Reduction In Salivary Flow Rate Research Articles

Analysis of the association between salivary proteins and oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing IMRT: a longitudinal study

IntroductionThis longitudinal study assessed the association between salivary protein composition and the clinical onset/severity of oral mucositis (OM) in patients with head and neck tumours treated with intensity-modulated-radiotherapy (IMRT).MethodsSaliva samples/clinical data were obtained from 40 head and neck cancer patients treated at Guy’s Hospital before -IMRT(T0) and after-IMRT (T1 = 6 m, T2 = 12 m) (ethics approval/consent).Salivary flow rate, total protein concentration, and secretion rate were determined from saliva samples and compared with pre-treatment values. OM was assessed, total/specific salivary proteins, including mucin 5B and 7, IgA, cystatin-S, albumin, and α-amylase, were quantified.Results95% patients experienced OM during IMRT, with 33 subjects reaching grade 2&3. At T1, there was a significant reduction in salivary flow rate, total protein secretion rate, α-amylase and cystatin-S compared to baseline. Remarkably IMRT did not significantly alter mucin 5B and 7, or the IgA secretion rate at any time point. At T1, all the analyzed proteins were associated with the OM outcomes. In addition, there was a significant inverse correlation between IgA concentration at T0 and the severity of OM during IMRT.ConclusionThis study revealed significant associations between several salivary proteins and OM in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing IMRT. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these results.Clinical significanceThe study contributes to the understanding of certain salivary proteins association with OM. This could be the first step towards identifying potential salivary markers that could offer perspectives for personalized medicine approaches to improve their quality of life (QoL).Research questionWhat is the association between salivary proteins and the occurrence and severity of OM in head and neck cancer patients?AimTo assess the association between salivary protein composition with the clinical onset/severity of oral mucositis (OM) in head and neck cancer patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy.Null hypothesisThere is no association between salivary proteins and onset/severity of OM in HNC patients.

Effectiveness of atropine in managing sialorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To describe the efficacy of atropine in controlling salivary flow in patients with sialorrhea or drooling. We included randomized controlled studies, quasi-randomized trials, case reports, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses assessing the use of atropine in patients with sialorrhea or drooling. The endpoints were reduction in salivary flow rate, amount of saliva secreted, reduction in clinical symptoms of sialorrhea, death rattle intensity, or reduction in drooling intensity as measured by an objective scale such as the drooling intensity scale. A total of 56 studies with 2,378 patients were included in the systematic review. The underlying disease states included brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, clozapine- and perphenazine-induced sialorrhea, Parkinson's disease, and terminal illness. The routes of atropine administration included sublingual, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral tablet or solution, and direct injection of atropine into parotid glands or at the base of the tongue. The generalized estimated equation regression models showed that sublingual administration is superior to oral and subcutaneous routes. Atropine is efficacious in managing sialorrhea in most disease states. Sublingual administration of atropine is superior to other routes of administration in reducing salivary flow in patients with sialorrhea.

Stress depression and anxiety with xerostomia among young Indian adults.

The relationship of Oral health related quality of life (OHRQOL), stress, depression, anxiety, with xerostomia, un-stimulated salivary flow rate among young Indian adults is of interest. The first phase involved xerostomia along with salivary flow rate measurements. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) the standard questionnaire in this field, was used to assess depression, anxiety, and stress in the second part of the study. Xerostomia has a stronger effect on OHRQOL. Anxiety, stress, and depression are examples of psychological factors that significantly impact xerostomia and the reduction of salivary flow rate.

Salivary Profile and Its Correlation Towards Candida Colony Count in Elderly Patients

Physiologically, elderly people undergo deterioration in various organ functions, such as salivary secretion and pH, which may influence their health. These alterations can lead to various problems, including Candida infections. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between salivary flow rate and pH with Candida colony counts in the oral cavity of elderly individuals. This is an analytical cross-sectional study that included 105 elderly patients visiting the Pancur Batu Health Center. Saliva was collected from each participant using the spitting method for 5 minutes to measure the salivary flow rate and pH. Then, the samples were cultured in Saboraud Citrus agar for 24-48 hours to observe the growth of Candida colonies, and the number was counted. Chi-square tests were conducted to analyze the data and determine the relationship between salivary flow rate and pH with Candida colony count. The result showed a significant relationship between salivary flow rate and excessive Candida colony count, as indicated by p.value = 0.03. However, there was no significant relationship between salivary pH and Candida colony count (p=0.59). In conclusion, the result of this study showed that the reduction in salivary flow rate may increase the risk of Candida infections in elderly people. Therefore, preventive measures have to be taken to maintain good oral hygiene and overall health of the elderly.

Household smoking impact on the oral health of 5- to 7-years-old children

BackgroundChildren’s exposure to secondhand smoke, particularly by their parents, could adversely affect their oral health. Thereby, this study aimed to assess the oral health status of children subjected to household smoking and the impact of smoking patterns on the severity of oral health deterioration.MethodsA total of 210 healthy children were enrolled in this case-control study and allocated into children subjected to household smoking (HS) and control groups. Participants’ guardians were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic characteristics and parental smoking habits. All participants were subjected to clinical dental examination to assess dental caries (ICDAS), hypomineralized primary molars (HSPM), and gingival status (GI). Stimulated saliva samples were collected to assess saliva composition and characteristics. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for cotinine concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS (v.25) software at a test value of p ≤ 0.05. The t-student test was used to find significant differences between participants’ age, gingival index score, saliva pH, flow rate, sIgA, and cotinine level. The Chi-square test was used to test for the significance of parental employment, number of rooms, gender, sweets consumption, brushing frequency, and HMPM. The correspondence analysis was used to test for significance of parents’ levels of education, type of house ventilation, ICDAS score, smoking form, frequency, and smoking pattern. The correlation between cotinine level and sIgA was tested for association using Bivariate correlation test.ResultsThe HS group showed a significantly increased risk for dental caries (p < 0.000), HSPM lesions (p = 0.007), and GI score (p < 0.000). A significant reduction in salivary flow rate, saliva pH, and sIgA were evident in HS group (p < 0.000). Parental consumption of more than 20 cigarettes/day was accompanied by increased dental caries activity (p < 0.000) and higher risk for increased severity of gingival inflammation (p < 0.000) of children in the HS group. Children of parents who smoke cigarettes and use the hubble/bubble anywhere in the house found to have greater distribution of HSPM (p < 0.000). Reduced sIgA values were found to be significantly associated with increased cotinine concentrations in HS children (p < 0.000).ConclusionsFrequent exposure to household smoking could be associated with an increased risk of dental caries progression, enamel hypomineralization, gingival inflammation, and saliva characteristics changes in children.

Evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on salivary flow and composition in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy

Assess the impact of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on xerostomia, salivary flow rate (SFR) and composition in patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC). Thirty patients undergoing RT (65 Gy) for HNC were enrolled. Saliva and xerostomia evaluations collected pre- and post-PBMT-RT. PBMT involved irradiation of extra and intraoral points, 15-20 sessions, 2-3 times/week. SFR, trace elements, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, xerostomia, and pH were analyzed. The average age was 60.7 years. After treatment, there was not a significant reduction in SFR and there was no difference on xerostomia. Significant reductions in Al, Cd, Fe, Ni, P, and Sb concentrations were observed, along with a significant increase in Mg concentration. Sample data were organized into 3 groups based on a self-organizing map. Low concentrations of Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S, Sr, and Zn were the primary discriminatory factors for group A, while group B consisted of post-PBMT-RT samples with high concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Na, and S. PBMT prevented a significant reduction in SFR and xerostomia induced by radiation therapy. These findings suggest that PBMT prevents salivary gland damage minimizing the decline in salivary flow.

BoNT clinical trial update: Sialorrhea.

Sialorrhea is the excessive accumulation of saliva, a prevalent symptom among a number of neurologic conditions in both pediatric and adult patients. Over the years, the management of sialorrhea has evolved and included a variety of interventions, ranging from nonpharmacologic, pharmacologic, and surgical treatment options. The most common option for treatment has been the use of botulinum toxin injections in the management of sialorrhea. While there have been several clinical trials to assess the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of sialorrhea, the largest randomized control trials to date have been with incobotulinumtoxin (2019) and rimabotulinumtoxin (2020) which show consistent reduction in salivary flow rate and improvement in clinical outcomes with comparable duration of treatment effectiveness. In this update, we review the evolution of treatment and injection methods for sialorrhea among many neurologic diseases. We discuss the challenges in evaluating and measuring efficacy in clinical trials for sialorrhea and compare the contemporary botulinum toxin clinical trials in the treatment of sialorrhea.

Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Flow Rate in Smokers and Non Smokers: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Saliva is a complex and significant body fluid which is exceptionally fundamental for oral health and is the most effectively available fluid in the human body. Structural and function changes in saliva occur when it is exposed to cigarette smoke that contains several toxic components and is known to be one of the main risk factors for developing numerous oral conditions. There are conflicting reports about the correlation between cigarette smoking and mouth dryness. Additionally, there is paucity of studies to investigate the Salivary Flow Rate (SFR) in smokers in India. Aim: To assess the salivary flow rate in smokers and non smokers and also to study the effect of duration and frequency of smoking habit on SFR. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in which unstimulated whole saliva of 50 smokers and 50 non smokers visiting Outpatient Department (OPD) at Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir’s, Karmaveer Bhausaheb Hiray Dental College and Hospital Nashik, Maharashtra, India, was from January 2019 to January 2020. Unstimulated SFR was measured and expressed in mL/minute using a graduated glass tube. Comparison of SFR was done among the smokers and non smokers using Unpaired t-test. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the frequency and duration of smoking habit and SFR among smokers. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction (p-value &lt;0.0001) in the salivary flow rate of smokers in comparison to non smokers. It was also observed that there was reduction in salivary flow rate with increase in the duration (p-value &lt;0.001) and frequency (p-value=0.012) of tobacco smoking habit. Conclusion: Salivary flow rate is significantly reduced in smokers when compared to non smokers. The duration and frequency of smoking habit had a significant impact on the reduction in SFR. Reduced SFR has a high impact on oral health and may further lead to several oral complications. Therefore, measures should be taken by counseling the smokers to quit the habit and educating them about the ill-effects of xerostomia.

Tooth Failure Post-Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer: Primary Report of the Clinical Registry of Dental Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer Patients (OraRad) Study

To elucidate long-term sequelae of radiation therapy (RT) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, a multicenter, prospective study, Clinical Registry of Dental Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer Patients (OraRad), was established with tooth failure as its primary outcome. We report tooth failure and associated risk factors. Demographics and cancer and dental disease characteristics were documented in 572 HNC patients at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after RT. Eligible patients were aged 18 or older, diagnosed with HNC, and receiving RT to treat HNC. Tooth failure during follow-up was defined as losing a tooth or having a tooth deemed hopeless. Analyses of time to first tooth-failure event and number of teeth that failed used Kaplan-Meier estimators, Cox regression, and generalized linear models. At 2 years, the estimated fraction of tooth failure was 17.8% (95% confidence interval, 14.3%-21.3%). The number of teeth that failed was higher for those with fewer teeth at baseline (P < .0001), greater reduction in salivary flow rate (P=.013), and noncompliance with daily oral hygiene (P=.03). Patients with dental caries at baseline had a higher risk of tooth failure with decreased salivary flow. Patients who were oral-hygiene noncompliant at baseline but compliant at all follow-up visits had the fewest teeth that failed; greatest tooth failure occurred in participants who were noncompliant at baseline and follow-up. Despite pre-RT dental management, substantial tooth failure occurs within 2 years after RT for HNC. Identified factors may help to predict or reduce risk of post-RT tooth failure.

Correlation of saliva characteristics and caries in beta-thalassemia major patients

A patient with beta-thalassemia major is known to have poor oral hygiene and a high risk of caries. Some studies showed that patients with beta-thalassemia have low salivary flow rate and acidic saliva. A reduction in salivary flow rate and pH would increase caries susceptibility. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between salivary flow rate and pH with DMFT index in patients with beta-thalassemia major. This study was a cross-sectional design. A total of 38 patients with beta-thalassemia major aged more than 12 years old at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Hospital were included in this study. Their unstimulated saliva was collected by spitting methods, and the teeth were examined with DMFT Index. The salivary flow rate was expressed as ml/min and the pH was measured using a saliva pH indicator paper. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test to determine the correlation between variables. The result showed that the mean age of the patients in this study was 16.6 years old, with a higher number of female patients than males. Patients with beta-thalassemia major had low salivary flow rate (0.72 ml/5 min), acidic saliva (6.34), and high DMFT index (8.34). This correlation was statistically significant (p&lt;0.01). It can be concluded that there is a strong negative relation between DMFT index with salivary flow rate and salivary pH in patients with beta-thalassemia major.

