Price Reduction Research Articles

Analysis of The Effect of Price Discount On Technology Perceived Quality, Technology Perceived Value and Perceived Savings on Intention To Use Digital Payment Application Gopay

The purpose of this study is to examine how consumers' purchase intentions are affected by price discounts by examining how they are regarded to be beneficial, valuable, and high-quality. This study used a conclusive research design and a descriptive research type, and it was quantitative in nature. This study employs a single cross-sectional design so each sample will be sampled just once. The target population for this study was everyone who had done retail shopping. There were 100 samples used in this investigation. Online questionnaires were distributed by researchers in order to gather data. Researchers processed pre-test data using SPSS and factor analysis. Research leads one to the following conclusions on the study's findings: Discounts on prices positively impact the perceived savings. Discounts in price have a detrimental effect on the perceived quality. Price reductions positively impact other price reductions. Discounts in price positively impact the perceived savings. Discounts in price positively impact the perception of quality. Perceived value is positively influenced by the price reduction effect. In terms of perceived savings, perceived quality, and perceived value, the price discount influences the mediator and positively effects price discounts. Perceived value is positively impacted by perceived savings. Perceived value is positively impacted by perceived quality. Purchase intentions are positively impacted by perceived value.

Competitive Effects of Fixed Wireless Access on Wireline Broadband Technologies

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the potential consumer savings to U.S. home broadband consumers in cable modem monopoly markets, should fixed wireless access technologies become available as a competitive alternative. We use a Choice-Based Conjoint survey and Hierarchical Bayes estimation to calculate the proportion of home broadband consumers that would switch to a fixed wireless access option if it was made available in a cable modem monopoly market. We then utilize a monopoly pricing model to estimate the downward pricing pressure this competition would place on incumbent cable modem monopoly prices. We find that fixed wireless entry at current prices would convert 18 percent of cable-only households and lead to a 37 percent reduction in the price of cable modem service. We also find entry into non-monopoly markets where a fiber-optic broadband alternative already exists, and find muted conversion rates and price reductions. Our results indicate that the deployment of fixed-wireless access would generate substantial consumer savings in cable modem monopoly markets, which constitute 30 precent all cable modem subscribers in the United States.

Sotorasib versus Docetaxel for treatment of US and Chinese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with KRAS p.G12C-mutated: A cost-effectiveness analysis to inform drug pricing.

The cost-effectiveness of sotorasib and its reasonable price in the United States (US) and China remain unknown. Our objective was to estimate the price at which sotorasib could be economical as second-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog p.G12C-mutation in 2 countries. We conducted an economic evaluation from the perspective of US and Chinese payers. To analyze US patients, we built a partitioned survival model. However, since we lacked Asian-specific overall survival data, we created a state transition model for the Chinese patients. We obtained patients' baseline characteristics and clinical data from CodeBreaK200, while utilities and costs were gathered from public databases and published literature. We calculated costs (US dollar), life years, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. We conducted price simulation to guide pricing strategies. Additionally, we assessed the reliability of our results through sensitivity analyses, scenario analyses, and subgroup analyses. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of sotorasib compared to docetaxel were $1501,852 per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) in the US and $469,106/QALY in China, respectively, which meant sotorasib was unlikely to be economical at the currently available price of $20,878 (240 × 120 mg) in both countries. Price simulation results revealed that sotorasib would be preferred at a price lower than $1400 at the willingness-to-pay threshold of $37,376 in China and a price lower than $2220 at the willingness-to-pay threshold of $150,000 in the US. Sensitivity, scenario, and subgroup analyses showed that these conclusions were generally robust, the model was most sensitive to the utilities of progression-free survival and post-progression survival. Sotorasib could potentially be a cost-effective therapy in the US and China following price reductions. Our evidence-based pricing strategy can assist decision-makers and clinicians in making optimal decisions. However, further analysis of budget impact and affordability is needed.

Does Easy Accessibility to Urban Parks Always Raise Home Values?

This paper employs a boundary discontinuity design to separate the cost of easy access (EA) to urban parks from the combined effects of proximity.11We define a house with EA to urban parks as a given house located on the park side of a major road, within a walking distance of d meters, which will be further discussed in Section 2.1. On average, houses with EA to urban parks experience a significant price reduction of 2.0%. This reduction equals approximately $7,986 per house in 2018 dollars, all else being equal. The average negative effect originates from EA to city parks. Mechanism analysis using novel cellphone data reveals that frequent visits to areas with EA to urban parks can lead to congestion disamenities that have a negative effect on the prices of EA houses.

Effectiveness of the renewable energy support program implementation (by the example of solar energy)

Objective: to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics and prospects of the renewable energy support program implementation and to assess its effectiveness.Methods: comparison, synthesis, system approach, generalization, statistical and economic analysis.Results: the authors conducted a comprehensive analysis of system effects from the implementation of renewable energy support programs. The mechanisms of state support of renewable energy generators (further – RES) were studied. These mechanisms are aimed at reducing emissions and costs, creating new jobs, etc., which provides Russia with a unique opportunity to create a full-fledged RES industry. The authors assessed the economic efficiency of renewable energy development in the Wholesale Electricity and Capacity Market (WECM), taking solar energy for analysis. The benefits were analyzed, which are acquired as a result of renewable energy development, including by implementation of the state program of RES projects support and the RES development program for 2013-2024. Economic and non-economic effects arising in the process of RES industry development were analyzed. These are: substitution of fossil fuel consumed in energy production by conventional generation facilities, due to the replacement of conventional generation facilities by RES facilities; reduction of prices in the wholesale electricity market; reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; reduction of costs of measures to reduce the negative impact on the environment and health protection; reduction of compulsory levied payments; creation of new jobs. In conclusion, the prospects of RES development in the state nearest to Russia – the Republic of Belarus – were analyzed, which is important for energy cooperation.Scientific novelty: a comprehensive analysis of system effects from the implementation of the program to support the RES industry in the Russian Federation was carried out. The efficiency of the support program implementation was proved by the example of solar energy. The prospects of the program implementation in the Russian economy were shown.Practical significance: the obtained results and the revealed regularities can be used to make forecasts of renewable energy development taking into account economic and non-economic consequences. They can be used by the authorities to assess the support policy effectiveness of RES generating facilities, as well as to select the most favorable support mechanisms.

The pricing strategies behind New Energy Vehicles price war: Taking Tesla and XPeng as examples

With the acceleration of the new energy vehicle industry, many automobile companies have entered the market and formed a competitive situation. Tesla, as the leader of the initial producer of energy storage equipment and new energy vehicles, further lowered the price at the beginning of the year and had a great impact on the price war of new energy vehicles. XPeng, an AI+Internet-based intelligent car manufacturer, followed Tesla’s pace in the price war. However, it can be found that XPeng’s revenue level is not up to expectations after the price reduction, while Tesla’s sales are increasing annually and its market share occupies the forefront. Therefore, the success of Tesla and the pricing strategy factors behind it can help XPeng, an emerging domestic automobile brand, find the current bottleneck and provide an important reference value for future development. This paper analyzes the development status of Tesla and XPeng and three factors affecting prices through case comparison. The study found that Tesla and XPeng differ in managerial decisions and production factors. XPeng has higher supply chain costs, no emerging battery technology, limited brand positioning, and insufficient demand. Hence, changes need to be made to enhance XPeng’s competitiveness.

Cost-utility analysis of sacituzumab govitecan versus chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer in Singapore

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of sacituzumab govitecan for treating relapsed or refractory metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in Singapore. Methods A three-state partitioned survival model was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of sacituzumab govitecan from a healthcare system perspective over 5 years. Clinical inputs were obtained from the ASCENT trial. Health state utilities were retrieved from the literature and direct costs were sourced from public healthcare institutions in Singapore. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to explore the impact of uncertainties and assumptions on cost-effectiveness results. Results Compared with single-agent chemotherapy, sacituzumab govitecan was associated with a base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of S$328,000 (US$237,816) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that the ICER was most sensitive to the cost of sacituzumab govitecan and progression-free utility values. Regardless of variation in these parameters, the ICER remained high, and a substantial price reduction was required to reduce the ICER. Conclusion At its current price, sacituzumab govitecan does not represent a cost-effective treatment for relapsed or refractory metastatic TNBC in Singapore. Our findings will be useful to inform funding decisions alongside other factors including clinical effectiveness, safety, and budget impact considerations.

Stakeholder perspectives on the scale-up of green hydrogen and electrolyzers

Green hydrogen is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. However, current production capacities for electrolyzers and green hydrogen are not in line with national political goals and projected demand. Considering these issues, we conducted semi-structured interviews to determine the narratives of different stakeholders during this transformation as well as challenges and opportunities for the green hydrogen value chain. We interviewed eight experts with different roles along the green hydrogen value chain, ranging from producers and consumers of green hydrogen to electrolyzer manufacturers and consultants as well as experts from the political sphere. Most experts see the government as necessary for scale-up, by setting national capacity targets, policy support and providing subsidies. However, the experts also accuse the governments of delaying development through overregulation and long implementation times for regulations. The main challenges that were identified are the current lack of renewable electricity and demand for green hydrogen. Demand for green hydrogen is influenced by supply costs, which partly depend on prices for electrolyzers. However, one key takeaway of the interviews is the skeptical assessments by the experts on the currently discussed estimates for price reduction potential of electrolyzers. While demand, supply, and prices are all factors that influence each other, they result in feedback loops in investment decisions for the energy and manufacturing industries. A second key takeaway is, that according to the experts, current investment decisions in new production capacities are not solely dependent on short-term financial gains, but also based on expected first mover advantages. These include experience and market share which are seen as factors for opportunities for future financial gains.Summarized, the results present several challenges and opportunities for green hydrogen and electrolyzers, and how to address them effectively. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the emerging green hydrogen value chain.

OP27 Impact Of Generic Entry Of Pharmaceuticals On Drug Prices In Australia

IntroductionPolicy makers are keen to introduce cost containment measures in medicine spending due to aging populations and fiscal pressure. A major price reform was applied to the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in 2014. This aimed to stimulate price reductions by increasing competition among generics, amidst growing evidence at the time of unnecessarily high generic medicine prices in Australia. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of patent expiration and generic competition on drug prices, while controlling for other determinants of drug prices in Australia.MethodsA dataset from publicly available sources was constructed using monthly data on the price of drugs listed on the PBS from October 2014 to July 2022. The information included the generic drug name, item code, date, approved ex-manufacturer price, dispensed price per maximum quantity, and brand names. This was supplemented with monthly government spending and number of prescriptions filled per item code. A fixed effects regression model was used to estimate the effect of patent expiration and generic competition on dispensed drug prices.ResultsThe model estimated that introducing generics in Australia led to an 18 percent decrease in prices, excluding further decreases resulting from other controlled variables. The price elasticity of total prescriptions filled was estimated to be -0.6, suggesting that a one percent increase in prescriptions filled resulted in drug prices being lowered by 0.6 percent. This reflects the fact that, on average, firms reacted by reducing prices to increase market share when faced with an increase in quantity demanded. Each extra competitor was estimated to result in a reduction in prices of roughly 1.8 percent.ConclusionsThese results show that entry of generics into the Australian pharmaceutical market resulted in a significant reduction in drug prices. However, this alone does not provide empirical support for the effectiveness of these price reforms in generating savings by inducing generic competition, especially over other forms of pharmaceutical regulation.

Enhanced Hybrid Converter Topology for PV-Grid-EV Integration

Due to the continuous price reductions in PV mod- ules and significant development in electric vehicles (EV), the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) into the EV charging system has been inevitable. This paper proposes the control of a hybrid converter in a EV charging station. This system consists of a PV fed Enhanced Hybrid Converter (EHC) integrated with a single-phase grid. The control of the EHC to perceive maximum power from PV, dc voltage regulation for EV charging and AC power control for feeding the AC grid is presented. A testbed under different circumstances i.e., AC and DC power distribution from the solar PV under different insolation conditions, feeding PV power to grid under the absence of EV, feeding PV power to EV charging port in the absence of grid and feeding EV power to grid under the absence of PV power is developed under MATLAB/Simulink environment for validation. Also, a switching logic is proposed for the operation of the EHC converter under no-load condition. The hardware prototype is developed with TI F28379D processor in the laboratory has validated the proposed EHC on various conditions.

Historical analysis of the cost of acquiring a coronary stent and feasibility of the new ministry of health ordinance: a retrospective observational longitudinal study

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world. It is estimated that 17.7 million people died from CVD in 2015. According to data from DATASUS, in 2008, 44,138 coronary angioplasties were performed with or without stents. In 2016, 79,997 angioplasties were performed. The cost of orthoses, stents, and special materials for hospitals impacts the financial balance of the single health system (SUS). Objective: It was to carry out a cost analysis of stents for angioplasty from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Methods: The present study followed a retrospective longitudinal observational model (STROBE). Data on stents about the years 2020 and 2021 and the cost assessment were carried out by searching the intra-hospital financial database of Santa Casa in the city of Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil, and the SUS table. The research was in the field of incomplete economic evaluation (cost analysis and brands of stents) through macro-costing of stent supply. The variables were presented as percentages, mean, and standard deviation. Comparisons of variables were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with p<0.05, and Tukey analysis (ANOVA-One-Way) with p>0.05 with a statistical difference. Predictive logistic regression analysis was performed to better understand the trend in stent costs each year, with a significant p<0.05. Results: After analyzing the intra-hospital financial data and the SUS table, they showed a significant increase in the transfer value of stents from 2020 to 2021, with average values in reais of R$1,399 to R$2,478, respectively. This difference of R$1,079.00 can be justified by the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the increase in demand for stents. Conclusion: Lower average values for stent costs were observed in 2020 and 2021 compared to other stent values that were published in studies covering the same periods. However, the average cost of stents in this study in 2021 showed significantly higher values compared to 2020, which further burdened the budget of the Unified Health System. The future perspective is that a greater transfer of funds from the Federal Government for the Unified Health System, as well as a reduction in the cost prices of stents by manufacturers and suppliers in the post-COVID-19 period, to obtain a balance in public spending. Furthermore, it is expected that drug-eluting stents will be more widely used in the Unified Health System. Furthermore, it is necessary to establish public policies to standardize stent prices.

Exploring the Evolution of Statin Pricing in Australia: Observations of Price Disclosure Effects on Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme Expenditure

ObjectivesThe high cardiovascular disease burden globally and in Australia necessitates attention on statin expenditure, the primary pharmacological intervention for cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) subsidies approved statins for Australians. Managing PBS government expenditure occurs through price control strategies of statutory price decreases upon first generic entry and price disclosure. This study investigates the impact price control measures had on statin price evolution and government expenditure between 2010 and 2022. MethodsPrescription and pricing data were obtained from Services Australia Medicare Statistics, and price reduction strategies from the PBS. Summary statistics compared and described statin price, prescription, number of brands, market share, and government expenditure to atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin price control timelines. ResultsStatin prices exposed to price control measures decreased irrespective of dosage and correlated with reductions in government expenditure, with a comparison of 2010 and 2022 showing annual statin expenditure declined by AU$833.5 million (83.25%) whereas prescriptions reduced by 3.0 million (15.7%). Effects of price disclosure on atorvastatin and rosuvastatin market share suggest industry-prompted price reductions may arise from market share loss, whereas reasons external to pricing prompted rosuvastatin to gain market share. ConclusionsLimited publications on contemporary effects of statin price control measures exist. This investigation found these measures reduced government expenditure for statins by AU$949.1 million, with the price reduction correlating with price control measures. In addition to affirming price control mechanisms remain effective in contemporary times, this investigation provides data for key insights into the Australian statin industry.

Crude oil volatility spillover and stock market returns across the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods: An empirical study of China, US, and India

We utilized two empirical methods to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic, stock market and crude oil marketplace are connected in terms of tax return and volatility consequence. The techniques used in this study include the time-domain approach originally proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012), and the frequency dynamics method developed by Barunik and Krehlik (2018). Our findings revealed that short-term return spillover was more prevalent, while long-term volatility spillover was more common. By conducting a moving window analysis, we have discovered that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the global economy, resulting in an unprecedented level of risk. This impact is reflected in the drastic reduction in oil prices and the triggering of the US stock market circuit breaker on four separate occasions, causing significant losses for investors in a short period of time. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in greater volatility in the oil and stock markets than was experienced during the 2008 global financial crisis, and its effects continue to be felt. It is difficult to predict the full extent of the pandemic's impact on financial markets, both in the short and long term. Our research provides valuable insights to help investors and policymakers reduce risks and develop effective economic policies during the pandemic.

The Analysis of Weber's Law in Product Marketing Strategy: Taking Coca Cola as Evidence

Transaction marketing is a business strategy that focuses on a single "point of sale" transaction. A transaction marks a financial agreement between two parties in which one party receives a financial benefit from the sale of goods and services to the other party. The way to obtain goods in modern society is usually inseparable from transactions, maximizing profits and obtaining more property has become the goal of many businessmen. However, obtaining benefits is not a simple science. It needs to be analyzed from different fields such as cost, research and development, publicity and the focus of this research: buyer psychology. This research paper analyzes the combination of mental accounting and the application of Weber's law in the market through examples of The Coca-Cola Company's development in the Chinese market. Using data and statistical methods to analyze the sales market and sales channels. Finally, it summarizes the suggestions and strategies of Coca-Cola's price increase, price reduction, sales methods and sales channels to provide a reference for sellers, so as to maximize the seller's benefits.

Abstract 16015: The Effect of the 2019 Reduction in Price of PCSK9 Inhibitors on Total Cost, Out-of-Pocket Cost, and Access Among Medicare Part D Beneficiaries

Introduction: Uptake of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) among Medicare beneficiaries was initially slow because of coverage restrictions and high out-of-pocket costs. In November 2018, manufacturers announced an unprecedented 60% reduction in the price of PCSK9is. The effect of this price reduction on access and cost has not been previously studied. Hypothesis: Did the large reductions in PCSK9i prices improve coverage and lower out-of-pocket (OOP) costs for Medicare Part D beneficiaries? Methods: Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plan Formulary, Pharmacy Network, and Pricing Information files (2018-2022) were used to evaluate coverage, 30-day OOP and total costs, and formulary restrictions before (2018Q1-2019Q1) and after (2019Q2-2023Q1) the PCSK9i price reduction. Costs were calculated in the coverage phase, not the deductible or coverage gaps. Paired t-tests were used to determine statistical significance with a two-sided alpha of 0.05. Results: We examined Part D plans in the first quarter of each year from 2018 to 2023 (3,127 to 4,543 plans per year, 79% Medicare Advantage plans). Nearly all plans covered at least 1 PCSK9i before and after the price reduction (97% vs 100% of plans). The price reduction was associated with significant reductions in 30-day total costs (from $1,075 to $585; difference = $489; 95% CI $484 - $494; p <0.001) and 30-day out-of-pocket costs ($306 to $75; difference = $231; 95% CI $228 - $233; p<0.001) (Figure 1). The proportion of plans requiring coinsurance as a proportion as opposed to a fixed copayment amount declined from 97% to 15% (p<0.001). Conclusions: The reduction in prices of PCSK9i was associated with significant declines in total Medicare costs and projected OOP costs for Medicare Part D beneficiaries. Nearly all Part D plans cover at least 1 PCSK9i. Future studies should examine the impact of this price reduction on adherence and cost-effectiveness of these therapies.

Abstract 18944: Affordability of Insulin for Non-Elderly Adults in the United States Following $35 Monthly Out-of-Pocket Cap

Introduction: In March 2023, insulin manufacturers in the United States announced price reductions, with Eli Lilly adding a $35 OOP cap on their unbranded insulin products. Aims: To investigate estimated OOP savings of a $35 insulin cap for non-Medicare patients. Methods: We used the 2019 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Non-Medicare adults aged 18-64 who filled at least one insulin prescription were included. We identified insulin prescriptions with OOP spending above $35 and estimated savings using a $35 OOP cap. For each respondent, we calculated annual insulin OOP spending, average OOP spending per prescription, and total estimated OOP savings with a $35 OOP cap. Analyses were done in SAS. Results: Over 4.1 million non-elderly civilians filled 32.7 million insulin prescriptions in 2019, totaling $1.7 billion in OOP costs, or $418 per person (Table 1). There were 1.6 million people (39.5%) eligible for reduced OOP spending under a $35 OOP cap. Those eligible were more often male and medium- or high-income. Only 16% of publicly insured patients were eligible for savings with a $35 OOP cap, compared to 53% among privately insured and 52% among uninsured groups. Of those eligible for savings, we estimated a $35 OOP cap would have reduced average annual OOP insulin spending from $984 to $231, saving an estimated $1.2 billion. Uninsured patients would see a 93% reduction in OOP spending. Hispanic patients would see an 87% reduction in OOP spending, compared to 73% among non-Hispanic patients. Near poor and low-income patients would see greater OOP reductions than patients in other income groups. Conclusions: Populations most likely to benefit under a $35 OOP insulin cap are those with the highest cost-sharing requirements, such as the uninsured and those just above the threshold for income-based social services. Future work should assess how insulin OOP caps affect patient adherence and outcomes.

Industrial production of green diesel in Brazil: Process simulation and economic perspectives

The purpose of this work is to apply process simulation to infer the technical and economic bottlenecks of the industrial production of green diesel, taking as a context the Brazilian market at the end of 2021/beginning of 2022. In the considered economic scenario, a stand-alone green diesel production process does not seem economically viable in Brazil, as the fuel would need to cost 30 % more than the European market price and twice the conventional diesel price (US$ 2.08/L) to compensate for the investment made. However, significant price reductions - 10 %–15 % in the considered scenarios (to US$ 1.76–1.87/L) - can be achieved with capital and energy savings due to the availability of a conventional refinery hydrotreatment unit, and eventual parity with market prices can be achieved with soybean oil price reductions (of 22–40 %, completely possible in the Brazilian market). This analysis shows that green diesel may be absolutely possible depending on the economic context and that there is room for its gradual incorporation in petroleum diesel. This is the first research article to demonstrate it though process simulation and to economically compare the investment on a stand-alone process with a refinery retrofit.

Supply chain decision based on green investment subsidy and risk aversion.

Considering the risk aversion characteristics of supply chain members, how to effectively design the government subsidy strategy and green supply chain strategy is a realistic and urgent issue. Regarding this, we optimize and compare four three-stage Stackelberg game models between government and a two-echelon green supply chain, namely both manufacturer and retailer risk neutral (BN), manufacturer risk aversion while retailer risk neutral (MA), retailer risk aversion while manufacturer risk neutral (RA) and both manufacturer and retailer risk aversion (BA). The government as the leader decides the subsidy rate of green input cost with the goal of maximizing social welfare; the manufacturer as the first follower makes decisions on product greenness and wholesale price to maximize its own interests; and the retailer as the second follower determines retail prices to maximize its own interests. Employing mathematical reasoning and numerical simulation investigate thoroughly the effects of the government subsidies and the members' risk aversion. Results indicate that an appropriate government subsidy investment has a positive effect on optimal decisions and related benefits. Risk aversion is in favor of improvement of product greenness and social welfare while reduction of retail price. With the increase of manufacturer risk aversion, green subsidy investment rate and retailer expected revenue increase; on the contrary, the wholesale price and manufacturer expected revenue decrease. With the increase of retailer risk aversion, the wholesale price and manufacturer expected revenue increase, while green subsidy investment rate and retailer expected revenue decrease. In the model of BN, product greenness and social welfare are the lowest, while retail price is the highest. BA is opposite to BN. In the model of RA, green subsidy investment rate and retailer expected revenue the lowest, while wholesale price and manufacturer expected revenue the highest. RA is opposite to MA. The government should formulate appropriate subsidy policies to encourage manufacturers to produce green products and raise consumers' green awareness. Enterprises should control their own risk aversion and assess the risk aversion of the other party reasonably.

Effective Cost Reduction Usage of Infrastructure in Small Scale Sectors using Cloud Storage and Internet of Things

Presently many small-scale information technology based private sectors are scare due to spending of high cost for maintaining of infrastructures and resources. In order to avoid to pay more money on maintaining infrastructures, there is a need of an effective price reduction method for the usage of infrastructures in various computer-based private sectors which has been achieved through integration of different online and offline cloud storages along with internet of things sensors. This method delivers huge range of infrastructures, resources and services through online and offline platforms through on-demand basics of user request. This system disables or switch off unnecessary services or resources when it is unused by people in the private sectors which has been controlled through various types of sensors. This integrated cloud storage and IoT method verifies user verification and validation along with storing all information about status of infrastructures in offline and online cloud storage environment. This paper deals dynamic group audit regulation through k-means cluster technique with cryptographic algorithm. The alert messaging and alarm indication system has been enforced in this system. Combining of internet of things and cloud storage techniques which guarantees reduction of cost for usage of infrastructures and also assures privacy, security on quality of service with maintaining of better information transmission. This high skilled method preserves the internet of things with cloud storage environment with better performance evaluation in terms of bandwidth usage and computational and communication cost.

Which Policies and Factors Drive Electric Vehicle Use in Nepal?

Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a viable technological solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation industry, addressing pressing societal concerns regarding climate change, air pollution, and sustainable energy consumption. To effectively promote widespread adoption of EVs, it is crucial to understand consumer preferences and evaluate market dynamics. In Nepal, where proven fossil fuel reserves are absent, the government is actively working towards accelerating EV adoption, leveraging the nation’s significant hydroelectric power generation potential to fulfill EVs’ charging demands. To gain insight into consumer preferences and evaluate market dynamics regarding EVs in Nepal, this study employs a comprehensive approach. Stated preference data are collected through a meticulously designed survey, and sophisticated analytical techniques, namely, the mixed logit model and latent class model, are applied for estimation purposes. The results of this study show that potential EV consumers with small family sizes, lower monthly travel distances, heightened environmental awareness, and substantial knowledge about electric vehicles are more inclined to embrace EV technology. Notably, the study highlights that a reduction in the purchase price exerts the most significant influence on increasing consumers’ likelihood of adopting battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Market simulation results suggest that a policy mix scenario, encompassing a combination of supportive measures, proves more effective in promoting EV adoption compared to relying on single policy initiatives. Furthermore, through latent class estimation, the study identifies three distinct classes of consumers within Nepal, each exhibiting significant variations in preferences. Recognizing and addressing these variations within policy frameworks is crucial for the successful promotion and widespread acceptance of EVs in Nepal.