Recycling Of Nickel Research Articles

Sustainable metal-infused polymer feedstock compatible with low-cost metal sinter-based 3D printing

Additive manufacturing has been employed to fabricate metallic parts; however, prevalent techniques are expensive and energy consuming. Therefore, fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique has grabbed the attention of researchers and industries. Despite the promising results, available materials for metal FDM 3D printing are very limited. The current study presents the development of a novel metal-infused polymeric feedstock for FDM 3D printing, consists of spiky-shaped recycled nickel powders and polylactic-acid (PLA) polymer matrix. A low-cost desktop 3D printer is employed to produce green parts; subsequently, debinding/sintering processes can be conducted to achieve a fully metallic part. The low-cost recycled nickel powder that has been used in this study is produced using the low-carbon footprint Mond process, with a significant application in production and recycling of nickel- and iron-based batteries. Furthermore, PLA is chosen because it is bio-based and biodegradable with a lower carbon footprint in the carbon cycle than fossil-fuel-derived polymers. Therefore, the whole process is an ecofriendly cycle, stepping toward the sustainable and affordable production of metallic components. Regarding development of a novel feedstock material compatible with 3D printing, it is important to understand its properties. So, the developed feedstock materials were rheologically and physico-mechanically analyzed to find the optimum filler concentration.

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) in the recycling of nickel and cadmium battery metals using electrodeposition.

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were employed in the aqueous electrodeposition of nickel and cadmium for battery metal recycling. The electrowinning of mixed Ni-Cd metal ion recycling solutions demonstrated that cadmium with a purity of over 99% could be selectively extracted while leaving the nickel in the solution. Two types of CNFs were evaluated: negatively charged CNFs (a-CNF) obtained through acid hydrolysis (-75 μeq. g-1) and positively charged CNFs (q-CNF) functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups (+85 μeq. g-1). The inclusion of CNFs in the Ni-Cd electrolytes induced growth of cm-sized dendrites in conditions where dendrites were otherwise not observed, or increased the degree of dendritic growth when it was already present to a lesser extent. The augmented dendritic growth correlated with an increase in deposition yields of up to 30%. Additionally, it facilitated the formation of easily detachable dendritic structures, enabling more efficient processing on a large scale and enhancing the recovery of the toxic cadmium metal. Regardless of the charged nature of the CNFs, both negatively and positively charged CNFs led to a significant formation of protruding cadmium dendrites. When deposited separately, dendritic growth and increased deposition yields remained consistent for the cadmium metal. However, dendrites were not observed during the deposition of nickel; instead, uniformly deposited layers were formed, albeit at lower yields (20%), when positively charged CNFs were present. This paper explores the potential of utilizing cellulose and its derivatives as the world's largest biomass resource to enhance battery metal recycling processes.

Recovery of nickel, cobalt and rare-earth elements from spent nickel–metal-hydride battery: Laboratory tests and pilot trials

The recycling of nickel, cobalt and rare earths from spent nickel–metal-hydride batteries was investigated. Nickel and cobalt were recovered as a nickel–cobalt mixed sulfide, which can be used as an intermediate raw material in existing nickel refineries. Rare earths were recovered as double sulfates, which can be recycled into industrial materials. In the recovery of rare earths, yttrium, a heavy rare earth, could be precipitated and recovered by co-precipitation with a light rare-earth double sulfate, which was considered impossible by the double-sulfate precipitation method because of high solubility of yttrium double sulfate. On the other hand, the coprecipitation behavior of yttrium was found to be unstable at the pilot scale because the stirring force was weaker than that in the laboratory experiments. In this study, the optimum conditions for leaching, double-sulfate precipitation, and sulfide precipitation reactions were determined in a laboratory test and the good performance was demonstrated in a pilot test. Based on the results, the estimated metal yields were 87% nickel, 90% cobalt, 54% yttrium, 99% lanthanum and 99% cerium. The nickel and cobalt impurities in the double sulfate that were recovered by this process were 0.04% and 0.005%, respectively, and the rare-earth impurities in the nickel–cobalt mixed sulfide were low at 0.049% yttrium, 0.007% lanthanum and 0.003% cerium. This process combined with a precipitation method showed a high separation performance.

Efficient removal of lead impurity for the purification and recycling of nickel from secondary sources based on ball-milling activated CaCO3

Efficient removal of impurity such as lead for nickel recycling from nickel-containing waste solution is become urgently necessary to supply nickel as possible to meet the tremendously increasing demand from wide industries particularly of battery production. In this study, CaCO3, abundant in nature but insoluble, was activated by mechanical ball milling and utilized to selectively precipitate lead from nickel-containing solutions. By optimizing the parameters including ball milling speed, experimental duration and dosage of CaCO3, within a wide Ni2+ concentration range, an excellent separation performance was achieved with 99.77% of Pb2+ ions removed by forming precipitation as PbCO3 and only 0.31% of Ni2+ loss accompanied. This simple and environment-friendly technology may also be used in a wider range of mutual separation of heavy metal ions, showing great potential in the enrichment of target metal as well as the purification of heavy metal contaminated wastewater.

Characterization and recycling of nickel- and chromium-contained pickling sludge generated in production of stainless steel

Pickling sludge generated during the neutralization of pickling wastewater with calcium hydroxide in stainless steel pickling process was characterized using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, etc. The major compositions of pickling sludge are CaF2, CaSO4, Me(OH)n (M: Fe, Cr, Ni), and the content of CaF2 is high in the sludge. The melting point of pickling sludge is about 1350 °C and the viscosity is about 0.14 Pa·s at 1450 °C, which are comparatively lower than those of normal refining slag. After heat treatment, the contents of sulfur and fluorine in the pickling sludge were reduced, confirming the thermal decomposition of sulfate in the sludge. Fluorine in the sludge is reduced by the gaseous SiF4 and AlF3 generated through the reactions of CaF2 with SiO2 and Al2O3. The preliminary results from the reduction test indicate that the sulfur content in the steel is not affected by the presence of sulfur in the sludge. The recovery of nickel is about 40%, and the chromium content changes marginally due to the protective atmosphere under the reduction condition of chromic oxide. The pickling sludge is a potential auxiliary material for the production of stainless steel.

Recycling of nickel from NiOOH/Ni(OH) 2 electrodes of spent Ni–Cd batteries

In this work, nickel from the positive electrode of Ni–Cd batteries was recycled by chemical precipitation and electrodeposition. The structure of the material recovered by chemical precipitation is affected by temperature. Alfa nickel hydroxide is stable at low temperature but becomes beta nickel hydroxide with increasing of the synthesis temperature. Electrodeposition was accomplished by using the galvanostatic technique. The chronopotentiometric plots presented a plateau potential in the initial stage of the deposit growth due to the reduction of ionic nickel. Charge density of the plateau potential and charge efficiency decreased with increase in current density. Charge efficiency around 81.0% was the largest for current densities between 5.0 mA cm −2 and 10.0 mA cm −2 for q = 9.0 C cm −2. As charge density increased to 90.0 C m −2, the electrodeposition efficiency decreased. In this case, there is a second plateau potential at which the evolution of hydrogen on the nickel electrode, the principal reaction, is quickly reached. Charge density affects not only the reaction kinetics, but also the deposit morphology. A decrease in microporosity is observed with the increase in charge density. The microporosity increases as the current density increases for the same charge density.

Approaches to Handling Environmental Problems in Mining and Metallurgical Regions

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金属材料のリサイクルプロセス Ｎｉ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｏのリサイクル

金属材料のリサイクルプロセス Ｎｉ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｏのリサイクル