Recursive Causality Research Articles

Five Interconnections of Race and Class

Abstract This paper proposes a five-part empirical typology of interconnections of race and class. We describe the mechanisms whereby (1) race is a form of class relation; (2) race relations and class relations reciprocally affect each other; (3) race acts as a sorting mechanism into class locations; (4) race acts as a mediating linkage to class locations; and (5) race interacts with class in determining other outcomes. Rather than insisting on one or another mechanism as the overarching framework for conceptualising the interconnections between race and class, we propose a theoretical integration of all five within a functionalist model. The model reconciles the empirical effects of race variables with a class-functionalist explanation of race. Our typology of interconnections is useful for situating concrete empirical phenomena, and our theoretical integration of those interconnections offers a coherent explanatory system that captures the recursive causality of race and class.

The recursive and causative correlations for viability of the third way of development of the Amazon

The conceptions of development implemented and experimented within the Brazilian Amazon weren’t inclusive, not being solidifying in socioeconomically long term. The Amazon urges for development that advocates the inclusion of the full exercise of civil, political and civic rights; in sustainability that are conceived in the long term, susceptible to continuity, without exhausting, in parts or in full, the biome that sustains it. This article aims to find the correlation and recursive causality between the discourse of the third way of development and it’s variables: environmental, economic and social, which will be the object of an analysis towards a new paradigm of development in the Amazon. To organize the collected data, Libault's (1971) methodology will be applied, which organizes the data into four distinct stages: compilation, correlation, semantics and normative process. Also considering the need to create a recursive relationship between the results of the variables, we developed a matrix that portrays the recursive and causal process of the variables: Economic, Environmental and Social. Facing the analyses, we obtain results which indicate that in the process there is causality and recursion in the third way, considering that there is a correlation between the terms: Amazon, biodiversity, value, products and economy.

Intersections between Eija-Liisa Ahtila and Gilbert Simondon: imagistic experience in the associated milieu

ABSTRACT This article proposes intersections between the Finnish artist Eija-Liisa Ahtila and French philosopher Gilbert Simondon and puts forward a complex approach to experience relative to specific behavioral ecologies/environments (umwelt) in terms of the concepts of image and associated milieu. Conceiving imagistic experience as embodied experience, I go beyond the image as visual or pictorial or issues of interpretation and representation based on discursive language. The image is linked to biological, psychic and collective processes of individuation which conjugate individuals and milieus within techno-aesthetic experience. The viewer and the image are agent in imagistic experience, given that the individual and his associated milieu co-exist in a reciprocal relation which involves aspects of interiority and exteriority of the image. Containing aspects of interiority and exteriority, the image appears in the interaction between the human and world. On the one hand, images inhabit us and we create our worlds with them; on the other, images as quasi-organisms have their own life and signification. There is a recursive causality between the image’s interiority and exteriority. Both philosopher and artist investigate the ways we see, perceive, feel, and assign meanings to the techno-aesthetic artifacts we produce and the associated milieus in which we find ourselves. Thus, based on the images that Gilbert Simondon reveals to us and those that Eija-Liisa Ahtila presents to us, I propose to problematize imagistic process as a process of individuation in which viewer, milieu and image co-emerge simultaneously as imagistic experience.

Analyzing the Nexus Between Geopolitical Risk, Policy Uncertainty, and Tourist Arrivals: Evidence From the United States.

This study attempts to explore the causal linkage of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, and tourism arrivals in the United States taking data from January to November 2020. In order to analyze the above relationship, this study uses a novel time-varying granger causality test developed by Shi et al. (2018), which incorporates its three causality algorithms such as forward recursive causality, rolling causality, and recursive evolving causality. The findings from forward recursive causality could not confirm any significant causal relationship between COVID-19 and tourism, geopolitical risk (GPR) and tourism, economic policy uncertainty and tourism, and geopolitical risk and COVID-19 but found causality between economic policy uncertainty and COVID-19. The rolling window causality reported bidirectional causality between COVID-19 and tourism and unidirectional causality running from tourism to geopolitical risk. However, the recursive evolving causality identified a significant bidirectional causal relationship between all the variables. Based on the findings, policy implications for the tourism sector are provided.

A note on the interaction between stock prices and exchange rates in Middle-East economies

Ample studies have been conducted to analyse the interaction between stock prices and exchange rates in developed and developing countries. However, studies on Middle-East economies are limited. Moreover, many existing studies test for Granger causality in a bi-variate setting which in turn leads to conflicting causality results. The goal of this study is to investigate the causal interaction between stock prices and exchange rates empirically in Iran, Kuwait, Oman and Saudi Arabia from January 2004 to December 2011. Among four Middle-East economies, we find that stock prices and exchange rates have bi-directional causality in Iran, Oman and Saudi Arabia, but the variables do not interact in Kuwait. Additionally, the recursive causality tests reveal that these relationships are stable over the analysis period. Therefore, stock prices and exchange rates affect each other at least in Iran, Oman and Saudi Arabia.

How Stable is the Savings-led Growth Hypothesis in Malaysia? The Bootstrap Simulation and Recursive Causality Tests

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the vindication of the savings-led growth hypothesis for the Malaysian economy with the long-run TYDL version of the Granger causality test—Toda and Yamamoto (1995) and Dolado and Lütkepohl (1996). This study used the quarterly sample from 1970:Q1 to 2008:Q4. The recursive regression procedure will also incorporate into the TYDL causality test to measure the stability of the savings-led growth hypothesis in the long-run. Our empirical results support that the savings-led growth hypothesis is a long-run phenomenon and stable over time. Therefore, the Malaysian dataset supports the endogenous growth theory. JEL Classification: C22, E21, O16

On Some Affinities of Morin’s Complex Thinking with That of Chinese Classic Philosophy

Morin (1921) founded the complex mode of thinking in order to remedy the defects of the Western classic simple mode of thinking. In doing so, he approached to some degree the mode of thinking inherent to the Eastern civilization. This article elucidates that for some principles of Morin's complex thinking, such as correlation of opposites, recursive causality, and union of unity of multiplicity, there were similar ideas in Chinese classic philosophy. This shows that the complex paradigm of thinking, in a certain point of view, will be the fusion of Western and Eastern cultural factors. Besides, in integrating his theory of complexity with the reality of our time to find out solutions to the issues of globalization, Morin has become one of the representative thinkers of the planetary age of humankind.

Using Programme Theory to Evaluate Complicated and Complex Aspects of Interventions

This article proposes ways to use programme theory for evaluating aspects of programmes that are complicated or complex. It argues that there are useful distinctions to be drawn between aspects that are complicated and those that are complex, and provides examples of programme theory evaluations that have usefully represented and address both of these. While complexity has been defined in varied ways in previous discussions of evaluation theory and practice, this article draws on Glouberman and Zimmerman's conceptualization of the differences between what is complicated (multiple components) and what is complex (emergent). Complicated programme theory may be used to represent interventions with multiple components, multiple agencies, multiple simultaneous causal strands and/or multiple alternative causal strands. Complex programme theory may be used to represent recursive causality (with reinforcing loops), disproportionate relationships (where at critical levels, a small change can make a big difference — a `tipping point') and emergent outcomes.

Recursive causality in evolution: A model for epigenetic mechanisms in cancer development

Interactions between adaptative and selective processes are illustrated in the model of recursive causality as defined in Rupert Riedl's systems theory of evolution. One of the main features of this theory also termed as theory of evolving complexity is the centrality of the notion of 'recursive' or 'feedback' causality - 'the idea that every biological effect in living systems, in some way, feeds back to its own cause'. Our hypothesis is that "recursive" or "feedback" causality provides a model for explaining the consequences of interacting genetic and epigenetic mechanisms which are known to play a key role in development of cancer. Epigenetics includes any process that alters gene activity without changes of the DNA sequence. The most important epigenetic mechanisms are DNA-methylation and chromatin remodeling. Hypomethylation of so-called oncogenes and hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes appear to be critical determinants of cancer. Folic acid, vitamin B12 and other nutrients influence the function of enzymes that participate in various methylation processes by affecting the supply of methyl groups into a variety of molecules which may be directly or indirectly associated with cancerogenesis. We present an example from our own studies by showing that vitamin D3 has the potential to de-methylate the osteocalcin-promoter in MG63 osteosarcoma cells. Consequently, a stimulation of osteocalcin synthesis can be observed. The above mentioned enzymes also play a role in development and differentiation of cells and organisms and thus illustrate the close association between evolutionary and developmental mechanisms. This enabled new ways to understand the interaction between the genome and environment and may improve biomedical concepts including environmental health aspects where epigenetic and genetic modifications are closely associated. Recent observations showed that methylated nucleotides in the gene promoter may serve as a target for solar UV-induced mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. This illustrates the close interaction of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in cancerogenesis resulting from changes in transcriptional regulation and its contribution to a phenotype at the micro- or macroevolutionary level. Above-mentioned interactions of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in oncogenesis defy explanation by plain linear causality, things like the continuing adaptability of complex systems. They can be explained by the concept of recursive causality and has introduced molecular biology into the realm of cognition science and systems theory: based on the notion of so-called feedback- or recursive causality a model for epigenetic mechanisms with relevance for oncology and biomedicine is provided.