Evaluation of the salivary parameters in facial mask wearers during Covid-19 pandemic

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic situation forced governments to impose various measures to reduce the spread of the virus. The most used method is to wear facial masks, which can be found under several commercial forms. Wearing facial masks has caused a lot of controversy and rumors. Among them, many patients and practitioners have complained of a dry mouth after wearing different types of facial masks for a variable period of time. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantitative (un-/stimulated salivary flow rate) and qualitative (pH and buffer capacity) changes in saliva in mask wearers. Methodology Forty subjects were selected for this study. All of them wore alternatively no mask, a surgical mask for 2 hours, and FFP2 mask for 2 hours (groups 1, 2, and 3). Saliva samples were collected from all the subjects in the groups and analyzed to determine the values of un-/stimulated salivary flow rate, the pH, and buffer capacity using GC Saliva-Check Buffer (GC Corporation, Japan). Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results For unstimulated saliva samples, between groups 1 and 3, statistically significant differences were recorded, with a significance level of 0,02&lt;p=0,05. For stimulated saliva, salivary pH or buffer samples, no significant differences were found between groups. Conclusion Wearing FFP2 masks for two hours showed a reduction in salivary flow rate compared to subjects who did not wear facial masks. Wearing surgical masks did not produce changes in salivary flow rates, pH or buffer capacity.

Chronic malnutrition and oral health status in children aged 1 to 5 years: An observational study.

To evaluate the effect of chronic malnutrition on the oral health of children aged 1 to 5 years.An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted and involved 82 children (12–71 months of age). Nutritional status was evaluated using anthropometric indicators and oral health status/caries prevalence was measured. Non-stimulated saliva was collected and flow rate and buffering capacity was measured.The mean dmft index was 1.38 for the adequately nourished children, 3.04 for those with mild malnutrition, 2.5 for those with moderate malnutrition and 2.4 for those with severe malnutrition. 69 of the 82 children had low to very low buffering capacity. No significant differences among the groups were found between malnutrition and age, buffering capacity or the dmft index (P > .05). However, significant differences in salivary flow were found among the different malnutrition categories (P < .05). Spearman correlation coefficient revealed a weak negative correlation between nutrition and salivary flow (r = −0.267).Malnutrition exerts a negative impact on the oral cavity of children and a reduction in salivary flow rate was observed with the increase in malnutrition. Diagnosing the effects of malnutrition in oral environment of children is important because it could improve the quality of life and give them an adequate treatment.

Relation Between Salivary (Immunoglobulin A, Flow Rate and PH) level and Estrogen Receptor Expression Among Patients with Breast Cancer

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins, either of nuclear or membrane type, that activated by estrogen hormone which expressed in majority of breast cancer patients. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among the women and account about one third of the registered female malignancies. The relation between salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), Salivary Flow Rate (SFR) and PH of saliva with sex hormone receptors expression yet not well understood where there were few researches that highlights the nature of relation. The reduction in the SIgA and SFR often makes oral tissue more prone for infection. The objectives of this study are to determine the relation between the SIgA, SFR, PH, and sex hormone receptor expression in patients with breast cancer. study of cross sectional design was conducted from Jan. to Nov. 2016, samples of 3-5 ml of saliva collected from forty-five (45) female patients with breast cancer at Oncology Teaching Hospital. The patients were categorized according to estrogen receptor status expression depending on their medical records (26 positive and 19 negative expression). The sociodemographic characteristics and gynecological history including the age, Body Mass Index(BMI), menopause status also reported. The SIgA, measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique (ELISA), the SFR calculated by dividing the total collected saliva volume in milliliter by time in minute. The salivary PH measured by digital PH meter. Then the measured variables compared according to expression of estrogen receptor either positive or negative .The statistical analysis carried out by using independent student T- test and pearson correlation test were used to confirmed significant( p ≤ 0.05 ) was considered significant The results showed that the level of SIgA, SFR and salivary PH for group of ER+ ve expression were significantly lower than that of ER –ve expression where it was for ER+ve (136.8 , 155.7 and 5.8 ) while for ER-ve was (304.5, 248.5 and 6.1) respectively.also,the results revealed that a positive correlation between SIgA and SFR ( r=0.7) while a negative correlation between the SIgA and PH (r = -0.3) . We could conclude that the patients with breast cancer of ER+ve expression had low level of SIgA also had reduction in SFR which make them more prone for oral infection

Relation Between Salivary (Immunoglobulin A , Flow Rate and PH ) level and Estrogen Receptor Expression Among Patients with Breast Cancer

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins , either of nuclear or membrane type , that activated by estrogen hormone which expressed in majority of breast cancer patients . Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among the women and account about one third of the registered female malignancies. The relation between salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), Salivary Flow Rate (SFR) and PH of saliva with sex hormone receptors expression yet not well understood where there was few researches that highlights the nature of relation . The reduction in the SIgA and SFR often makes oral tissue more prone for infection. The objectives of this study is to determine the relation between the SIgA, SFR, PH, and sex hormone receptor expression in patients with breast cancer.&#x0D; study of cross sectional design was conducted from Jan. to Nov. 2016, samples of 3-5 ml of saliva collected from forty five (45) female patients with breast cancer at Oncology Teaching Hospital . The patients were categorized according to estrogen receptor status expression depending on their medical records (26 positive and 19 negative expression ). The sociodemographic characteristics and gynecological history including the age ,Body Mass Index(BMI), menopause status also reported. The SIgA, measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique (ELISA) , the SFR calculated by dividing the total collected saliva volume in milliliter by time in minute .The salivary PH measured by digital PH meter. Then the measured variables compared according to expression of estrogen receptor either positive or negative .The statistical analysis carried out by using independent student T- test and pearson correlation test were used to confirmed significant( p ≤ 0.05 ) was considered significant The results showed that the level of SIgA, SFR and salivary PH for group of ER+ ve expression were significantly lower than that of ER –ve expression where it was for ER+ve (136.8 , 155.7 and 5.8 ) while for ER-ve was (304.5, 248.5 and 6.1) respectively.also,the results revealed that a positive correlation between SIgA and SFR ( r=0.7) while a negative correlation between the SIgA and PH (r = -0.3) . We could conclude that the patients with breast cancer of ER+ve expression had low level of SIgA also had reduction in SFR which make them more prone for oral infection

Effect of a Ginger Infusion in Smokers with Reduced Salivary Flow Rate

Background: Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) is a spice widely used and has been suggested to act beneficially on salivary secretion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ingestion of a ginger infusionin the salivary flow rate of smokers with reduced salivary secretion. Subjects and Methods: After review board and Ethic Committee of the State approval, sixteen smokers with reduced salivary flow were assigned in an auto-controlled study. The intervention consisted in the ingestion of a 250 mL ginger infusion with 0.5 g, three times a day for 28 days. Non-stimulated (Qns) and stimulated (Qss) saliva collection was performed by sialometry before and after the ingestion of the ginger infusion.A survey was used to collect age and smoking habits information. Chemical analysis was performed, in the ginger infusion, to quantify the total phenolic content (TFC) by Folin Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity (AA) by ABTS•+ and O2•− methods. The paired samples t-Student’s test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used, at a significance level of 5%. Results: A statistically significant increase (p<0,001), was found in Qns (0.12±0.05 and 0.24±0.05 mL/ min) and Qss (0.69±0.18 and 0.90±0.18 mL/min) before and after ginger infusion ingestion, respectively. The results revealed a negative correlation between Qns and age (ρ = −0.67; p = 0.003) and also between the amount of saliva (Qns and Qss) and smoking habits (Qns, ρ = −0.71, p = 0.001; Qss, ρ = −0.61, p = 0.010). Chemical analysis revealed a large quantity of TFC (1.02±0.03 mg/gGAE) and a high AA (115.83±1.91 μmolTrolox/g and 62.76±1.06 % O2•− inhibition) in the ginger infusion. Conclusion: There is a significant increase in salivary flow rate of smokers after the ingestion of 0.5g of ginger infusion three times a day for 28 days. The age of the subjects and the time of smoking are correlated with the reduction of salivary flow rate. Ginger infusion exhibited a high level of TFC and AA.

Study of salivary flow rate in type II diabetics: A case–control study

Context: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic metabolic disorders, which may cause irreversible complications. It affects the salivary glands and thereby affects oral health. Among physical and chemical alterations, changes in the salivary flow rate are particularly important. Hyposalivation is one of the main problems caused due to altered flow rate of stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva in type II diabetic patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the salivary flow rate in type II diabetic patients and to compare with healthy sex- and age-matched controls. Materials and Methods: Whole unstimulated and stimulated saliva was collected from 30 patients with type II diabetes and 30 healthy controls, using the spitting method after it had been pooled for 5 min in the oral cavity. Statistical Analysis: Results were subjected to statistical analysis using Student's t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The results of the study suggested that diabetic patients had significant reduction in salivary flow rate when compared with healthy individuals. Conclusion: The salivary flow rate decreases in patients with diabetes type II in comparison to healthy individuals. Further investigations with larger sample sizes are needed to substantiate the findings of this study.

Stimulated salivary flow rate and oral health status.

