Comparative longitudinal data across competitive levels in distance running remain limited, particularly in North African cohorts. Interpreting changes in aerobic and hematological markers is especially important when maximal aerobic capacity is estimated rather than directly measured and when plasma volume is not assessed. To compare baseline anthropometric, aerobic, hematological, and lipid variables among elite runners, competitive runners, and sedentary men, and to describe changes observed across a five-month supervised endurance-training period in the athlete groups. Twenty-one healthy men participated (elite runners, n = 7; competitive runners, n = 7; sedentary controls, n = 7). Sedentary controls completed pre- and post-assessments but did not participate in the supervised endurance training program. Athletes were evaluated before and after a five-month training period. Estimated VO2max (VO2max_est) was derived from the Université de Montréal Track Test. Fasting venous blood samples were analyzed for red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL-C, and LDL-C. Baseline differences were examined with one-way ANOVA. Longitudinal athlete changes were summarized using mean differences, conservative 95% confidence intervals, percent change, and Cohen's d_av. Longitudinal patterns were additionally examined using linear mixed-effects models. At baseline, elite runners were leaner than sedentary controls and displayed markedly higher VO2max_est than both competitive runners and sedentary men. Across the training period, observed VO2max_est increases were modest in both athlete groups (elite: +1.66 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, conservative 95% CI 0.87 to 2.44; +2.2%; d_av = 2.21; competitive: +1.77 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, conservative 95% CI 1.49 to 2.05; +3.4%; d_av = 6.64). RBC count remained essentially stable. Hematocrit declined in both groups, while hemoglobin showed a small increase in elite runners and a decline in competitive runners. These concentration-based hematological changes are compatible with, but do not demonstrate, training-related hemodilution. Lipid changes were small in magnitude and mixed in direction. The pre-post findings therefore reflect within-athlete changes in the trained groups, with sedentary controls serving as a longitudinal non-training comparison group. Across a five-month training period, elite and competitive runners showed small increases in VO2max_est and concentration-based hematological changes that are compatible with, but do not demonstrate, training-related hemodilution. Given the small sample, the hybrid non-randomized design with sedentary men serving as longitudinal non-training comparators, the lack of objective training-load and dietary data, and the use of a field estimate rather than direct gas-exchange measurement, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary.

Chronic exposure to cement dust is an occupational hazard associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and haematological dysfunction. Cement dust contains silica and heavy metals, which can trigger immune activation, oxidative damage, and alterations in trace element homeostasis, particularly among workers in developing countries. This study assessed the impact of chronic cement dust exposure on haematological indices, inflammatory response, oxidative balance, and trace element status among industrial and non-industrial block molders in Benin City, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 205 participants: 80 industrial block molders, 80 non-industrial block molders, and 45 unexposed controls. Blood parameters measured included red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin, white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin-10 (IL-10), total antioxidant status (TAS), calcium, and zinc levels, using automated analyzers and immunoassays. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, with significance set at p<0.05. Compared to controls, exposed workers exhibited significant reductions in RBC count and haemoglobin levels, indicating anaemia (p=0.001). Inflammatory markers ESR and IL-10 were significantly elevated in both exposed groups (p=0.001), suggesting persistent systemic inflammation. Total antioxidant status was reduced (p=0.001), reflecting oxidative stress. Trace element analysis showed zinc depletion and calcium elevation (p=0.001). The industrial block molders demonstrated more pronounced hematological and biochemical alterations than non-industrial molders. Chronic cement dust exposure impairs haematological function through mechanisms involving inflammation and oxidative stress and disrupts trace element balance. These findings highlight the need for occupational health interventions, including dust control, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and routine health monitoring of exposed workers.

This study investigated the physiological and hematological responses of polo horses to road transportation exposed to high ambient temperatures. Twenty Argentine polo horses were transported by truck for about 20 hours during the hot-dry season. Key physiological variables such as rectal temperature (RT), body surface temperature (BST), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR), along with hematological indices [packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), platelet count (PLT), and white blood cell count (WBC)], were measured one week before travel, immediately after unloading, and during recovery. Meteorological parameters were recorded to assess environmental impact. Ambient temperature (AT) during unloading exceeded the thermoneutral zone for horses, indicating heat stress. Upon arrival, RR and RT increased beyond normal ranges, reflecting thermoregulatory strain caused by elevated AT and temperature-humidity index (THI). BST across measured body regions rose immediately after transport and decreased after rest. Hematological results showed temporary increases in PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, and lymphocyte counts, suggesting stress-related physiological adjustments. These findings suggest that prolonged transport in hot, dry conditions results in significant thermal and hematological changes, potentially increasing disease susceptibility. The results highlight the importance of considering environmental factors and implementing effective management strategies to reduce transportation stress in horses.

Background: Dengue fever, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is a major public health issue in Bangladesh. Urbanization, poor sanitation, and climate change have fueled its spread, with some cases progressing to severe forms like DHF and DSS. Objective: This study aimed to explore gender differences in socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of dengue patients in Bangladesh and their correlation with disease severity. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 135 dengue patients from a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, diagnosed clinically and confirmed by laboratory tests between June and December 2023. Data on demographics, clinical symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory results (e.g., platelet count, RBC, hemoglobin, liver function tests) were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, with p-values calculated for gender-based comparisons. Results: Of the 135 patients, 73% were male and 27% female. Fever (94%), muscle and joint pain (96%), headache (86%), and nausea (87%) were the most common symptoms. Females reported significantly more headaches (100%) than males (78.79%, p = 0.03). No gender differences were found in vital signs, but males had significantly higher red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels (p < 0.01). Platelet count was higher in females (160,000/µL), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.68). Correlations showed that lower platelet counts were negatively correlated with higher dengue-specific antibodies (IgM and IgG), suggesting a potential early indicator of disease progression. Strong positive correlations were found between RBC count and hemoglobin (r = 0.84, p < 0.01), and liver enzymes (AST, ALT) with bilirubin (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of early detection, highlighting gender differences in symptoms and the potential of platelet counts, antibodies and liver markers in predicting dengue severity and guiding management. EWMCJ Vol. 14, No. 1, January 2026: 48-55

The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of LP-001 injection in healthy Chinese subjects. This was a single-center, double-blind, randomized, dose-escalation study. Fifty-six healthy adults were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive LP-001 or matched placebo. A total of 156.0 drug related adverse events occurred during treatment in 38 subjects who received LP-001 injection. The main events were grade 1 serum iron reduction and elevated triglycerides, which were considered related to the drug's erythropoietic effect and reversible. Pharmacokinetic exposure increased with dose (0.5-50 mcg·kg-1), but the increase in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was greater than the dose ratio (non-linear). Pharmacodynamics showed dose-dependent increases in hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), and reticulocyte count (Rtc). The pharmacodynamic indicators in the 15 and 30mcg·kg-1 multiple-dose groups were significantly higher than those in the placebo group, and the increase in RBC count was more pronounced in the 30 mcg·kg-1 group. LP001, a long-acting rhEPO, was safe and well-tolerated at all doses in this Phase I study. These findings support its continued development as a treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

The most frequent forms of α- and β-degenerate anaemias are characterized by disruption in the formation of globin protein, leading to defective hemoglobin synthesis known as thalassemia, a prevalent hereditary blood disorder. The present study aimed to diagnose hemoglobin A₂ (HbA₂) levels in patients with thalassemia in order to provide a reference for improving thalassemia control strategies. Data were collected from 155 thalassemia patients attending Baghdad Medical City between November 2024 and March 2025. Hematological parameters including red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), hemoglobin A (HbA), hemoglobin A₂ (HbA₂), and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) were analyzed, and relationships among these parameters were evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that thalassemia patients had significantly higher mean levels of HbA₂, HbA, and HbF (P ≤ 0.01) compared with the control group. Correlation analysis revealed no significant association between serum ferritin and RBC count in the HbA₂ patient group (P ≤ 0.01). The findings indicate that individuals with β-thalassemia trait typically exhibit normal serum ferritin levels, mildly elevated red blood cell counts, and increased HbA₂ levels.

Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) as a therapeutic target in a mouse model of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)

Background and Aim: The treatment of anemia with synthetic drugs has been associated with side effects such as mutagenicity and iron overload. This has led to a need for herbal-based alternatives. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the anti-anemia potential of the aqueous leaf extract of Justicia carnea in a Wistar rat model. Methodology: A total of thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of five rats each. Group 1 served as the control and received 2 mL of distilled water. Groups 2-6 were induced with anemia by a single intraperitoneal injection of Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) for three consecutive days. Groups 2-5 were administered 100 mg/kg body weight (BW), 200 mg/kg BW, and 400 mg/kg BW of Justicia carnea aqueous extract, respectively. Group 6 was administered 50 mg/kg of fersolate (standard drug). The treatment lasted for 28 days, body weight was determined at the start of the study as well as the end after which the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for analysis. Results: No significant (p>0.05) increase in body weight was observed in anemic untreated rats at the start after anemia induction and treatment with Justicia carnea (JC) aqueous extract. The red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume for the untreated anemic rats were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to those of their treated counterparts. A dose-dependent increase in RBC count was recorded following the administration of JC aqueous extract. The level of RBC reported with 400 mg/kg was not significantly (p>0.05) different from that reported for the group administered the standard drug (fersolate). JC aqueous extract administration also increased PCV and haemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study found that JC aqueous extract improved blood parameters anemic in rats Wistar rats.

Background: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, continues to pose a major global health challenge, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. While the disease is primarily diagnosed through clinical and microbiological methods, hematological parameters provide essential diagnostic and prognostic insights. Recognizing and understanding these blood-based alterations is critical for early diagnosis, timely intervention, and monitoring of disease progression. Objective: To assess and analyze the hematological variations in typhoid patients, focusing on key parameters such as white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and platelet count. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 200 samples: 100 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever patients and 100 individuals with normal complete blood count (CBC) reports, obtained from CDC Laboratories Lahore. Hematological parameters including WBCs, RBCs, Hb, and platelets were measured using automated hematology analyzers and confirmed through microscopic peripheral smear examination. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 24 to determine the frequency and percentage distribution of hematological abnormalities. Results: Among typhoid patients, 80 (40%) had leukopenia, while 20 (10%) showed leukocytosis. Low RBC counts indicating anemia were found in 66 (33%) cases, and 34 (17%) had elevated RBCs. Thrombocytopenia was observed in 76 (38.2%) patients, whereas 23 (11.6%) showed thrombocytosis. Hemoglobin levels were reduced in 69 (34.5%) patients and elevated in 31 (15.5%). In contrast, all 100 individuals in the control group had normal hematological values. Conclusion: The study highlights significant hematological disturbances in typhoid fever, with leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia being the most common findings. These parameters serve as valuable diagnostic and monitoring tools, aiding in early detection and effective management of typhoid fever.

The use of cannabis also known as marijuana is often an under-reported activity in our society. Despite legal restriction, cannabis is still used by 10% – 15% of the world’s population and chronic use could lead to psychotropic and physical adverse effects with a propensity for addiction. Population studies have also associated cannabis use with decreased pulmonary function, chronic obstructive airway diseases, and pulmonary infections. However, smoking raw cannabis remains the most common and easiest route of intake but oral extract of cannabis has better evidence of relieving self-reported symptoms of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis while the efficacy of smoked cannabis has been studied for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, glaucoma, pain, with good evidence for clinical benefits in alleviating chronic and HIV-induced neuropathic pain. In this study, fifteen (15) adult, male wistar rats, weighing 200-300g were used to test for the EFFECT OF CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF CANNABIS SATIVA EXTRACT ON SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS. The animals comprised of 3 groups i.e. control group and two test groups; the Low Dose (LD) and High Dose (HD) groups. All the animals in the two test groups (Low Dose and High Dose) daily received oral 1mg/100g body weight and 250mg/kg body weight of Cannabis sativa leaf extract for twenty-eight (28) days while the control group were fed with normal rat chow and water ad libitum without cannabis after an acclimatization period of seven (7) days, respectively. After 21 days, blood samples were obtained in all the animals by cardiac puncture technique for assessment of haematological parameters [Red Blood Cell Count (RBC), Haemoglobin Estimation (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Osmotic fragility]. It was observed that there was no significant decrease (P<0.01; P<0.05) in RBC Count of the HD group when compared with the LD and Control group, respectively. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and PCV were not significantly different in all groups while Osmotic fragility was seen to be statistically significant between the LD and HD groups when compared with the Control at 0.55 and 0.6 percentage NaCl Concentrations, respectively. It can therefore be deduced that consumption of Cannabis sativa may be therapeutic but chronic consumption of it has effect on the body’s defence mechanism that may lead to anaemia and reduced immunity.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide, including in Sudan. Chemotherapy, a primary treatment modality, often results in hematological toxicity, impacting patients' overall health and treatment efficacy. This study aims to evaluate the changes in hematological parameters in breast cancer patients before and after chemotherapy in the Sudanese population. Materials and Methods: A case control study was conducted at the National Cancer Institute in Sudan at Khartoum state, Sudan. During the period of June 2022 to December 2022. A total of one hundred (N=100) female breast cancer patients scheduled for chemotherapy were enrolled.50 sample before initiation chemotherapy, and fifty (50) samples after first cycle of chemotherapy from same patients. And fifty (50) samples from the healthy individuals as control group. Venous blood was obtained, then CBC determined using hematology analyzer (Sysmex: XP-300). Hematological parameters, including Red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count, and differential counts, were measured before the initiation of chemotherapy and after the completion of the first cycle. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests to determine the significance of changes in these parameters. Results: Significant reductions were observed in RBC levels (mean pre-chemotherapy: (3.8± 1.1) g/dL, mean post-chemotherapy: (2.1± 1.1); p<0.001) and WBC counts (mean pre-chemotherapy: 13.9 ± 1.9 x 10^3/μL, mean post-chemotherapy: 4.1 ± 1.9 x 10^3/μL; p<0.001). Platelet counts also decreased significantly (mean pre-chemotherapy: 661.8 ± 128.5 x 10^3/μL, mean post-chemotherapy: 182.4 ± 125.5 x 10^3/μL; p<0.01). Breast cancer patients before initiation the first cycle of chemotherapy show significant low in RBCs count (3.8 ± 1.1) when compared with control group (4.8 ± 0.4) (p = 0.000). Also, significant high in WBCS count (13.9 ± 1.9) when compared with control group (5.9 ± 1.3) (p = 0.000) and high PLTs count (661.8 ± 128.5) when compared with control group (262.7 ± 73.4) (p =0.000). And decrease in three parameters (pancytopenia) RBCs, WBCS, and PLTs count (2.7 ± 0.7) (4.1 ± 2.3) (182.4 ± 102.4) respectively when compared with control group (4.8 ± 0.4) (5.9 ± 1.3) (262.7 ± 73.4) (p =0.000) to all, when start the first cycle of chemotherapy. Conclusion: Chemotherapy in breast cancer patients leads to significant hematological changes, predominantly anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. These findings underscore the need for close monitoring of hematological parameters during chemotherapy to manage potential toxicities and optimize treatment outcomes for breast cancer patients in Sudan.

