Recycled Mixes Research Articles

Numerically investigation of particle distribution in industrial-scale DTB crystallizer based on CFD modelling

The suspension state of crystals in the crystallizer is one of the important indicators for evaluating the adaptability of the crystallizer. This study adopted the Euler-Eulerian two-fluid model to simulate and analyze the fluid motion of solid-liquid two-phase flow in the industrial-grade DTB crystallization kettle, as well as the phase suspension distribution of crystal particles. The main influencing factors investigated are: the heat transfer effect, the height of the bottom of the crystallizer, the number and position of the stirring paddle, crystal size and crystal volume fraction. Based on the research of Euler-Eulerian method to simulate fluids, the Euler-Lagrangian method was further used to simulate the motion state of particle phases with different particle sizes in the crystallizer. It was found that the designed DTB crystallizer has good recycle mixing effect. The particles can be mixed evenly during the operation, which can fully realize the solid-liquid mixing and suspension effect of the drug under study.

Effect of Public Fillers on Cement-Stabilized Recycled Mixes of Road Performance: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure, and Durability.

In order to address the challenges of resource utilization posed by construction waste, the substitution of natural aggregate (NA) with public fill (PF) contents was investigated for load reclamation and road grassroots applications. A comprehensive assessment of road performance for the recycled mixture was conducted, focusing on parameters such as unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength, compressive resilience modulus, dry shrinkage, and frost resistance. Additionally, the impact of incorporating PF at various types and replacement ratios on the microstructure of cement-stabilized aggregate (CSA) was analyzed. The results indicated that the unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized recycled mixture with varying PF contents meets the base strength requirements for heavy, medium, and light traffic pavement on secondary and sub-secondary roads in China. Notably, the unconfined compressive strength and resilience modulus follow a similar pattern, reaching their peak at a 25% PF content. Microscopic examination reveals that an appropriate PF content leads to the predominant formation of C(N)-A-S-H, hydrotalcite, Ca(OH)2, and CaCO3 as paste reaction products. As the replacement of public fill increases from 0% to 25%, there is a gradual stacking of gel products, which enhances the compactness of the microstructure by cementing together unreacted particles. Consequently, this process reduces dry shrinkage strain and effectively mitigates the formation of reflection cracks. Applying large quantities of public fill to road construction can effectively deal with various waste accumulation problems and produce a novel road material with significant social, economic, and environmental benefits.

Recycled Materials as Resource in Concrete for Sustainability

Though concrete offers several benefits like strength, versatility in shape, and cost-effectiveness yet stands far from the point of Sustainability. The natural ingredients are getting exhausted and hence alternative materials have picked up these places and thereby point towards replacement of natural materials by secondary materials.The present study orients towards the use of recycled aggregates for M40 grade concrete that is obtained from construction and demolition waste both coarse and fine as a complete replacement to natural coarse and fine aggregates. The concrete specimens are tested for 7, 28 days normally. This results in understanding the performance of recycled concrete mix. The same may be compared to conventional mix for finding of compressive strength. The normal mix observed has attained nearly 98% of the target strength while the recycled mix was 86% at 28 days of curing, which indicates the secondary materials can provide a replacement for the natural aggregates. Also, in the concrete cement is replaced by fly ash in regular percentages - 20, 40, and 60% and with recycled materials indicates results of better performance in strength at 20 and 40% in both normal and recycle mix than at 60%. Fly ash is considered a good alternative for an eco-friendly environment.

Evaluation of degree of blending and its effect on performance of recycled hot-mix asphalt under different preheating conditions

This research comprehensively explored the function of preheating temperature and quantified the contribution of degree of blending (DoB) to performance of recycled hot-mix asphalt (HMAs). Five groups were designed, including no blending group, full blending group, and three experimental groups at preheating temperatures of 60, 110, and 160 °C. It can be found that the preheating temperature played a positive impact on DoB and performance of recycled HMAs. As the preheating temperature increased by 50 °C, about 0.13%–0.2% of reclaimed asphalt binder can be additionally activated, and the tensile strength ratio, shear strength, and fracture energy of recycled HMAs can improve by around 6%–8%, 0.07–0.15 MPa, and 304.2–335.4 J·m2, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that the performance of recycled mixes designed at preheating temperature of 60 °C was close to that of no blending group, while the mixes designed at a preheating temperature of 160 °C can reach to those of full blending group.

Flexural capacity of eco-friendly reinforced concrete beams

In the construction industry, concrete is the most utilized building material. It is produced from different natural resources such as sand and gravel, as well as cement. The production of concrete is causing harm to the environment, yet its use became a necessity. To solve this humongous environmental challenge, many researchers devoted a considerable effort to partially replacing concrete mix components with waste material derived from glass, plastics, aluminum, wood ash, construction and demolition wastes, or tires. In the current study, a novel effort was conducted to incorporate all the above-mentioned wastes in a concrete mix design and to assess its performance. Five recycled mix designs were explored and based on the concrete mechanical properties derived, an optimum mix was realized. The optimum mix incorporated the following waste percentages: 2% crumb rubber (CR) partially replacing sand, 20% powdered glass (PG) partially replacing sand, 50% recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) partially replacing coarse aggregates, and the addition of 0.5% plastic. The optimum recycled mix was utilized to cast a real-life-size reinforced concrete beam which was compared to a normal mix beam.

Effect of design parameters on degree of blending and performance of recycled hot-mix asphalt incorporating fine reclaimed asphalt pavement particles

Due to the rich binder content and high economic benefits of fine reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) particle, more and more attention has been paid to the effective design of recycled hot-mix asphalt (HMA) incorporating this material. This research explored the effect of design parameters on degree of blending (DoB) and performance of recycled HMAs incorporating fine RAP particles. Six groups of mixes were designed, including one no blending group, four experimental groups, and one full blending group. The different parameters of preheating temperature, compaction effort, asphalt content (AC), and blending duration, were involved in this research. It can be found that the recycled HMAs incorporating fine RAP particles under the traditional design proved to the risks in water stability and low-temperature performance. By rising the preheating temperature, decreasing compaction effort and increasing AC, or extending the blending duration, more RAP binder would be activated and blended with the virgin binder, and the poor rheological performance of recycled HMAs can be restored. The different design parameters have different effects on the performance. Besides, the actual contribution of DoB to performance was quantified. With an increase in DoB by 10%, the tensile strength ratio, shear strength, fracture energy, fracture strength, and abrasion loss percentage of recycled mixes can improve by around 15%∼28%, 0.15–0.34 MPa, 180–1969 J·m2, 0.25–0.34 MPa, and 7–18%, respectively. In addition, design incorporating fine RAP particles generally can bring significant advantages in energy consumption and CO2 emission.

Appraising the synergistic use of recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete aggregate for the production of sustainable asphalt concrete

Material obtained from the demolition of concrete structures and milling of flexible pavements has the highest potential for recyclability. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of hot mix asphalt with the concurrent use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Contents of RAP and RCA were varied from 0% to 50% by fixing the total recycling materials percentage to 50%. Penetration grade 40/50 virgin binder and waste engine oil (WEO) as rejuvenator were used in the present study. A series of tests, such as Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength test, IDEAL CT, uniaxial compression test, and resilient modulus test, were carried out to assess the performance of the prepared recycled asphalt mixtures. SEM images revealed the presence of the medium to fine particles on RCA indicating the rough surface texture. Except RAP10 (10% RAP plus 40% RCA) and RAP50 (50% RAP) mixes, all mixes had Marshall stability value greater than the control mix, the highest for RAP40 (40% RAP plus 10% RCA) mix followed by RAP0 (50% RCA) mix. In the case of resilient modulus, the effect of RAP is more pronounced till 40% resulting in an almost linear increase in values. Also, RAP40 exhibited the highest rutting and fatigue resistance. As far as moisture sensitivity is concerned, all the mixes performed satisfactorily as the tensile strength ratio (TSR) was greater than 80%. Overall, the major factors affecting the performance of recycled mixes were surface roughness, stiffness of the aged binder and rejuvenator.

The Effect of Recycled Material and Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) on Asphalt Concrete Mixture Performance

Pavement recycling is an appropriate technology for constructing and restoring road pavement structures due to the limited supply and high cost of pavement materials. This study aims to improve the recycled mix's performance by replacing the fine aggregate in the recycled mix for road pavement with Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA). The percentage of recycled material (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement/RAP) in the mixture was limited to 20% and 30% by weight of the total mixture. BGA was added by 3%, 6%, and 9% in each mixture with the RAP variation. Mixture performance was obtained through Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) testing. The ITS test results showed that the ITS value of the mixture with RAP and BGA increased by an average of 4.7–15% compared to the mixture without RAP and BGA. The Toughness Index (TI) value increased by 3.5–19.8% with the addition of RAP. With the addition of 3% BGA, the TI value tends to increase and subsequently decrease up to 9% BGA levels. The result indicated that adding 30% RAP and 3% BGA to the mixtures improved pavement performance and could be a solution to increase the elasticity and fracture resistance of the mixture. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-09 Full Text: PDF

Field investigation of a deep recycled base course layer containing dedicated three component hydraulic and bituminous binder

This paper provides an analysis and validation test of a recycled mix containing a three-component binder consisting of CEM I 32.5R (40 %), hydrated lime (20 %) and cement by-pass dust (40 %). A monitoring system based on fibre optic sensors was used to verify the strain state of the recycled layer and the effectiveness of the solution. The strain state simulation relied on the information from additional monitoring of environmental factors, such as temperature and moisture content in the cross-section of the recycled layer. The temperature effect was included in the numerical model based on the Fourier-Kirchhoff model. In addition, the generalized Maxwell model was employed to account for the load application time to describe the pavement layers' stiffness modulus. The strain state findings from the monitoring system were found in good agreement with the laboratory numerical simulation results. The numerical simulation used the results of the Leutner test to quantify the bond between the SMA and the FB-RCM/EB-RCM recycled layer. The analysis presented here was supplemented by nondestructive testing with the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). The results confirmed the convergence between the recycled base course stiffness moduli obtained in the laboratory and the results of FWD identification. The comparative field tests of the strain state and standard properties (Sm, Va and ITSdry) validated the assumed aim of this study: obtaining a recycled layer made with a three-component road binder, which exhibited reduced stiffness and increased indirect tensile strength. Compared to the bitumen emulsion (EB-RCM), foamed bitumen in the recycled mix (FB-RCM) provided more favorable physical and mechanical properties and tensile strain reduction at the bottom of the recycled layer.

Recycling of polymer modified bituminous mixes with reclaimed asphalt pavement – An experimental study

Recycling is an attempt to effectively utilize the used material to manufacture new material of acceptable or if possible superior quality materials. Recycling promotes resource preservation, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in manufacturing. Recycling can be effectively applied for bituminous pavements. The scarified bituminous material from the surface course can be mixed with fresh aggregates and/or fresh binder to relay new pavements performing the same function as in the original application. Thus scarified bituminous material, which is milled from asphalt surface is recycled in hot mix asphalt. Hot mix recycling has shown to be an effective method due to its low cost and capacity to produce mix of a high calibre. Thus, reclaimed asphalt pavement recycling is necessary for use for technical, economical, and environmental reasons. The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of hot asphalt mixtures using recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). Bituminous material that had been scarified was obtained for the current investigation from a national highway in Belagavi, India. It was discovered that the project location has a BC-II and PMB-40 gradation. The site-recycled material underwent a bitumen extraction test to determine its gradation and binder concentration. In the current laboratory experiment, four different sorts of mixes were created and put to the test. New bituminous mixes were made using the BC-II gradation. Two mixes were proportioned, and recycled materials were used to partially replace the coarse and fine aggregates in the BC-II mix, respectively. The mixes were produced using the Marshall approach and the MS-2 criterion. The mixes were investigated in terms of their Marshall properties, moisture susceptibility through ITS & TSR tests. The recycled mix when combined with fresh aggregates and binder to compensate for loss in gradation and ageing of binder respectively results in a mix of properties similar and even better than fresh bituminous mix.

Microscopic studies of binder blending on laboratory recycled asphalt mix

ABSTRACT During blending between the binders in hot mix recycling, two physical processes occur, namely blending due to diffusion and blending due to mechanical agitation. In the present study, an experimental approach is developed to observe these processes directly on the laboratory recycled asphalt mix samples. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) are used as the probing tools. The binder concentration profile is estimated at different locations around the reclaimed asphalt pavement material (RAPM) aggregate. Diffusion is observed to be predominant in some of these locations, while, in some other locations, mechanical mixing is observed to be predominant. Assuming that pure Fickian diffusion is happening at those diffusion-spots, the coefficient of diffusion is estimated from the concentration profile at those locations. It is envisaged that the proposed approach would provide a microscopic perspective of the extent of blending during the recycling process.

New recycling technologies of demolished materials for sustainable finishes: the project of concrete reuse on site in Tres Cantos, Madrid

The work presented aims to analyse the feasibility of reusing concrete, once demolished from a building in Tres Cantos in Madrid, to manufacture finishing materials for buildings, as well as to design a procedure. The first phase consists of a bibliographic search on the reuse of materials, analysing the techniques adopted so far and the lines of work. The second phase related to the acquisition of data related to the production and recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) at a European level. The third phase consists of the study of recycled aggregates resulting from demolitions or landslides, their treatment process. The fourth and final phase consists of the development of a laboratory test plan to evaluate varied materials for finishing exterior cement pavements with concrete from the demolition of the case study building. There were many conclusions and results of the project. The granulometry of the fine fraction of demolished concrete is suitable to produce non-structural products, such as building finishes and in particular non-driveway outdoor flooring. In terms of flexural and compressive strength, the mechanical behaviour of recycled mixes is lower than that of reference mixes. The recycled mixes show slightly higher capillary absorption capacities than the reference mixes, and the value is higher the greater the percentage of recycled aggregates used (a critical issue which can be resolved by pre-saturating the recycled material).

New recycling technologies of demolished materials for sustainable finishes: the project of concrete reuse on site in Tres Cantos, Madrid

The work presented aims to analyse the feasibility of reusing concrete, once demolished from a building in Tres Cantos in Madrid, to manufacture finishing materials for buildings, as well as to design a procedure. The first phase consists of a bibliographic search on the reuse of materials, analysing the techniques adopted so far and the lines of work. The second phase related to the acquisition of data related to the production and recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) at a European level. The third phase consists of the study of recycled aggregates resulting from demolitions or landslides, their treatment process. The fourth and final phase consists of the development of a laboratory test plan to evaluate varied materials for finishing exterior cement pavements with concrete from the demolition of the case study building. There were many conclusions and results of the project. The granulometry of the fine fraction of demolished concrete is suitable to produce non-structural products, such as building finishes and in particular non-driveway outdoor flooring. In terms of flexural and compressive strength, the mechanical behaviour of recycled mixes is lower than that of reference mixes. The recycled mixes show slightly higher capillary absorption capacities than the reference mixes, and the value is higher the greater the percentage of recycled aggregates used (a critical issue which can be resolved by pre-saturating the recycled material).

Evaluating the engineering properties of asphalt mixtures containing RAP aggregates incorporating different wastes as fillers and their effects on the ageing susceptibility

