Reducing Power Ability Research Articles

Production of antioxidant hydrolysates from bovine caseinate and soy protein using three non-commercial bacterial proteases

The release of bioactive peptides from proteins can be achieved by enzymatic hydrolysis, whereby mainly commercial enzymes are applied, although increasing attention is focused on alternative proteases. Hence, crude proteases from Bacillus sp. CL14, CL18, and CL33A were investigated to obtain antioxidant hydrolysates from bovine sodium caseinate (NaCAS) and soy protein isolate (SPI). The proteases were able to hydrolyze both substrates. Hydrolysis improved the radical-scavenging, Fe2+-chelating, and reducing power abilities of NaCAS and SPI. Higher antioxidant activities were commonly achieved at 2–3 h of hydrolysis. Overall antioxidant activities were higher for NaCAS hydrolysates produced with CL14 > CL18 > CL33 protease, and for SPI hydrolysates obtained with CL14 > CL33A ∼ CL18 protease. Generation of antioxidant protein hydrolysates suggest applications of enzymes and hydrolysates in food/feed (bio)technology.

The Volatile Composition and the Potential Health Benefits of Different Microalgae Strains.

The use of microalgae as a food ingredient has been gaining attention in recent years due to its nutritional benefits. The main goals of this study were to (i) assess the nutritional potential of Chlorella vulgaris, Tetraselmis chuii, Microchloropsis gaditana, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum; (ii) evaluate their bioactive properties (antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and α-amylase inhibitory activity) and (iii) assess the main volatile compounds composition. The protein content was considerably high (32-44 mg/100 g dw) for all the microalgae strains. The DPPH scavenging potential range was 14-25 mg Trolox/100 g dw (highest for T. chuii) and the ferric reducing power ability range was 13-67 µmol Trolox/dw (higher for T. chuii). The total phenolic content range was 2-7 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g dw, for M. gaditana and T. chuii, respectively, which was mainly due to the presence of catechin (1-9 µg/g dw), epicatechin (3-29 µg/g dw), and vanillic acid (1-14 µg/g dw). The ɑ-amylase inhibitory potential range was 26-42%. C. vulgaris was richer in chlorophyll a (18 mg/g dw), whilst T. chuii was particularly rich in chlorophyll b (29 mg/g dw). P. tricornutum showed the highest carotenoid content (4 mg/g dw). Aldehydes and alkanes were the major compounds identified in M. gaditana, whereas alcohols and N-based compounds existed in higher amounts in P. tricornutum. T. chuii and C. vulgaris were enriched in ketones and alkenes. This study's novelty lies in its comprehensive and integrative analysis of the nutritional, bioactive, and volatile properties of four distinct microalgae strains. By providing detailed comparisons and highlighting potential applications in functional foods, it offers a unique contribution to the field of microalgae research and its practical application in the food industry. This multifaceted approach sets it apart from existing studies, offering new insights and opportunities for leveraging microalgae as valuable food ingredients.

Anti-hyperglycemic effect of herbal formula of Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina and Centella asiatica extracts in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice

IntroductionMoringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina, and Centella asiatica are herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine and are commonly used in Southeast Asian countries to treat a variety of diseases. The experimental evidence showed that M. oleifera leaves, V. amygdalina leaves, and C. asiatica had the effect of supporting their treatment of diabetes. This study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic effect of a novel herbal formula from M. oleifera leaf, V. amygdalina leaf, and C. asiatica aerial part extracts. MethodsThe extract was examined for anti-hyperglycemic capacity in oral glucose tolerance test in normal mice. To confirm their role in a higher model, the extract was studied in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic model. Plasma glucose concentration, body weight, organ weight, malondialdehyde, glutathione in liver and kidneys, and pancreatic histology were also evaluated. Besides, in vitro properties of the extract were tested including α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory, and antioxidant activities. ResultsAfter 7-day of treatment, the extract showed strong anti-hyperglycemic activity in the STZ-induced hyperglycemic mice, plasma glucose levels were reduced by 48.75 % and 54.13 % in the group administered with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, compared with the hyperglycemic control. The extract had the effect to protect the liver and kidneys against oxidation stress by enhancing glutathione levels in the liver and decreasing malondialdehyde levels in the liver and kidneys. The pancreatic β-cell protection was also observed by improving the size and number of pancreatic islets by the extract compared to the hyperglycemic control. The extract showed a significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS quenching and reducing power abilities. DiscussionThese results demonstrated remarkable potential of the combined extract of M. oleifera leaves, V. amygdalina leaves, and aerial part of C. asiatica in the management of diabetes.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fractionated Artemia Urmiana Extract in Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophils System