Hemoplasmas represent the type of bacteria that infect red blood cells, potentially leading to various health impacts, including changes in blood parameters. The close interaction between hemoplasma and red blood cells results in cell damage through immune-related and other unspecified mechanisms. Even with a strong immune response and antibiotic treatment, affected animals are likely to remain chronic carriers once clinical symptoms have subsided. These microorganisms were previously documented in sheep and other small ruminants worldwide. Since there is a lack of research on the link between Mycoplasma infection and blood parameters, our aim was to investigate how Mycoplasma infection affects these blood parameters. In addition, the study conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina represents the first documented research of hemoplasma infection in goats within this region. In this research, 20 Alpine goats were sampled to investigate the presence of hemoplasma using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene fragments were identified subsequently. The effect of Mycoplasma ovis (M. ovis) infection was observed on the following hematological parameters: Red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, Reticulocyte count, and white blood cell (WBC). Effect on white blood cell differentiation, absolute white blood cell counts, platelet count, and mean platelet volume were also investigated. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of Mycoplasma spp. in 7 out of the 20 blood samples. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that all positive samples were identified as M. ovis. The research findings highlighted potential effects on blood parameters in infected goats. Goats infected with M. ovis exhibited higher mean levels of HGB and HCT compared to uninfected goats. However, there were no statistically significant differences in RBC counts between infected and uninfected groups. The study also noted significantly higher WBC counts in goats without M. ovis infection. 35% of animals tested positive for M. ovis. Our study's findings showed notable differences in hematological parameters between goats infected with M. ovis and those that were not infected.

Hemoplasmas represent the type of bacteria that infect red blood cells, potentially leading to various health impacts, including changes in blood parameters. The close interaction between hemoplasma and red blood cells results in cell damage through immune-related and other unspecified mechanisms. Even with a strong immune response and antibiotic treatment, affected animals are likely to remain chronic carriers once clinical symptoms have subsided. These microorganisms were previously documented in sheep and other small ruminants worldwide. Since there is a lack of research on the link between Mycoplasma infection and blood parameters, our aim was to investigate how Mycoplasma infection affects these blood parameters. In addition, the study conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina represents the first documented research of hemoplasma infection in goats within this region. In this research, 20 Alpine goats were sampled to investigate the presence of hemoplasma using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene fragments were identified subsequently. The effect of Mycoplasma ovis (M. ovis) infection was observed on the following hematological parameters: Red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, Reticulocyte count, and white blood cell (WBC). Effect on white blood cell differentiation, absolute white blood cell counts, platelet count, and mean platelet volume were also investigated. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of Mycoplasma spp. in 7 out of the 20 blood samples. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that all positive samples were identified as M. ovis. The research findings highlighted potential effects on blood parameters in infected goats. Goats infected with M. ovis exhibited higher mean levels of HGB and HCT compared to uninfected goats. However, there were no statistically significant differences in RBC counts between infected and uninfected groups. The study also noted significantly higher WBC counts in goats without M. ovis infection. 35% of animals tested positive for M. ovis. Our study's findings showed notable differences in hematological parameters between goats infected with M. ovis and those that were not infected.

Background: Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium is a hemiparasite that affects red blood cells leading to their destruction (Hemolysis). In malaria disease, there is an increased bilirubin levels due to hemoglobin breakdown, decreased red blood cell count due to hemolysis and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate value due to inflammation. Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of malaria parasitemia on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red blood cell count (RBC), and bilirubin levels in affected adults attending federal university teaching hospital, Owerri, Nigeria. Method: A total of 90 subjects were recruited for the study. 50 were patients infected with malaria parasitemia, while 40 age - matched healthy subjects served as controls. Seven (7) milliliters of venous blood sample was collected at the antecubital vein aseptically. 2ml was dispensed into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid containers for RBC estimation, 2ml was dispensed into sodium citrate bottles for ESR determination, while 3ml was dispensed into plain containers for bilirubin estimation. The EDTA, sodium citrate and plain containers were properly labeled with the subjects’ names, sample numbers and date of collection. The blood dispensed into the EDTA, sodium citrate containers, were stored in a refrigerator at -4oC while the serum was stored in a freezer at - 200C prior to use. ESR was analyzed using Westergren method, RBC count using hematology analyzer, and Bilirubin was analyzed using Jendrassik Grof's method. The procedure was carried out at the Federal University Teaching Hospital in Owerri. Results: The results of the tests were analyzed using SPSS version. The mean values of ESR (14.51±5.79) mm/hr, total bilirubin (1.15±0.35) mg/dl, conjugated bilirubin (0.19±0.08) mg/dl and unconjugated bilirubin (0.93±0.25) mg/dl were significantly increased in patients with malaria infection when compared to controls (7.7±5.79) mg/dl,(0.68±0.22) mg/dl, (0.15±0.06) mg/dl and (0.53±0.17) mg/dl (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.018 and p=0.000). The mean value of RBC (3.99±0.27) x10 12/L was significantly reduced in adult patients with malaria infection when compared to controls (4.56±0.47) x1012/L (p=0.000). There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.38, p=0.007) of total bilirubin with ESR in adult patients with malaria infection. There was a significant negative correlation of total bilirubin with RBC in adult patients with malaria infection (r=-0.65, p=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that levels of ESR, RBC count and bilirubin in malaria-infected adults are altered. Therefore, there is need to monitor these parameters in malaria infection to avoid complications. The results of these tests can help to determine the severity of the infection and to identify patients who are at risk for complications or death. Early identification of patients at high risk is essential for ensuring timely and appropriate treatment, which can improve outcomes and reduce mortality.

Adult-onset spontaneous feline hypothyroidism (SH) is considered rare, but its prevalence is unknown. This study aimed to screen laboratory submissions for cats with laboratory suspected SH (LSSH) and to identify laboratory abnormalities associated with LSSH. Submissions to a commercial laboratory in Germany between January 2022 and April 2023 were prospectively screened for cats aged 3–12 years with low total thyroxine (TT4); in these cats, thyrotropin (TSH) was measured. Iatrogenic hypothyroidism was excluded by contacting submitting veterinarians. Creatinine, triglyceride and cholesterol concentration and red blood cell count (RBC) of cats with LSSH (low TT4, TSH > 0.53 ng/mL; i.e., [one sided TSH reference change value (76%) of TSH upper reference interval (RI)] + [TSH upper RI] = 0.53) were compared to euthyroid cats (TT4 within RI) and cats with suspected non-thyroidal illness (SNTIS) (low TT4, normal TSH (<0.3 ng/mL; upper RI)) by non-parametric tests. p < 0.05 was significant. In total, 31,572 submissions of cats were included, 25,169 (79.7%) were euthyroid, 3818 (12.1%) had SNTIS and 61 (0.2%) had LSSH. Cats with LSSH had higher creatinine (p = 0.002) and lower RBC count (p < 0.0001) than euthyroid cats as well as higher creatinine (p = 0.00035) than cats with SNTIS. Azotaemia (creatinine > 140 µmol/L) and anaemia (RBC < 7.2 × 1012/L) were present in 28/49 (57%) and 19/44 (43%) cats with LSSH, respectively. There was no difference between LSSH and SNTIS for the remaining parameters. In cats with low TT4, azotaemia and anaemia might indicate the presence of SH and reinforce the need for TSH testing. Hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia are not indicators of SH.

Background: Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium is a hemiparasite that affects red blood cells leading to their destruction (Hemolysis). In malaria disease, there is an increased bilirubin levels due to hemoglobin breakdown, decreased red blood cell count due to hemolysis and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate value due to inflammation. Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of malaria parasitemia on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red blood cell count (RBC), and bilirubin levels in affected adults attending federal university teaching hospital, Owerri, Nigeria. Method: A total of 90 subjects were recruited for the study. 50 were patients infected with malaria parasitemia, while 40 age - matched healthy subjects served as controls. Seven (7) milliliters of venous blood sample was collected at the antecubital vein aseptically. 2ml was dispensed into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid containers for RBC estimation, 2ml was dispensed into sodium citrate bottles for ESR determination, while 3ml was dispensed into plain containers for bilirubin estimation. The EDTA, sodium citrate and plain containers were properly labeled with the subjects’ names, sample numbers and date of collection. The blood dispensed into the EDTA, sodium citrate containers, were stored in a refrigerator at -4oC while the serum was stored in a freezer at - 200C prior to use. ESR was analyzed using Westergren method, RBC count using hematology analyzer, and Bilirubin was analyzed using Jendrassik Grof's method. The procedure was carried out at the Federal University Teaching Hospital in Owerri. Results: The results of the tests were analyzed using SPSS version. The mean values of ESR (14.51±5.79) mm/hr, total bilirubin (1.15±0.35) mg/dl, conjugated bilirubin (0.19±0.08) mg/dl and unconjugated bilirubin (0.93±0.25) mg/dl were significantly increased in patients with malaria infection when compared to controls (7.7±5.79) mg/dl,(0.68±0.22) mg/dl, (0.15±0.06) mg/dl and (0.53±0.17) mg/dl (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.018 and p=0.000). The mean value of RBC (3.99±0.27) x10 12/L was significantly reduced in adult patients with malaria infection when compared to controls (4.56±0.47) x1012/L (p=0.000). There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.38, p=0.007) of total bilirubin with ESR in adult patients with malaria infection. There was a significant negative correlation of total bilirubin with RBC in adult patients with malaria infection (r=-0.65, p=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that levels of ESR, RBC count and bilirubin in malaria-infected adults are altered. Therefore, there is need to monitor these parameters in malaria disease. The results of these tests can help to determine the severity of the infection and to identify patients who are at risk for complications or death. Early identification of patients at high risk is essential for ensuring timely and appropriate treatment, which can improve outcomes and reduce mortality.