Ageing of asphalt mixtures occurs by intrinsic variables (properties and quantity of the binder and air voids) and extrinsic variables (environmental factors) during production and service life. This topic has been studied extensively in the existing literature, but the potential of alternate filler on the ageing resistance of asphalt mixes and the influence of the interaction between filler and asphalt binder has not been thoroughly examined. The underlying objective of this study was to evaluate the ageing resistance potential of four waste fillers, Jarosite (JS), Hydrated Lime mud (HL), Fly Ash (FA) and Sugarcane Ash (SA), compared to conventional fillers, Stone Dust (SD) on the recycled mix. The recycled mixes were prepared with 50% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material, locally available natural aggregate, VG-10 grade asphalt binder and studied fillers. The performance properties, including cracking resistance, moisture susceptibility, resilient modulus, rutting, and fatigue resistance of unaged and long-term aged recycled asphalt mix, were evaluated in this study. The results indicated that the ageing resistance of recycled mixtures was highly affected by filler type. HL possesses the highest ageing resistance potential, followed by JS, FA, SA, and SD. The results demonstrated that JS and HL filler significantly improved moisture, rutting, and crack resistance in unaged and long-term aged recycled mix, which are critical factors in extending the durability of pavement. JS and HL filler showed lower fatigue life of recycled mix while tested at higher strain levels due to their higher stiffness. In contrast, FA and SA fillers resulted in a mixed value of properties of the recycled mix compared to SD filler. SA filler showed the lowest cracking resistance (Indirect tensile strength value 1420 kPa for unaged mix and 1573 kPa for aged mix) and moisture resistance (Tensile strength ratio value 78% for unaged mix and 75% for aged mix) among all fillers. The recycled asphalt mix containing SA was found to be highly susceptible to moisture damage, cracking and ageing. The overall conclusions of this study ascertain that the ageing resistance potential of HL was highest among the studied waste fillers for all the studied properties due to its fineness, higher porosity, presence of calcite and increased asphalt film thickness of the mix. • Ageing resistance potential of hydrated lime mud was highest among the studied fillers due to its fineness and the presence of calcite. • Jarosite and hydrated lime mud filler significantly improved moisture, rutting, and crack resistance. • Hydrated lime mud possesses the highest ageing resistance potential among waste fillers, followed by jarosite, fly ash, and sugarcane ash. • Sugarcane ash filler showed the lowest cracking resistance and moisture resistance.

Recycled Multi-Material Packaging Reinforced with Flax Fibres: Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour.

In this work, the use of a recycled mix stemming from the treatment of multilayer aseptic packaging used in the food and beverage industry is proposed as the matrix for short fibre composites reinforced with flax fibres, to generate value-added materials in contrast to the more common end-of-life scenario including energy recovery. This is expected to be a preferred choice in the waste hierarchy at the European level. A commercially available material (EcoAllene) obtained from multilayer packaging recycling was compounded with short flax fibres up to 30 wt.% by twin screw extrusion, with a view to enhancing its poor mechanical profile and broadening its applications. Composites were in depth analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, which highlighted the complex nature of this recycled product, a limited nucleation ability of flax fibres and a lower thermal stability due to the premature degradation of natural hemicellulose and cellulose, though featuring in any case onset degradation temperatures higher than 300 °C. Composites’ mechanical properties were assessed in tension, bending and impact conditions, with remarkable improvements over the neat matrix in terms of stiffness and strength. In particular, at 30 wt.% fibre content and with 5 wt.% of maleated coupling agent, an increase in tensile and flexural strength values by 92% and 138% was achieved, respectively, without compromising the impact strength. The effectiveness of flax fibres confirmed by dynamo-mechanical analysis is beneficial to the exploitation of these composites in automotive interiors and outdoor decking applications.

Effect of Bitumen Production Process and Mix Heating Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Hot Recycled Mix Asphalt

Heavy traffic loads require the replacement of damaged pavements, so a huge amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material is now available and must be recycled in order to avoid landfill and to achieve both environmental and economic benefits. The most common and profitable solution to reuse RAP is associated with the hot recycling technique, as it allows recovering both solid and binding components of RAP. Several factors influence the performance of hot recycled mix asphalt (HRMA). Among those, this paper focuses on the role played by the origin of the virgin bitumen, i.e. the oil-distillation process, and by the mixing temperature adopted during HRMA production. The objective was to evaluate the rheological properties of mixtures produced using a high amount of RAP (50%), two different rejuvenators, two mixing temperatures (140 °C or 170 °C) and two neat bitumen types derived from different distillation processes (visbreaker and straight-run). The results showed that the addition of RAP led to an increase in the dynamic modulus and a decrease in the phase angle, while the use of rejuvenators partly tended to rebalance these characteristics. The visbreaker bitumen showed a higher sensitivity to short-term aging than the straight-run, determining higher mix stiffness and lower viscous features. The higher mixing temperature also determined an increase in the complex modulus and a reduction in the phase angle as a result of the higher mobilization of the aged bitumen from the RAP.

Investigation of Waste Electrical Power Plant Oil as a Rejuvenating Agent for Reclaimed Asphalt Binders and Mixtures.

One of the main difficulties with employing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is bitumen aging; hence, the percentage of RAP in the HMA is limited. This research evaluates the rheological properties of the RAP binder and the performance of HMA containing high RAP content using waste engine oil (WEO) from an Electrical Power Plant as a rejuvenator. The rheological and microstructural properties of the RAP binder and rejuvenated RAP binder were determined in the laboratory. Both the recycled and rejuvenated recycled mixes were tested for Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, dynamic modulus (E*), and flow number tests. The RAP binder was recovered using two different processes: rotavapor distillation followed by centrifugation (RCRD) and column distillation without centrifugation (RNCCD). The optimal WEO percentages for the RCRD and RNCCD recovery procedures were 0.5% and 3%, respectively. The Marshall test results revealed that adding WEO to the recycled mix enhanced its stability and flow compared to the control mix. The rejuvenated mix containing recovered binder from the RCRD recovery process was found to be better than the rejuvenated mix containing recovered binder from the RNCCD recovery process. The rejuvenated recycled mixes outperformed the recycled mix in terms of moisture resistance, which was evidenced by tensile strength ratio values of 0.88, 0.90, and 0.91 for the control and 0.5% and 3% WEO modified mixes, respectively. Finally, the results of dynamic modulus and flow number testing revealed that the rejuvenated mixes had a modest drop in both the dynamic modulus and flow number compared to the non-rejuvenated mix.

Aggregate packing characterisation of cold recycled mixtures

ABSTRACT Despite its significant role in cold recycling mix design and construction process, the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates’ gradation and physical properties are relatively less understood. The ambiguities associated with the gradation effect led to challenges in determining the best practices in gradation control and stockpile management and blending in both cold-in-place and central plant recycling operations. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to quantify the impact of gradation changes and proportioning of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates on the packing characteristics and performance of cold recycled mixtures. Binary blends consisting of fine and coarse reclaimed asphalt pavement stockpiles were combined to obtain fourteen gradations using a volumetric aggregate proportioning technique. The compatibility of five of the most prominent binary aggregate packing models was evaluated in cold recycling application. The modified Toufar model was able to accurately predict the blend of fine and coarse aggregates that offers the optimum packing prediction. Complex modulus tests showed linear viscoelastic characteristics of the cold recycled mixtures as well as the sensitivity to the packing states. In essence, this research shows the effectiveness of applying volumetric packing principles and aggregate proportioning techniques to achieve improvements in cold recycled mixtures’ volumetric and mechanical performance.

Modified Recycled Foam Mix Asphalt with Agriculture and Industrial Waste as a Filler

Modified Recycled Foam Mix Asphalt with Agriculture and Industrial Waste as a Filler

Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Mixtures Modified by Nanoclay Powder on Moisture Damage

Recycling asphalt is a significant stage in pavement industry, yet it can be unfavorable to the durability of the recycled mix due to the loss of binder charachteristics, thus the mixture will be weaker to the external factors like moisture. This study aims to evaluate the influence of nanoclay montmorillonite k10 powder (MMT) on Marshall’s characteristics and moisture resistance in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixtures. Three percentages of rejuvenated RAP were used, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the total mixture, these percentages were modified with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% nanoclay (MMT) of the neat binder’s weight. Asphalt Cement AC(85-100) was used to rejuvenate the RAP. The Marshall test was conducted on modified RAP to detect the effect on the Marshall stability and flow and air void, indirect tensile strength tests (ITS) were also conducted before and after nanoclay powder addition to compare and assess the resistance of moisture to rejuvenated RAP mixtures. The results of the laboratory tests have shown that the use of 5% nanoclay in the regenerated RAP mixes offers superior performance than without it, where it enhanced stability by 15%, reduced flow by 14.3%, and increased moisture damage resistance by 3.66% all for 50% RAP mixtures.