This study examined the relationship between stimulated salivary flow rate and oral health status in an adult population. Multinomial multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations of salivary flow rate with dental caries status and periodontal status at the individual level among 2,110 Japanese adults with ≥10 teeth. Then, a spline model was used to examine the nonlinear relationship between salivary flow rate and teeth with dental caries or periodontal disease in multilevel analysis. Odds ratios were calculated for a 1.0-mL/min reduction in salivary flow rate at a point. After adjusting for confounding variables, participants with a flow rate ≤3.5 mL/min had significantly higher odds ratios for high caries status, and participants with a flow rate ≤1.4 mL/min had a higher odds ratio for broad periodontal disease, than did those with a flow rate >3.5 mL/min. In spline models, the odds ratio for teeth with dental caries or periodontal disease increased with reduced saliva secretion. The present findings suggest that decreased saliva secretion affects both dental caries and general periodontal health status.

Effects of acute exercise on salivary free insulin-like growth factor 1 and interleukin 10 in sportsmen.

Saliva analysis is rapidly developing as a tool for the assessment of biomarkers of sports training. It remains poorly understood whether a short bout of sport training can alter some salivary immune biomarkers. To investigate the effect of acute exercise using football training session on salivary flow rate, salivary free Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10). Saliva samples were collected before and immediately after a football session. Salivary flow rates, salivary levels of free IGF-1 and IL-10 (using ELISA) were determined. Data was analyzed and compared using Related Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (non-parametric test). Relationships between salivary flow rate and levels of free IGF-1 and IL-10 were determined using Spearman correlation test. There were 22 male footballers with a mean age of 20.46 years. Salivary flow rate reduced significantly (p = 0.01) after the training session while salivary levels of free IGF-1 and IL-10 did not show any significant change. Also, there were no correlations between salivary flow rates and salivary levels of free IGF-1 and IL-10 before and after exercise. These findings suggest that acute exercise caused significant reduction in salivary flow rate but no change in the levels of salivary free IGF-1 and IL-10.

Risk factors for reduced salivary flow rate in a Japanese population: the Hisayama Study.

The purpose of this study was to determine distinct risk factors causing reduced salivary flow rate in a community-dwelling population using a prospective cohort study design. This was a 5-year follow-up survey of 1,377 community-dwelling Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years. The salivary flow rate was evaluated at baseline and follow-up by collecting stimulated saliva. Data on demographic characteristics, use of medication, and general and oral health status were obtained at baseline. The relationship between reduced salivary flow rate during the follow-up period and its predictors was evaluated after adjustment for confounding factors. In a multivariate logistic regression model, higher age and plaque score and lower serum albumin levels were significantly associated with greater odds of an obvious reduction in salivary flow rate (age per decade, odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.51; serum albumin levels <4 g/dL, OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.04–2.46; plaque score ≥1, OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04–2.24). In a multivariate linear regression model, age and plaque score remained independently associated with the increased rate of reduced salivary flow. These results suggest that aging and plaque score are important predictors of reduced salivary flow rate in Japanese adults.

Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on salivary flow in patients with human-immuno deficiency virus disease in Southern India

Aims:To ascertain and compare between highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and non-HAART patients, the stimulated salivary flow rates and unstimulated salivary flow rates (USFR and SSFR) and to correlate the salivary flow rates with immune suppression.Materials and Methods:One hundred human-immuno deficiency virus seropositive patients attending RAGAS-YRG CARE were examined and divided into two groups, a HAART group (patients on combination antiretroviral therapy) comprising 50 patients and a non-HAART group comprising 50 patients. The HAART group was followed every 3 months after the baseline visit (0) for a period of 9 months, during which a clinical oral examination and collection of unstimulated and stimulated saliva was done. Their salivary gland function was assessed using a xerostomia inventory during each visit. The study on non-HAART group was cross-sectional.Statistical Analysis:Statistical analysis were performed with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 10.05) software.Results:There was no significant difference in mean SSFR and USFR between the two groups at baseline. In the HAART group, the mean stimulated salivary flow rate increased from baseline to 3 months (P = 0.02), with the increase being maintained at 6 months and 9 months. When salivary flow rates were correlated with Cluster of Differentiation, CD4 counts, patients in the HAART group with a CD4 ≤ 200 at 6 months visit had a higher mean stimulated salivary flow rate when compared with patients with CD4 ≥ 200 (P = 0.02). The xerostomia inventory did not reveal any significant difference between the two groups and HAART was not significantly associated with xerostomia.Conclusion:In our study HAART was neither associated with xerostomia nor a reduction in salivary flow rate and immune suppression was not a significant factor for decreasing the salivary flow rate.