Hematological parameters provide valuable insights into various health conditions. This study aimed to evaluate and compare haematological parameters between patients and healthy controls, assessing conditions related to specific haematological markers. Objective: To identify significant differences in haematological parameters, including haemoglobin (HGB), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW), between patients and controls. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted, including 60 patients and 60 healthy controls. Key haematological parameters were measured and statistically analyzed to evaluate differences between the groups. Additionally, the distribution of conditions such as anaemia, low MCV, and other haematological abnormalities was assessed. Results: Significant differences were observed in several parameters. Patients exhibited lower mean HGB (12.2 ± 1.3 g/dL vs. 14.32 ± 1.46 g/dL, p=0.01), MCV (84.1 ± 2.11 fl vs. 89.16 ± 3.53 fl, p=0.04), MCH (24.6 ± 4.16 pg vs. 28.13 ± 0.87 pg, p=0.001), and MCHC (30.2 ± 2.10 g/dL vs. 31.58 ± 0.24 g/dL, p=0.01) compared to controls. RBC counts were higher in patients (4.42 ± 0.32 × 10^6/µL vs. 3.87 ± 1.53 × 10^6/µL, p=0.02), while RDW showed no significant difference (13.7 ± 1.032% vs. 12.4 ± 1.22%). Regarding conditions among patients: 13% exhibited low HGB, while 9% had normal HGB levels. RBC levels were normal in 92% of patients, with 5% showing low values. HCT levels were predominantly normal (94%), with 12% showing low values. MCV was normal in 87%, with 13% showing low levels. MCH was normal in 85%, with 2% showing low levels. MCHC was normal in 96%, with 1% showing high levels. RDW was normal in 98%, with only 1% showing low levels. Conclusion: The study highlights significant haematological alterations in patients, including lower HGB, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, with normal RBC and HCT levels in most cases. These findings suggest a trend toward anaemia and related conditions in the patient population. Further research is necessary to explore the clinical implications of these alterations.

Background: Several metabolic and biochemical processes, hormone secretion, and the haematological system are all affected by smoking. Numerous studies have found that smoking is associated with higher levels of haemoglobin concentration (Hb%), total red blood cell count (RBC), and red cell distribution width (RDW). Objectives: To study the RBC parameters in healthy male smokers and non-smokers among adults. Methodology: This research was carried out in the Department of Physiology of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, from July, 2021 to June, 2022. A total of 200 participants were included with healthy adult smokers and age-matched healthy adult non-smokers. History and physical examinations were used to evaluate each individual. We measured height and weight, and calculated body mass index of the subjects. Calculations were made on cigarette smoking intensity and duration. Blood was collected to determine RBC parameters, such as total RBC count, haemoglobin level, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red cell distribution width (RDW) by using Sysmex 500i automatic haematology analyzer (Japan). Results: Among the 200 participants, 100 were adult smokers and another 100 age-matched healthy adult non-smokers. The RBC indices were significantly elevated in smokers compared to non-smokers group: mean haemoglobin concentration (g/dl)+ standard deviation (SD) were 14.17 ± 2.13 versus 13.27 ± 1.39 respectively with p<0.001, mean haematocrit (HCT) (percent)+ SD were 41.60 ± 6.88 versus 39.13 ± 5.46 respectively with p=0.005, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (fl) + SD 91.13 ± 8.86 versus 88.33 ± 5.58 respectively with p=0.033, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (pg) + SD 31.16 ± 3.26 versus 30.05 ± 3.0 respectively with p=0.016 and mean red cell distribution width (RDW) (percent)+ SD 14.74 ± 1.63 versus 14.00 ± 1.57 respectively with p=0.001. However, RBC count (×106/μl) (4.60 ± 0.80 versus 4.46 ± 0.60; p=0.143) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (g/dl) (34.23 ± 2.11 versus 34.11 ± 2.32; p=0.707) did not differ significantly between smoker and non-smoker groups. There was no statistical difference between mild, moderate, and severe smokers, according to the study's variables. Conclusion: MCV, MCH, RDW, haematocrit, and haemoglobin concentration were all significantly higher in smokers. Journal of Monno Medical College December, 2023; 9 (2):41-46

Objectives The objective of this study is to identify the haematological profile of patients with diabetes. Setting The study was conducted at the Diabetes Clinic of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. Methods/Subject The study subjects selected for this study consist of 50 type 2 diabetic patients and 25 healthy non-diabetic subjects acted as controls. They were matched for age and sex. The ages in both categories were comparable, the test being 45.2 ±12.3 years and the control 40.2±13.3 years. The hematocrit value (HCT), haemoglobin content, red blood cell count (RBCs) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) concentration with increased white blood cell counts (WBCs), mean erythrocyte haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), lymphocytes and neutrophils levels were performed. Results Hematological studies in the diabetic patients showed significantly lower HCT values, haemoglobin content, RBC count and MCV concentration than in the controls. Greater total WBC counts, MCHC concentrations, MCH, lymphocytes and neutrophils counts were observed in the patients than in the controls. The basophil count had a significantly higher value (p=0.033) in the test (0.03±0.02) than the control (0.01±0.01). Haemoglobin levels (11.9±2.2, p=0.001) and mean corpuscularhaemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (30.7±1.3,p=0.004) were significantly lower in the test group compared to controls (13.3±0.9, 32.6±1.1). No differences were found between platelet counts in the diabetic patients and the control. Conclusion There were significant changes in somehaematological parameters associated with Diabetes especially Haemoglobin, MCHC and basophil count identified in this study.

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a common congenital infection that affects approximately 0.7%–1% of all live births worldwide. Approximately 11% of newborns who are infected show symptoms at birth, and of these, between 30% and 40% are at a risk of experiencing long-term neurological complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of HCMV on hematological parameters and liver function in pregnant women in Hajjah governorate, Yemen. This study is a cross-section study that conducted in the Hajjah governorate of Yemen during a period of March to June 2023. A total of 108 blood specimens were collected from participants; 78 from patients group and 30 health group. Hematological parameters, such as total red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (HB), platelet count (PLT), and white blood cells (WBC), as well as liver function tests, such as total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin, were measured. Majority of participant patients aged between 16–21 years 27 (34.7%), studied at secondary schools (46.2%), in their second trimester 51 (65.4%), those with multigravida 54 (69.2%), and those with no history of congenital diseases 60 (76.9%). Compared with the control group, the mean WBC levels were significantly lower in HCMV patients (P < 0.05), whereas PLT levels were higher among HCMV patients (P < 0.05). Additionally, the mean levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, SGOT, ALP, and albumin were significantly lower in patients with HCMV than in HC (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the patient and healthy groups in terms of HB, RBC counts, SGPT, and total protein (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that HCMV infection had a statistically significant effect on WBC, PLT, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, SGOT, ALP, and albumin levels in pregnant women. Consequently, further studies are needed to define the role of HCMV in liver disorders.