Marine organisms are great resources for discovering bioactive compounds with new antioxidant properties. The aim of this work was to purify and isolate the protein fractions of Artemia urmiana and to evaluate antioxidant activities of them on human peripheral blood neutrophils response. For these purposes, crude extracts protein was extracted from napulii of A. urmiana and sequentially fractionated by ion exchange. The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined by DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power ability assays in comparison with ascorbic acid. In the second phase, the human peripheral blood neutrophils (HPBN) were separated and cultured. The cells were treated with increasing concentrations of crude and partially purified fractions for 24 hrs. After that, the pellet and supernatant of treated cells were separately collected and assayed for Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, the activity of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and Nitric oxide content. The results showed that the IC50 values of ascorbic acid, crude extracts, partially purified protein fractions(F1-F8) were 150, 126, 141, 295, 299, 114, 164 and 132 µg/ml respectively in the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The reducing power activity at the highest concentration (200 µg/ml) based on the optical density of the sample listed, were 2.8, 1.4, 0.13, 0.14, 0.17, 0.14, 0.13, 0.66, 0.18 and 0.35 respectively. In NBT reduction and production of Nitric oxide, treated cells did not show significant difference between different concentrations of protein extract and untreated control cells. The activity of SOD was increased in presence of 50-100 µg/ml of crud extract and fractions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in comparison to untreated control cells (p<0.05).

Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities on Skimmia laureola Leaves Extract: A Research

Background: Skimmia laureola owned by the Rutaceae family is one of the plants that might use the Indian traditional treatment system in the Indian subcontinent and act against many diseases. So, this new research was carried out to scientifically confirm the various solvent fractions and separate the active fraction from the plant against antioxidants and bacterial and microbial growth.
 Objectives: The main objective of the study involves the Phytochemical screening and research of invitro activities i.e. antioxidant and antibacterial from the extracts of the leaves part of the Skimmia laureola plant.
 Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out of various extracts by the tests that involved it. Invitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities were examined of the plant extract through various methods DPPH, Metal chelating activity, Reducing power ability, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and Nitric oxide scavenging activity. After completion of the research, all the activity is shown graphically.
 Results: Invitro antioxidant activity shows that methanolic extract shows more antioxidant activity than other extracts. The antibacterial investigations show that the ethanolic extract of the plant removal was very compelling for bacterias Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli at 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 75 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml individually.
 Conclusion: Auxiliary metabolites (phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and content) have been quantified. In antioxidant tests such as DPPH activity, the methanolic extract of the plant outperforms other extracts such as chloroform, petroleum ether, ethanol, and aqueous extract. The antibacterial investigations show that the ethanolic extract of the plant removed was very compelling for bacterias Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and E.coli. The current study may be useful in improving data regarding its distinguishing proof boundaries expected primarily in the method of the adequacy of homegrown medications in the current situation lacking administrative laws to control the nature of natural medications, as well as discovering antioxidants and antibacterial action.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of the leaf essential oil of Roxburgh’s Cherry (Eugenia roxburghii), an underutilized species

Eugenia roxburghii (Myrtaceae), known as Roxburgh’s Cherry, is a wild edible fruit-producing plant having multiple use in traditional and folk medicines in India and Sri Lanka. In spite of its nutritional and medicinal importance, there is no report on the chemical composition and bioactivities of the essential oil (EO) of this species. In this article, the chemical composition of the leaf EO of E. roxburghii has been reported for the first time along with its antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. GC–MS analysis of EO led to the identification of 41 compounds with β-caryophyllene (22.32%) as the major constituent. The EO exhibited strong antioxidant capacity in DPPH and ABTS assays with IC50 values of 15.12 ± 0.23 μg/mL and 7.32 ± 0.05 μg/mL, respectively. It also exhibited strong reducing power ability (EC50 = 1.47 ± 0.06 μg/mL). The EO showed highest sensitivity against enteric pathogenic bacteria, Shigella flexneri (ZOI = 24 ± 0.4 mm, MIC = 31.25 μg/mL) validating its ethnomedicinal claim against dysentery. Further, E. roxburghii EO showed significant antiproliferative activity against human colon (HCT-116, IC50 = 64.84 μg/mL) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC-3, IC50=70.11 μg/mL) cell lines. The present study suggests that EO can be used as an antiproliferative agent and for the treatment of enteric diseases.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anti-oxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves extract

The phytochemical contents such as, total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of ethanol extract of tender and matured leaves of Moringa oleifera were investigated. On the other hand, antioxidant activity test (total antioxidant activity, ABTS free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability) were also studied. Total Phenolic content (203.80 ± 0.0014 and 105.00 ± 0.0045) mg/g gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content (26.02 ± 0.0031 and 18.20 ± 0.0025) mg/g quercetin equivalent and the total tannin content (12.90 ± 0.0021 and 10.50 ± 0.0012) mg/g of tannic acid equivalent were found in the ethanol extracts of tender and matured leaves of Moringa oleifera, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity of both leaves of the ethanol extracts were 217.43 ± 0.0025 mg/g and 210.65 ± 0.0019 mg/g respectively of ascorbic acid equivalent, respectively. Firstly, the IC50 value of tender and matured leaves of free radical scavenging activity test for ABTS (0.57 ± 0.0135 and 0.61 ± 0.0258) mg/mL were obtained using ascorbic acid as positive control (0.50 ± 0.0265 mg/mL). Secondly, reducing power ability was increased with higher concentration of all samples and standard. Finally, the IC50 value for ferrous ion chelating ability test was observed 5.10 ± 0.0121 and 9.20 ± 0.0212 mg/mL for ethanol extracts of tender and matured leaves respectively, whereas standard Na2EDTA was 4.0±0.0135 mg/mL. The result revealed that the ethanol extract of tender leaves showed more in-vitro antioxidant properties that of matured leaves. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 58(3), 179-186, 2023

LC/HRESI-MS/MS screening, phytochemical characterization, and in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Jatropha integerrima Jacq. extracts

Avoiding the probable dangerous side effects of synthetic drugs, this study aims the identification of natural antioxidant and antitumor agents from J. integerrima leaf and floral extracts. A highly efficient and fast UPLC/ESI-qTOF-HRMS/MS screening has led to characterization of 30 flavonoids, i.e. 12 flavonols, 6 flavones, 3 dihydroflavonols, 4 anthocyanins (flower), 2 dihydroflavonols, and 3 isoflavones from both J. integerrima extracts. In addition, six major polyphenols were identified for the first time from leaf extract, and their structures were established as apigenin 7-O-β-d-neohesperidoside (rhoifolin, 1), apigenin 8-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside (vitexin, 2), luteolin 6-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside (isoorientin, 3), 6,6″-di-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranosyl-methylene-biapigenin (Jatrophenol-I, 4), (E)-p-coumaric acid methyl ester (5), and (E)-ferulic acid methyl ester (6) with HRESI-MS and NMR analyses. The in vitro antioxidant activity of both extracts and major pure isolates was decided using DPPH, reducing power capability, FRAP, and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and their in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EACC), as well.The flower extract and compound 3 have shown the strongest antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. At low concentrations (25 µg/mL), they showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability (79.63 ± 0.42 and 76.20 ± 0.35%) regarding BHA (91.44 ± 0.29% at 100 µg/mL). In the parameter of absorbance, they exhibited higher reducing power ability (1.402 ± 0.025 and 1.178 ± 0.019%) than that of BHA (0.975 ± 0.013 at 100 µg/mL). Similarly, they proved superior FRAP (1427 ± 9.61 and 1377 ± 13.61 µmol Trolox/ 100 g) and highest ABTS activity (80.19 ± 0.55 and 68.38 ± 0.19%), which are higher activities compared to BHA (88.42 ± 0.24% at 100 µg/mL). Furthermore, all samples gave noticeable cytotoxicity at the same concentration (100 µg/mL), especially the flower extract and compound 3 which showed a relatively high effect on the viability of EACC (81.12 ± 0.24 and 77.21 ± 0.76 %, respectively) relative to vincristine reference drug (90.64 ± 0.39 %). Based on the findings, the extracts and isolates can be considered as potent antioxidant and cytotoxic natural agents, especially flower extract and isoorientin (3), which may supply novel insight into their likely application in pharmaceutical industries.

Chemical Characterization of Different Extracts from Artemisia annua and Their Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae Family) is an important plant in Asia that has been used for treating different diseases, including fever due to malaria, wounds, tubercolisis, scabues, pain, convulsions, diabetes, and inflammation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effects of different polarity extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water (70 %) and water) from A. annua against the burden of inflammation and oxidative stress occurring in colon tissue exposed to LPS. In parallel, chemical composition, antiradical, and enzyme inhibition effects against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and cholinesterases were evaluated. The water extract contained the highest content of the total phenolic with 34.59 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, while the hexane had the highest content of the total flavonoid (20.06 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g extract). In antioxidant assays, the polar extracts (ethanol, ethanol/water and water) exhibited stronger radical scavenging and reducing power abilities when compared to non-polar extracts. The hexane extract showed the best AChE, tyrosinase and glucosidase inhibitory effects. All extracts revealed effective anti-inflammatory agents, as demonstrated by the blunting effects on COX-2 and TNFα gene expression. These effects seemed to be not related to the only phenolic content. However, it is worthy of interest to highlight how the higher potency against LPS-induced gene expression was shown by the water extract ; thus suggesting a potential phytotherapy application in the management of clinical symptoms related to inflammatory colon diseases, although future in vivo studies are needed to confirm such in vitro and ex vivo observations.

Evaluation of Selected Vitamins and Antioxidant Potential of Methanol Seed Extract of Persea americana

Introduction: Persea americana seeds have been used in ethnomedicine as a potent remedy for putative health conditions such as muscular and menstrual pains, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anaemia, insomnia, hyperlipidaemia, diarrhoea, dysentery, gastric and peptic ulcers.
 Aim: This study investigated the antioxidant scavenging activities of the methanol extract of Persea americana seed.
 Methods: The seed samples were collected, dried, ground into powder and extracted in methanol by cold maceration. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays. Antioxidant vitamins (A, E and C) and enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase) were assayed using absorption spectroscopic methods.
 Results: There was a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the DPPH scavenging effect and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activity with increasing extract concentration. There is an increase in spectroscopic absorbance value as the concentration of the sample extract, in the reaction mixture, increases indicating its reducing power ability. The EC50 values for DPPH, lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays were 610 µg/ml, 640.51 µg/ml and 580 µg/ml respectively. Vitamin E (267.73 ± 0.07 mg/ 100 g) content was the highest among the antioxidant vitamins investigated (Vitamin A (7.60 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) and C (3.88 ± 0.03 mg/100 g).
 Conclusion: The chemical compositions of the investigated samples might be responsible for their medicinal values in phytomedicine. This study shows that Persea americana seeds are adequate in maintaining healthy nutrition for preventing the accumulation of destructive free radicals. The radical scavenging abilities exhibited by the seed extract may be attributed to the high polyphenolic content and antioxidant enzymes present.

Impact of the Extraction Method on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potency of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Extracts.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a dietary source that produces polyphenols as secondary metabolites. These natural compounds with potent antioxidant abilities are increasingly recommended as a supplement to inhibit oxidative stress. In the current work, we evaluated the impact of the extraction method on the chemical composition of R. officinalis extract, especially on the content of carnosic (CA) and rosmarinic (RA) acids using UPLC-MS-DAD as well as on their antioxidant potency. Four extracts of Tunisian rosemary were obtained from non-conventional extraction techniques:ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE),supercritical extraction (SFE) and UAE and SFE combined ((UAE-SFE(I), UAE-SFE(II)). The UAE exhibited the best total phenolic compounds (i.e., 85.27 mg GAEg-1), the highest content of CAand RA and the strongest antioxidant abilities (i.e., IC50 = 0.13 mg/mL and EC50 = 0.93 mg/mL for DPPH scavenging test and iron reducing power ability assay). The evaluation of antioxidant activity of UAE inhuman skin fibroblast (HS-68) cell line was carried out after the induction of oxidative stress. The results determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed a strong protective effect against H2O2oxidative stress induction in cells pretreated with UAE. The obtained results allow us to give new insight about the effect of the extraction method on the chemical composition and biological activities of the extract and the importance of the choice of the most appropriate processing technique to prepare rosemary extract with a high antioxidant potency and protective effect against oxidative stress.

Characterization, chemical modification and bioactivities of a polysaccharide from Stropharia rugosoannulata

This study evaluates the chemical structure of a heteropolysaccharide (SP-1a) from the fruiting bodies of Stropharia rugosoannulata and the antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of its derivatives. The results showed that SP-1a (2.29 ×104 Da) contained fucose, glucose and galactose, and possessed the backbone of [→3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→] and [→3,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→] with side chains [→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→] and T-α-D-Galp. Furthermore, carboxymethylated and phosphorylated modification of SP-1a (named as CSP-1a and PSP-1a) had good thermal stability and strong rehydration. Moreover, CSP-1a displayed stable DPPH scavenging ability (46.77%) and reducing power ability (0.434), as well as α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (60.98%) and α-amylase inhibitory activity (67.20%). Besides, PSP-1a presented significant hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (94.18%). The findings suggested that appropriate chemical modifications can improve the physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides from Stropharia rugosoannulata, providing hints and theoretical supports for further development of corresponding drug or food ingredients.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effect of Agaricus brasiliensis Extract on Raw and Cooked Pork Patties during Storage

Edible mushrooms have been proposed as a natural ingredient to prevent loss of quality in meat products. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of Agaricus brasiliensis aqueous-ethanol extract (ABE, at 0, 0.5, and 1.0%) versus butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 0.02% on a fat basis) added to raw and cooked pork patties to prolong shelf-life under chilled storage. All samples were stored at 2 °C for 9 days and subjected to physicochemical (pH, water-holding capacity, and color), chemical (lipid oxidation and antioxidant status), and microbiological evaluation (mesophilic and psychrophilic). Phenolic compounds (TPC) in ABE exert a reducing power ability (Fe3+ reduction), free-radical (DPPH), and radical-cation scavenging activity (ABTS), as well as antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative. Furthermore, incorporating ABE in raw and cooked pork patties reduced (p < 0.05) pH and color changes, lipid oxidation, and microbial growth during storage in concentration dependence. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the WHC and b* values. In addition, the presence of TPC and the antioxidant status (Fe3+ reduction, DPPH, and ABTS activity) of pork patties increased (p < 0.05) by the ABE incorporation. ABE can be a natural additive to improve the storage stability of pork patties.

괭이밥 열수 추출물의 항산화 및 항염증 효과

Background: In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Oxalis corniculata hot water extract (OCWE) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cell.BRMethods and Results: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total polyphenol content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and reducing power ability. The total polyphenol content was found to be 33.06 ± 0.31 ㎎ · gallic acid equivalent/g, and each evaluation showed reduction rates of 21.93 ± 2.43%, 64.93 ± 0.83%, and 0.260 ± 0.01 at the an OCWE concentration of 400 ㎍/㎖. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of OCWE, a nitric oxide (NO) assay, reverse trascription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed. At 400 ㎍/㎖ concentration of OCWE, NO generation was reduced by 52.5 ± 1.37%, compared to LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. OCWE also inhibited iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 in at the protein ans mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner.BRConclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that OCWE had strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We suggest that OCWE may be an antioxidant and anti-inflammation agent in functional foods.

Synthesis, In Silico, and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of New Furan Hybrid Molecules

Herein, we report the synthesis of new hybrid molecules between furan and N-containing heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrolidine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, and piperidine. The obtained compounds were fully characterized using 1H- and 13C-NMR, UV-Vis, and HRMS spectra. All compounds were assessed for their anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, reducing power ability, and chelating activity. The less lipophilic molecules H2 (60.1 ± 8.16) and H4 (62.23 ± 0.83) had almost 12 times higher ATA compared with the used ketoprofen (720.57 ± 19.78) standard. The inhibition of albumin denaturation results makes the newly obtained hybrids potential anti-inflammatory drugs, as the expressed values are higher than the ketoprofen standard (126.58 ± 5.00), except H3 (150.99 ± 1.16). All four compounds show significant activity regarding the in vitro biological activities, which makes them great candidates for potential future drugs.

Determination of phytochemicals and some selected antioxidants from the juice of sweet orange

sometimes known as sweet orange, is a fruit native to Southeast Asia that is now consumed all over the world as a rich source of vitamin C, a potent natural anti-oxidant that aids in optimal body function. The phytochemicals and selected antioxidants in sweet orange juice were determined in this study. The concentrations of phytochemicals in sweet orange juice were determined by titrimetrically measuring phytic acid and oxalate, gravimetrically measuring cardiac glycosides, and spectrophotometrically measuring saponins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids against the absorbance of the control. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) was used as a standard control for measuring antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, NO, Hydroxyl value, HO, and Reducing power ability. The results showed the presence of flavonoid (17.64±0.00), saponin (1.227±0.0028), terpenoids (1.64±0.74), phenol (0.50±0.0014), alkaloid (15.855±0.02), cardiac glycosides (6.3±1.40), steroid (7.68±0.00), oxalate (0.031±0.00), phytate (0.29±0.042) with tannin (282.925±0.30) being the most abundant. Antioxidants studies of the HO on the orange juice showed that as the concentration of the test sample increases, the scavenging activity increases. DPPH radical scavenging activity being an accepted mechanism for screening the anti-oxidants activity of plants extracts when compared with Ascorbic acid, the result showed that the Ascorbic acid has more scavenging property than the DPPH. With an increasing level of the Ascorbic acid absorbance, the result showed strong reducing power ability. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the sweet orange juice extract when compared with the ascorbic acid showed that the Ascorbic acid has more scavenging activity. sweet orange may be recommended for individuals due to its rich antioxidants and phytochemical properties.

Integration of in vitro and in silico approaches to assess three Astragalus species from Turkey flora: A novel spotlight from lab bench to functional applications

Members of the genus Astragalus have a great interest as a source of natural bioactive compounds on a scientific platform. To provide multidirectional insights into three Astragalus species (A. setulosus, A. anthylloides, and A. ovalis), the current work focused on the chemical characterization and biological properties of their extracts (aerial parts and roots). The chemical characterization of the extracts was detected by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The biological properties were evaluated by antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxic parameters. Assays for radical quenching, reducing capacity, and metal chelation were also used to evaluate antioxidant properties. To test the enzyme inhibitory effects of the extracts, cholinesterases, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase were utilized as target enzymes. Two cancer cell lines, (MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell line) and HeLa (Human cervix cancer cell line), were selected to evaluate cytotoxic effects. Generally, 5- caffeoylquinic acid (2.43–283.92 μg/g extract), hyperoside (4.33–216.22 μg/g extract) and rutin (1.09–184.98 μg/g extract) were the main constituents. The extracts from aerial parts and roots of A. anthylloides showed stronger radical scavenging and reducing power abilities compared to A. setulosus and A. ovalis. The best AChE and BChE inhibitory effects were determined in the aerial parts of A. setulosus (2.18 mg GALAE/g) and roots of A. ovalis (4.76 mg GALAE/g), respectively. The extracts of A. ovalis had the highest tyrosinase inhibitory abilities. The extract from aerial parts of A. setulosus showed stronger cytotoxic effects compared to other extracts. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that the presence of some compounds (resveratrol, p-coumaric, 5-caffeoylquinic, and ferulic acids, etc) was linked to the observed biological activities. Molecular docking was also provided for the possible interaction of enzymes as well as protein targets of the tested cell lines. Our findings provide a scientific basis for the Astragalus species, which may serve as a source of naturally occurring bioactive compounds for health-promoting applications.

Chemical composition, in vitro assessment of antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ajuga orientalis L. (Lamiaceae)

Context: Ajuga orientalis L. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic herb used in traditional medicine in Jordan and neighboring countries. Aims: To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from the aerial parts of A. orientalis against three cell lines MCF-7, Caco-2, and HDFa. In addition to assessing the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity. Further to analyze the phytochemical constituents. Methods: The phytochemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were assessed using colorimetric methods. The antioxidant properties of both extracts were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power ability. Cytotoxicity was investigated using methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Results: The most abundant compounds in the extract were 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)- (27.2%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (12.8%), and methyl stearate (9.6%). The ethanolic extract demonstrated higher TPC and TFC than the aqueous extract. Also, the ethanolic extract showed higher antioxidant activity than aqueous extract using DPPH and the reducing power ability. Furthermore, the aqueous extract of A. orientalis has a potent cytotoxic effect against the Caco-2 cell line (IC50 = 2.059 ± 0.10 μg/mL). In contrast, the ethanolic extract demonstrated a cytotoxic effect against the MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 59.32 ± 0.04 μg/mL). Both extracts did not exhibit a toxic effect against normal dermal fibroblast cell line (HDFa). Compared to non-cancerous cells, the ethanolic extract of A. orientalis demonstrated high selectivity against MCF-7 cells and limited selectivity against Caco-2 cells. In comparison, the aqueous extract was highly selective against both cancerous cells. Conclusions: A. orientalis demonstrated antioxidant properties and significant antiproliferative potential against breast and colon cancer. Therefore, additional investigations are needed to study the mechanism of the cytotoxicity for this plant.

Antiplasmodial and in vitro antioxidant potentials of crude aqueous and methanol extracts of Chasmanthera dependens (Hochst)

BackgroundMalaria is a major cause of death in tropical countries such as Nigeria. Chasmanthera dependens (Hochst) is a wild plant used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria and other health challenges. This study evaluated the 'Antiplasmodial and in vitro antioxidant potentials of crude aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves, root and stem of Chasmanthera dependens (Hochst)’.ResultsMethanol extracts of leaves and roots of this plant exhibited higher antimalarial activities than other extracts. The level of parasitemia was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the treated animals when compared to untreated ones. Antiplasmodial activities of methanol extracts of roots and stem did not differ significantly (p < 0.05) from their aqueous extracts. An increase in body weight and higher survival rates were recorded in all the treated groups. Scavenging of DPPH, NO, H2O2 radicals and reducing power ability were concentration-dependent. Methanolic extracts of C. dependens root showed the best reducing activity. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, phytate and oxalate.ConclusionAntimalarial and antioxidant properties of these extracts could be credited to the synergy between the phytoconstituents in this plant. Findings from this study justified the use of this plant in the treatment of malaria and other ailments.

Design, spectroscopic properties and effects of novel catechol spiroborates derived from Schiff bases in the antioxidant, antibacterial and DNA binding activity

Novel catechol spiroborates (L(1–5)B) were prepared from the reaction of the corresponding Schiff base (L(1–5)H) ligands, boric acid, and 3,5-di‑tert‑butyl catechol under favorable reaction conditions. The synthesized all compounds were characterized by NMR spectra, FT-IR spectra, UV-Vis spectra, LC-MS/MS spectra, fluorescence spectra, elemental analysis as well as the melting point. The optical properties of the Schiff base ligands and catechol spiroborates were investigated using – and fluorescence spectra in the C2H5OH. The antioxidant activities of newly synthesized Schiff base ligands and their catechol spiroborates were investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability and reducing power ability. Among the synthesized catechol spiroborates, (L2B) exhibited the maximum radical scavenging (91.5 ± 2.11%) and reducing power activity (0.654±0.015) at a concentration of 200.0 µg/mL. Antibacterial activity was determined using 3 Gram positive and 2 Gram negative bacteria by disk diffusion method. Schiff base (L2H) was found to be effective against all test bacteria used. Besides, the DNA binding activity of the catechol spiroborates was determined using Calf Thymus DNA, and the DNA cleavage activity was determined using pBR-322 plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis method.