Red Blood Cell Sedimentation Research Articles

The Acousto-Optical Method for Blood Typing Based on Discrete Processing of Photographic Images

This work is devoted to the development of the acousto-optical method for blood typing based on analysis of digital photoimages of sedimentation of red blood cells and their aggregates and immune complexes (agglutinates). Two modifications of the discrete method for photographic image processing were suggested and experimentally tested to increase the reliability of instrumental human blood typing. AB0 matching of blood samples was performed. It was shown that the proposed methods for discrete processing of photoimages provided a several hundredfold increase in the resolution of the acousto-optical method for blood typing as compared to the conventional photometric approach. The reliability of blood typing was also considerably improved.

Advantages of replacing hydroxyethyl starch in University of Wisconsin solution with hyperbranched polyglycerol for cold kidney perfusion

BackgroundEfficient and effective perfusion during organ procurement is required for the best prevention of donor organ injury preceding transplantation. However, current organ preservation solutions, including hydroxyethyl starch (HES)–based University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, do not always yield the best outcomes. Our previous study demonstrated that replacing HES with hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) reduced donor heart injury during cold storage. The current research was designed to examine the advantages of HPG-based solution for cold kidney perfusion. MethodsPerfusion efficiency of HPG versus UW solution was tested using mouse kidneys at 4°C. The blood washout was evaluated by using a semiquantitative scoring system and tissue damage by histologic analysis. The interaction of HPG or UW solution with human red blood cells (RBCs) was examined by measuring RBC sedimentation and aggregation. ResultsThe lower viscosity of HPG solution was correlated with faster and more efficient perfusion through donor kidneys as compared with UW. HPG solution was also more effective than UW in removing RBCs from the kidney and was associated with less tissue damage to donor kidneys. In vitro UW solution caused significant RBC sedimentation and hyperaggregation, whereas HPG showed minimal impact on RBC sedimentation and prevented RBC aggregation. ConclusionsThis experimental study demonstrated that compared with UW, HPG solution was more efficient and effective in the removal of the blood from donor kidneys and offered better protection from donor tissue damage, suggesting that the HPG solution is a promising candidate to supplant standard UW solution for donor kidney perfusion in transplantation.

The Association between Preoperative Plasma C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Level and Postoperative Adult Heart Surgery Outcome

Introduction: Careful history and physical examinations are the best ways for preoperative evaluation. Currently, we are recommended to rely on doing them rather than unnecessary and costly laboratory tests for confirmation or diagnosis of disease. The aim of study is the survey of CRP level association to decide further evaluation and expert consultation, newly diagnosed problems and possible effect on postoperative mortality and morbidity. Methods and Materials: In a descriptive retrospective study, hospital documentation of 620 patients older than 18 years undergone heart surgery in Tabriz Shahid Madani hospital was evaluated. Addition to plasma CRP level, patient’s demographic information, type of surgery, preoperative significant tests, delay time in surgery start time after anesthesiology visit, cause of requested specialty consultation and treatment recommendation, postoperative complications and mortality rate were recorded and analyzed. Patients were classified according to preoperative plasma CRP level to five groups as negative, +1, +2, +3 and not measured (i.e. they considered as normal (0 - 5 mg/l), mildly (5 - 40 mg/l), moderately (40 - 200 mg/L) or severely increased (>200 mg/l) groups). Results: Of 620 patients, 402 were male and 218 were female. There was not statistically significant correlation among demographic variables (gender, age, weight, and height), heart disease diagnosis and the type of surgery in five groups. In 79 individuals, they were done specialty consultations that most common of them were neurology consultation because of impaired renal laboratory tests. Only 2 cases were due to high CRP level. In any of cases, this preoperative consultation didn’t result from new disease cases. CRP plasma level hadn’t association with preoperative red blood cell sedimentation level. Prevalence of preoperative acute myocardium infarction was higher in patients with high CRP level. In group +1, delay time was lower than other groups. The most common causes were cardiac causes. There wasn’t statistically significant correlation between CRP level and different postoperative complications. There wasn’t significant association between ICU stay time and postoperative hospital stay time and plasma high CRP level. Conclusion: Probably, plasma CRP level increases before surgery in acute myocardial infarction and results in high mortality rate. It seems that routine measurement of CRP in candidates for heart operation is beneficial for mortality rate prediction, so its increasing level can’t help to diagnosis newly cases and it isn’t prudent to consult with specialist.

Salt Sensitivity Determined From Capillary Blood

Background/Aims: A significant rise of blood pressure in response to a given salt load is a weak indication of high salt sensitivity, supposed to foster the development of arterial hypertension and related diseases in later life. In search of an alternative method we recently developed the salt blood test (SBT), a new concept for quantifying salt sensitivity (SS). Based on this concept, namely that red blood cells (RBC) report on salt sensitivity, the SBT-mini was developed. Methods: The SBT-mini utilizes a droplet of capillary blood mixed with a ‘smart' Na⁺ cocktail. Red blood cells (RBC) of this mixture are allowed to sediment by gravity in a glass tube. SS is quantified by measuring RBC sedimentation rate. 90 healthy volunteers (39 males, 51 females; mean age: 23±0.5 years) were evaluated and ‘standard values' for males and females were derived. Results: Sodium buffer capacity of female blood is about 20 % smaller as compared to male blood due to the lower hematocrit of females. SS of an individual is related to the mean standard value (set to 100 %) of the respective male/female cohort. High SS (> 120 %) has been found in 31 % of males and 28 % of females. Conclusions: SS can be estimated derived from the individual RBC sodium buffer capacity as measured by the SBT-mini. About one third of a healthy test cohort exhibits a high sensitivity to salt. Reduction of sodium consumption to at least two grams per day (equals five grams of NaCl per day as suggested by the WHO) is recommended, particularly for individuals with high salt sensitivity.

Cytogenetic and hematological alterations induced by acute oral exposure of imidacloprid in female mice

Imidacloprid (IMD), 1(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine, was administered in female mice to study in vivo cytogenetic (chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronucleus assay) and hematological effects. The acute oral LD50 was determined to be 150 mg/kg bw in mice following OECD guidelines using AOT StatPgm425 software. The mice were administered orally with distilled water (negative control); mitomycin C (MMC), 1 mg/kg (positive control) and sub-lethal doses of 37.5 (low), 75.0 (medium) and 112.5 (high) mg/kg bw (25%, 50% and 75% of LD50) of IMD to analyze CAs and hematological effects after 24 h, whereas micronucleus test (MT) after 48 h. The genotoxicity analysis revealed that selected test doses of IMD – medium and high doses – induced significantly mitotic inhibition (p < 0.01), CAs (p < 0.01) and at high dose micronucleus (MN) formation (p < 0.05). Significant changes in red blood cell (RBC; p < 0.01), hemoglobin (Hb; p < 0.01) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; p < 0.001) were observed, except WBC in which significant increase (p < 0.001) was observed. Present observation substantiates overall significant dose dependent genotoxic potential (p < 0.05; r = 0.98) of IMD. Precautions should be taken to minimize possible risk to exposed farmers of the state of Haryana (India) – an agrarian economy.

A pulsed photoacoustic technique for studying red blood cell sedimentation

This study shows the capability of a pulsed photoacoustic (PA) technique to measure red blood cell sedimentation and aggregation processes in vitro . Red blood cells are the main source of absorption in blood. The PA signal is proportional to the sample’s optical absorption coefficient, and hence, dynamic changes in the sample can be monitored by analyzing the PA pulse amplitude and pulse arrival time. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used as a parallel method for comparison. Diluted whole blood and different concentrations of washed red blood cells were used as samples. The pulsed PA technique is suitable for monitoring changes in sedimentation velocity when dextran is added to the sample. When the measurement section with the fastest sedimentation rate was selected for analysis, a more than 10-fold increase in the sedimentation rate, induced by dextran, was found with both the PA and OCT techniques. The PA pulse delay was found to be a more reliable measure of changes in the sample than the PA signal amplitude.

Fully immunomagnetic isolation of untouched purified lymphocyte populations directly from whole blood without the need for red blood cell sedimentation, hypotonic lysis or density gradient centrifugation in just 25 minutes. (TECH2P.871)

Abstract Human whole blood is made up of 93-96% red blood cells (RBCs), 4-7% platelets and 0.1-0.2% leukocytes consisting mainly of granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. Due to the low frequency of lymphocyte subsets within whole blood, their isolation typically requires a pre-processing step such as Lymphoprep™ or hypotonic lysis to deplete RBCs prior to cell isolation. We have therefore developed a new, fully immunomagnetic method for the negative selection of untouched cells directly from whole blood, without the need for any pre-processing steps. The EasySep™ Direct procedure involves labeling RBCs, platelets and unwanted leukocytes present in human whole blood with antibody complexes and magnetic particles. The magnetically labelled unwanted cells are separated from the untouched desired cells using an EasySep™ magnet by simply pouring or pipetting the desired cells into a new tube. In just 25 minutes, purities of 92-99% total lymphocytes, 93-98% T cells, 87-97% CD4+ T cells, 75-91% CD8+ T cells, 91-99% B cells, 87-98% naïve B cells and 65-84% NK cells can be achieved with little to no residual RBC contamination. The isolation of cells directly from whole blood will enable rapid access to highly purified cells immediately ready for downstream functional assays with minimal sample handling.

Influence of parenteral nutrition on blood rheology and platelet aggregation in vitro.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a hyperosmolar solution composed of glucose, amino acids and a lipid emulsion, which is often used despite well-known side effects and complications. In this study the hypothesis was tested that PN could affect hemorheology. The influence of increasing plasma concentrations (0, 4, 10 and 25%) of the 3-in-1-mixture of PN on various rheological parameters were studied in vitro. The influence of the individual components was studied with plasma concentrations of 10, 10 and 5%, respectively. Hematological and coagulation tests were performed. Blood viscosity and red blood cell (RBC) aggregation were measured and platelet aggregation in flowing blood was assessed with a PFA-100 instrument. It was found that PN induced RBC shrinkage, which was partially reversible. It reduced RBC aggregation measured by low shear viscosity or RBC sedimentation. Platelet aggregation was strongly inhibited. Coagulation tests were not affected. Investigations with the single components of PN showed that the RBC shrinkage was mainly caused by the amino acid solution and the inhibition of platelet aggregation by all 3 components. The lipid emulsion in higher plasma concentrations led to echinocytosis, indicating that the lipids interact with the outer half of the membrane lipid bilayer. High concentrations of PN affect blood rheology in several ways. The strongest effect was an inhibition of platelet aggregation, which may have a clinical relevance. Other effects such as RBC shrinkage and decreased RBC aggregation occurred only at high PN concentrations, which are reached in vivo at the infusion site.

The Kelvin transformation as a tool for analyzing problems in medicine and technology

The well‐known Kelvin transformation for harmonic functions has been employed in order to derive solutions for the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for the case of nonconvex domains such as the inverted triangle. In addition, Kelvin's transformation has been extended to the irrotational and rotational Stokes flows. This enables us to derive solutions for problems arising in Medicine and Physiology, including blood flow and the sedimentation of red blood cells, potential problems in acoustic scattering and electrostatics, as well as other problems that cannot be solved by the standard spectral methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Passive gravitational sedimentation of peripheral blood increases the sensitivity of microscopic detection of malaria

ObjectiveTo determine if passive gravitational sedimentation of blood samples, followed by buffy coat thin smear preparation could increase the sensitivity of malaria diagnosis when compared to conventional thin smear preparation without the additional cost of centrifuges or molecular diagnostics. MethodsBlood samples were collected from 205 patients. Each patient sample was analyzed using all three methods of sample preparation. ResultsBuffy coat analysis of centrifuged blood samples greatly increased the sensitivity of malaria diagnosis when compared to standard thin smear techniques. Sensitivity between mechanically centrifuged samples and gravitationally sedimented samples showed equal improvement in sensitivity when compared to standard thin smear preparation. ConclusionsPassive gravitational sedimentation of red blood cells followed by buffy coat analysis dramatically improves the sensitivity of malaria diagnosis without the additional costs associated with centrifugation.

Granulocyte collections: comparison of two apheresis systems

Donor granulocyte concentrates are routinely administered to patients with granulocyte function defects or transient neutropenia and (risk of) bacterial or fungal exacerbations, despite lack of definitive clinical proof for patient-relevant outcome improvement. Granulocytes are collected by apheresis from healthy donors treated with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor and/or steroids for neutrophil mobilization the evening before apheresis, as well as with hydroxyethyl starch during apheresis, to enhance sedimentation of red blood cells (RBCs) and thus to facilitate accessibility of neutrophils for collection. Granulocyte apheresis procedures are performed with standard apheresis equipment, including with the frequently used apheresis system for peripheral blood "stem cell" collection, COBE Spectra MNC (Terumo BCT), using the same tubing set as for MNC collection, but a different software protocol, PMN. An automated apheresis system for granulocyte collection, Spectra Optia IDL (Terumo BCT), became available in October 2011. Since then, 70 granulocyte apheresis procedures have been performed at our site, 35 each with the new and old systems. Apheresis procedures were well tolerated throughout. The target dose of 1 × 10(10) neutrophils was achieved in all but one collection with Spectra Optia IDL. Spectra Optia IDL collections were approximately 20% more efficient. Products contained more nontarget white blood cells (mononuclear cells), but fewer RBCs and platelets. Although less blood had to be processed with Spectra Optia IDL to achieve the same granulocyte dose, clinically relevant differences between the two apheresis devices were not apparent. Both apheresis systems are similarly capable of generating granulocyte concentrates.

Sedimentation of single red blood cells

The sedimentation of red blood cells (RBCs) due to gravitation or centrifugation at low Reynolds numbers is considered via computer simulations using multi-particle collision dynamics (MPC) and triangulated membranes. The RBCs assume different shapes depending on the elastic moduli of the cell membranes and the strength of the gravitation; these include parachutes, teardrops, and fin-tailed spheres. We present a phase diagram of the shapes and study the transition between parachutes and teardrops in detail by quantifying the orientation and the shape of the cells. The sedimentation velocity is found to be essentially independent of the cell shape. The sedimentation is shown to lack an observable horizontal drift component of the motion even for asymmetric cell shapes. The consequences of our results for future studies of collective effects and the clinical erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test are discussed.

Abstract A44: Disrupted transmigration of neutrophils in glioblastoma patients is augmented by steroid treatment.

Abstract Introduction: We recently described a mechanism of peripheral immunosuppression in patients with glioblastoma (GBM), through which circulating activated neutrophils release Arginase I and suppress T cell function. The presence of activated neutrophils within the circulation of patients with GBM is of unclear etiology. To further explore this phenomenon and correlate these changes with clinical factors that could influence neutrophil biology, we performed phenotypic and functional analysis of neutrophil populations from GBM patients. Methods: Resting neutrophils were purified from GBM patients and normal donors by dextran sedimentation of red blood cells followed by separation on a percoll gradient. In vitro activation of resting neutrophils was induced with formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMLP). Circulating activated neutrophils were identified within the PBMC layer following Ficoll density centrifugation. Intratumoral neutrophils were identified within fresh human GBM samples reduced to single cell suspensions using a combination of mechanical and enzymatic disruption. Flow cytometry was used to measure expression of known markers of neutrophil activation and binding (CD11b, CD11c, CD18, CD62L, and CD66). In vitro binding studies were performed by labeling neutrophils with BCECF (2′,7′-bis-(2carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein); labeled neutrophils were placed over HMEC monolayers activated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Binding curves were generated by serial spectrophotometric analysis after sequential washes. Clinical data, including treatment with steroids and tumor recurrence status, were retrospectively compiled for each patient. Results: Resting neutrophils within GBM patient did not differ from normal donors in terms of baseline adhesion marker expression, adhesion marker expression after in vitro activation, or ability to adhere to endothelial cells in vitro. As expected, intratumoral neutrophils demonstrated a fully activated phenotype, expressing increased levels of CD11b, CD18 and CD66 and decreased levels of CD62L, along with a transmigrated phenotype represented by lower levels of CD11c. Interestingly, circulating activated neutrophils expressed elevated CD66 and decreased CD62L in conjunction with lower levels of CD11b, CD18 and CD11c. In review of clinical data, patients with primary GBM harbored increased numbers of circulating activated neutrophils when compared to patients with recurrent tumors. Although steroid treatment had no effect on marker expression, as no difference was detected on resting or in vitro activated neutrophils when patients were stratified according to steroid treatment, primary GBM patients treated with steroids had an increased prevalence of circulating activated neutrophils when compared to steroid-treated recurrent patients. Conclusions: Together, these data support a tumor-specific process through which intravascular activation of neutrophils is followed by arrested transmigration and persistence of activated neutrophils within the circulation of patients with GBM. This effect appears to be augmented by treatment with steroids. Ongoing studies are focused on further exploring interactions between tumor and neutrophils at the vascular interface. Citation Format: Trisha R. Sippel, Rae Russell, Timothy Ung, Marci Klaassen, Allen Waziri. Disrupted transmigration of neutrophils in glioblastoma patients is augmented by steroid treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A44.

Biohumoral and endocrine parameters in assessment of surgical trauma in open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Every surgical procedure causes metabolic, endocrine, and hemodynamic stress in the organism. The aim of this work was to assess the extent of trauma following each of the two types of cholecystectomy (traditional/open and laparoscopic) by measuring palette of biochemical parameters. This prospective, single- center study included 120 patients subjected to elective cholecystectomy during the period of one year. Sixty patients were treated laparoscopically and 60 traditionally. Biohumoral and endocrine parameters were determined from 24-hour urine and blood. We measured adrenaline, noradrenaline, metabolites of corticosteroid hormones (17-hydroxyl and 17-keto steroids), C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, glycemia, creatine-phosphokinase (CPK), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), red blood cells sedimentation and serum concentration of potassium. We observed significantly lower levels of adrenaline (p < 0.01), noradrenaline (p < 0.05), dopamine (p < 01.01), 17-hydroxyl (p < 0.01) and 17-keto steroids (p < 0.01), glycemia (p < 0.01), CPK (p < 0.01), LDH (p < 0.01) and red blood cells sedimentation (p < 0.01) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to traditional one. Significant increase in CRP levels was recorded postoperatively in both groups (p < 0.05), as well as significant decrease in serum albumin values (p < 0.05). Duration of the hospitalization following laparoscopic cholecystectomy was significantly shorter (p < 0.01). The intensity of organism response is proportional to the intensity of surgical trauma. Metabolic, tissue and neuroendocrine response of organism to trauma has lower intensity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Immunomagnetic nanoscreening of circulating tumor cells with a motion controlled microfluidic system.

Combining the power of immunomagnetic assay and microfluidic microchip operations, we successfully detected rare CTCs from clinical blood samples. The microfluidic system is operated in a flip-flop mode, where a computer-controlled rotational holder with an array of microfluidic chips inverts the microchannels. We have demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that the direction of red blood cell (RBC) sedimentation with regards to the magnetic force required for cell separation is important for capture efficiency, throughput, and purity. The flip-flop operation reduces the stagnation of RBCs and non-specific binding on the capture surface by alternating the direction of the magnetic field with respect to gravity. The developed immunomagnetic microchip-based screening system exhibits high capture rates (more than 90%) for SkBr3, PC3, and Colo205 cell lines in spiked screening experiments and successfully isolates CTCs from patient blood samples. The proposed motion controlled microchip-based immunomagnetic system shows great promise as a clinical tool for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

The biology of Parachanna obscura (Osteichthyes: Channidae) in Anambra River, Nigeria

The biology of a commercially important teleost, Parachanna obscura was studied for a period of twelve months. Monthly samples of the species were randomly collected from fishermen in the lower reaches of Anambra River, Southeastern Nigeria for the twelve months. The haematological profile established were mean haematocrit of 22.5%, mean blood haemoglobin concentration of 7.23 g/dl, mean red blood cell sedimentation rate 31.25 µm, mean red blood cell count 3.72 (106/L), white blood cell count 2.81×104/L, mean cell volume 60.75 µm3 and mean corpuscular haemoglobin 19.5 pg. The blood groups are O+(10%), O- (90%), genotype AA (88%) and AS (12%). Digestive enzymes assays in the different gut regions of P. obscura revealed an array of glycosidase, proteases and lipases. The pattern of distribution and relative activity of the enzymes is consistent with its predatory diet. Total length (TL) ranged from 23.4 to 28.5 cm and weight from 86.0 to 140 g; males were not longer or heavier than females. Maturity occurred earlier in males than females; 50% of both sexes matured at 24.7 cm TL. Fecundity ranged from 126 to 1580 oocytes (mean 896 ± 477 oocytes). Total length was a better predictor of fecundity than ovary weight. Index of food significance (IFS) showed that insect (51.67%) was the dominant food group, followed by fish (15.66%) and frog eggs (8.02%). Food items of primary importance were ephemeroptera nymphs, chiromomidae, unidentified insects and fishes. Key words: Anambra River, Parachanna obscura, digestive enzymes, haematological profile, blood groups.

Blood group typing based on recording the elastic scattering of laser radiation using the method of digital imaging

The possibility is demonstrated to determine the human blood group by recording the scattering of laser radiation with the help of the digital imaging method. It is experimentally shown that the action of a standing ultrasound wave leads to acceleration of the agglutination reaction of red blood cells, to formation of larger immune complexes of red blood cells, and, as a consequence, to acceleration of their sedimentation. In the absence of agglutination of red blood cells the ultrasound does not enhance the relevant processes. This difference in the results of ultrasound action on the mixture of blood and serum allows a method of blood typing to be offered. Theoretical modelling of the technique of the practicalblood typing, carried out on the basis of the elastic light scattering theory, agrees well with the experimental results, which made it possible to plan further improvement of the proposed method. Thestudies of specific features of sedimentation of red blood cells and their immune complexes were aimed at the optimisation of the sample preparation, i.e., at the search for such experimental conditions that provide the maximal resolution of the method and the device for registering the reaction of red blood cells agglutination. The results of the study may be used in designing the instrumentation for blood group assessment in humans.

Computational Analysis of Microfluidic Immunomagnetic Rare Cell Separation from a Particulate Blood Flow

We describe a computational analysis method to evaluate the efficacy of immunomagnetic rare cell separation from non-Newtonian particulate blood flow. The core procedure proposed here is calculation of local viscosity distributions induced by red blood cell (RBC) sedimentation. Numerical calculation methods have previously been introduced to simulate particulate behavior of individual RBCs. However, due to the limitation of the computational power, those studies are typically capable of calculating only a very small number (less than 100) of RBCs and are not suitable to analyze many practical separation methods for rare cells such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We introduce a sedimentation and viscosity model based on our experimental measurements. The computational field is divided into small unit control volumes, where the local viscosity distribution is dynamically calculated based on the experimentally found sedimentation model. For analysis of rare cell separation, the local viscosity distribution is calculated as a function of the volume RBC rate. The direction of gravity has an important role in such a sedimentation-involved cell separation system. We evaluated the separation efficacy with multiple design parameters including the channel design, channel operational orientations (inverted and upright), and flow rates. The results showed excellent agreement with real experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our computational analytical method. We demonstrated higher capture efficiency with the inverted microchannel configuration.We conclude that proper direction of blood sedimentation significantly enhances separation efficiency in microfluidic devices.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL STUDY FOR EMPLOYEES AT HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRIC STATIONS

This research was conducted on 75 blood samples randomly selected from 25 persons directly exposed to electromagnetic field and 25 persons indirectly exposed in addition to 25 persons not exposed to that electromagnetic field(as a control group). The aim of this study is to know the effect of electromagnetic field (resulted from electric station) on some physiological blood parameters, and the genetic materials for workers at these electricity station .The physiological results indicated that there is a significant decrease in the hemoglobin concentration average at the probability P field as compared to control group; there was a decrease in the compact red blood cell volume average, in the total number of white blood cells and the percent of lymphocytes, monocytes and oesinophils, However there was a significant increase in the red blood cell sedimentation ratio and in the neutrophils and basophiles percents .Statistical results did not indicate any significant difference in the blood platelets ratio among the blood sample of the three various groups under study .The cytogenetic tests showed no chromosomal number changes within the samples of the three groups, but there was 14 qesses of structural chromosomal aberrations in the directly exposal group, seven of which as chromosome fragmentation ,one as chromosome deletion ,three as dicentric chromosomes, one as a centric chromosomes and two as ring chromosome as compared to four chromosomal fragmentation in the control group .There was decrease in the cell mitotic index in the persons how are directly exposed to the electromagnetic field while there was an increased effect on the lymphocytes with the advance of age and time exposure.In conclusion, the electromagnetic field has a direct and indirect effect on some physiological blood parameters and the genetic materials through the chromosomal aberration which case disease and deformation.

Metabolic depletion decreases the aggregability of erythrocytes

We studied the influence of metabolic depletion on red blood cell (RBC) aggregability, which is a determinant of blood flow. Heparinized blood was stored at room temperature for 0, 24, and 48 h. RBCs were washed twice and resuspended in Tris-buffer containing 3% dextran 70 (hematocrit 30%). Suspension viscosities were measured at 37 °C and shear rates of 37.6 and 0.1 s(-1), RBC aggregability was analysed by the sedimentation rate, direct microscopic visualization and a Myrenne aggregometer. RBCs in autologous plasma showed an increasing echinocytic shape transformation, which was reversible in buffer. The viscosities of RBC suspensions in buffer remained unchanged at both low (0.1 s(-1)) and high shear rate (37.6 s(-1)), the latter result indicating an unchanged RBC deformability. RBC aggregability decreased: The RBC sedimentation rates were 40.7 ± 5.0, 29.3 ± 13.4, and 13.3 ± 11.2 mm/h (p < 0.001) at 0, 24, and 48 h, respectively, which correlated well with the visual aggregability index and the Myrenne aggregation parameters M and M1. We conclude that metabolic depletion for 48 h leads to RBC swelling and a reversible echinocytic shape transformation. These ATP-depleted, but normally shaped RBCs had a decreased aggregability. In contrast to all other methods used, low shear viscosity was inaccurate and should not be used to test RBC aggregability.