doughing and baking was less than one (PF < 1 = reduction factor) which indicates the reduction of pesticides due to teff processing. The cumulative effect of these processing methods is important to evaluate the risks associated with the ingestion of pesticides, particularly in teff grain.

ANALISA RESIDU PESTISIDA DI WILAYAH MALANG DAN PENANGGULANGANYA UNTUK KEAMANAN PANGAN BUAH JERUK

The use of pesticides is widely used in the production of citrus fruits for protection before and after harvest. The use of pesticides on a broad scale can pollute the environment and leave residues in plants and in plants such as fruit leaves and tubers. A survey was conducted to evaluate the level of pesticide residues in citrus fruits. The survey method is carried out by recording pesticide use by farmers and traders. The survey will be conducted in Dau, Batu and Poncokusumo Districts, Malang Regency by interviewing 10 farmers and 10 orange traders in each District. The Gas Cromatography method was carried out to measure the levels of pesticide residues tested at the Angler Biochemlab Laboratory, Surabaya. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the levels of pesticide residues in citrus fruits then compared to the Maximum Residue Limit (BMR) through SNI 7313: 2008 quality standards on agricultural products. The residue levels of profenofos in farmer samples were found to be higher at 0.108 ppm compared to the sample from traders, namely 0.050 ppm at the Tegalweru village research site. In addition, traders in the village of Poncokusumo knew the imidaclroripid content was close to the maximum threshold of 0.040 ppm in farmer samples and 0.010 ppm in the merchant sample. Decreased levels of pesticide residues on food can be done with several approaches, namely physically and chemically. Reduction of pesticide residues in agricultural products can be done in several ways including by washing products with running water for several times or can also be done by soaking in water for one hour

Current situation of pesticide residues and their impact on exports in China

Pesticide residues not only endanger human health and lead to concerns about food safety problems, but also seriously affect the export trade of agricultural products. Therefore, pesticide residues have become an important issue in the field of food safety in China and a primarily concern in Chinese society. In the past 11years, RASFF has summarized and analyzed the information of pesticide residues in exported food in China, and clarified the risk of agricultural pesticide residues in our country. Using stakeholder theory to analyze the demand and perception of eight different stakeholders, this paper puts forward policy suggestions for reducing pesticide residues in China’s main agricultural products.

DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL EXOTIC VEGETABLES

Pesticides are used to protect crops from diseases and pests. Their application in agriculture has been in existence since ancient times to date. They have also been used in growing vegetables especially exotic vegetables that are more prone to pests and diseases. There have been concerns over indiscriminate use of pesticides by farmers to grow vegetables especially for local markets since there are no guidelines on Maximum residue levels. This study was done to determine the concentration of cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin pesticide residues in Collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla). The samples included both organic and conventional vegetables that use chemical pesticides. Experimental study design was used which involved laboratory analysis of the samples. Sample extraction was done using AOAC official method 2007.01 known as Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. The method involves use of Acetonitrile, sodium chloride and anhydrous magnesium sulphate for extraction. Clean-up was done using dispersive-solid phase extraction method using Primary-Secondary Amine and anhydrous magnesium sulphate. Residues analysis was done using Reverse-phase High Performance Liquid chromatography. Peak areas of the curves were calculated using Motic Images plus 2.0 and data analysis was done using SPSS 22. Recovery rates of pesticide ranged from 87.78% to 97.93% for cypermethrin and 90.65% to 95.72% for lambda-cyhalothrin. The results indicated that organic vegetable samples had pesticide residues below detectable levels while conventional vegetable samples had levels ranging from 2.495mg/kg to 0.238mg/kg for cypermethrin and 0.352mg/kg to 0.119mg/kg for lambda-cyhalothrin. The residues of both pesticides were above the recommended, this is likely to cause negative health effects such as uncoordination, whole-body tremors and seizures. This indicates that conventional vegetable consumers are exposed to pesticide residues. Farmers should strictly adhere to good agricultural practice to reduce pesticide residues.

Method validation and evaluation of household processing on reduction of pesticide residues in tomato

Metalaxyl and chlorpyriphos are widely used pesticides around the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate validation parameters, matrix effect (ME %), reduction behavior, processing factor (PF) and estimate the behavior of metalaxyl and chlorpyriphos in tomato fruit samples. “Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe” (QuEChERS) extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used for the analysis. Results showed successful trends by evaluating validation parameters [selectivity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ) and precision]. The correlation coefficients were > 0.99; the LOD for metalaxyl ranged from 0.01 to 0.003 mg/kg and the LOQ for chlorpyriphos ranged from 0.03 to 0.009 mg/kg. The matrix effect (ME %) of metalaxyl was found to exhibit a medium matrix effect while for chlorpyriphos no matrix effect was seen. Recovery (70–120%) and precision (RSD 1. The highest reduction rate was achieved by sonication treatments which could effectively remove chlorpyriphos residues spiked in tomato matrices rather than the metalaxyl residues. On the other hand, washing treatments were less efficient in removing metalaxyl residues from tomato samples. Overall, any one of these processes can contribute substantially to reduce consumer exposure to pesticides residues in tomatoes.

Efficacy of electrolyzed water, chlorine dioxide and photocatalysis for disinfection and removal of pesticide residues from stone fruit

Concerns about chemicals and pesticides in food plants have increased dramatically during the last decade. Following stricter legislation and studies about toxicity and human health risks, new ways of reducing toxic residues are urgently required. In this study, oxidizing agents such as electrolyzed water (EW), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and photocatalysis have been used during the postharvest phase in order to remove the residues of cyprodinil, tebuconazole and iprodione from the surface of peaches, nectarines and apricots. Moreover, the disinfection capability of these agents has also been tested as an alternative to sodium hypochlorite. Our results show that pesticide removal from stone fruits by oxidizing technologies significantly varies depending on the treatment used and the target substance. ClO2 significantly reduced tebuconazole residues from all the fruits (by more than 60%) and photocatalysis similarly reduced iprodione residues (between 50 and 70%). However, EW achieved a percentage of residue reduction similar to that of tap water, never exceeded 40%. In contrast, EW reduced the superficial microbiota to undetectable counts, also decreasing the percentage of rotted fruit from 32 to 7%. Photocatalysis produced similar results since it was able to decrease the microorganisms present on the fruit surface by nearly 2 log units and the incidence of disease by 50%. It was concluded that a strategy combining photocatalysis treatment during cold storage to reduce pesticide residues and spoilage microorganisms with electrolyzed water washing to reduce any remaining microbial contamination prior to commercialization will substantially reduce disease and ensure the safety of stone fruits for human consumption.

Assessment of occupational and dietary exposure to pesticide residues.

Plant protection products (PPPs) are pesticides containing at least one active substance that drives specific actions against pests (diseases). PPPs are regulated in the EU and cannot be placed on the market or used without prior authorisation. EFSA assesses the possible risks of the use of active substances to humans and environment. Member States decide whether or not to approve their use at EU level. Furthermore, Member States decide at national level on the authorisation of PPPs containing approved substances. In agriculture, exposure to PPPs and their residues during occupational tasks is estimated prior to product authorisation, using models fed with study‐specific (e.g. absorption, dissipation) and default values. Exposure of workers to pesticide residues reduces with the pesticide's dissipation time during crop‐related tasks. However, the current risk assessment gap is that no methodology is available to calculate the re‐entry interval (REI) for workers, which specifies how long they should wear personal protective clothing during their first entry into pesticide‐sprayed crops. Protective clothing (such as gloves) can reduce pesticide residue exposure to an acceptable level of worker safety. Within the European Food Risk Assessment Fellowship Programme (EU‐FORA) assignment, a methodology was developed to calculate agricultural‐use‐specific and pesticide‐specific REIs for which period workers should wear gloves. This was an assignment of the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. Another important aspect of risk assessment to ensure consumer safety is dietary risk assessment. A critical evaluation of residue studies and metabolism of the pesticide in question in crops results in a residue definition for dietary risk assessment and for enforcement and monitoring to define maximum residue limits allowed legally on or in raw agricultural commodities when applying pesticides according to good agricultural practices. This work was assigned by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport and contributes to the work of the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues.