Recovery Of Ions Research Articles

Recovery of metal ions in lithium iron phosphate powder and lithium nickel-cobalt-manganate powder by electrochemical oxidation

In recent years, lithium-ion batteries have been increasingly used in electric and hybrid vehicles. It is anticipated that the first lithium-ion batteries will be discarded at the height of their useful lives in 2025, so developing an effective and ecologically friendly recycling process is essential. In this study, an electrochemical cathode synergism is proposed for the electro-catalyzed oxidation of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide powder and lithium iron phosphate powder to extract metal. The oxidation of Fe2+ and the release of Li+ (98 %) in LiFePO4 and the leaching of Ni (92 %), Co (91 %), Mn (94 %) and Li (97 %) from its NCM523 were mainly triggered by the rapid attack of a large amount of OH during advanced oxidation. The leaching kinetic analysis showed that the leaching system for electrochemical leaching of binary and ternary cathode materials was a chemical reaction control model, and the leaching thermodynamic analysis showed that the dissolution of each metal ion was feasible in this leaching environment. The suggested recycling technique utilizes fewer chemicals and generates less waste when compared to previous recycling techniques. The method offers a fresh approach to environmentally friendly recycling for spent lithium-ion battery leaching and recycling.

Ionized acrylamide-based copolymer / terpolymer hydrogels for recovery of positive and negative heavy metal ions.

In this study, we explored the effective capture of both cations and anions onto a single adsorbent. Acrylamide (AAm) served as the polymer backbone, onto which co-monomers sodium p-styrenesulfonate (SS) and N,N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide (DMAPAA) were grafted, creating ionized polymer hydrogel adsorbents. These adsorbents were engineered for the synergistic separation and recovery of heavy metal cations and anions from concentrated solutions, focusing specifically on industrially significant ions such as Ni2+-, Cu2+, Zn2+ and (Cr2O7)2-. The adsorption and desorption behaviors of the AAm terpolymer hydrogels were investigated across various pH solutions, considering the competition and concentrations of these specific metal ions. Moreover, the study delved into the effects of the internal pH environment within the hydrogel adsorbents, determining its impact on the type of metal adsorbed and the adsorption capacity. Our findings indicated that the adsorption of cations was enhanced with a higher proportion of SS relative to DMAPAA in the hydrogel. In contrast, significant anion capture occurred when the concentration of DMAPAA exceeded that of SS. However, equal ratios of SS and DMAPAA led to a noticeable reduction in the adsorption of both types of substrates, attributed to the counteractive nature of these co-monomers. To enhance the adsorption efficiency, it may be necessary to consider methods for micro-scale separation of the two types of monomers. Additionally, the adsorption capacity was observed to be directly proportional to the swelling capacity of the hydrogels. For complete desorption and separation of the cations and anions from the adsorbent, the application of concentrated NaOH solutions followed by HNO3 was found to be essential. Given the varying concentrations of cation and anion pollutants, often present in heavy metal factory effluents, it is crucial to fine-tune the ratios of DMAPAA and SS during the synthesis process. This adjustment ensures optimized efficiency in the decontamination and recovery of these significant heavy metal ions.

Study of processes for the recovery of lithium ions from extremely saturated formation brines

Study of processes for the recovery of lithium ions from extremely saturated formation brines

Highly selective ion precipitation flotation for ternary Co–Zn–Mn separation: Stepwise chelation capture of Co and Zn from simulated zinc hydrometallurgy wastewater

Ion precipitation flotation technology was demonstrated to be an efficient method for the separation of valuable metals from low-concentration solution. However, the selective separation of three metals from mixing solution is a great challenge, and highly selective reagents are the key to polymetallic separation. In this work, stepwise separation of Co and Zn from the simulated zinc hydrometallurgy wastewater containing ternary Co–Zn–Mn metals by ion precipitation flotation process was proposed. It's demonstrated that organic reagents of 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (NN) and sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (SDDC) had excellent selectivity for the capture of Co and Zn to form respective precipitate from wastewaters via the chelation reactions. After precipitation, dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPC) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) were chosen as surfactants for the separation of Co and Zn sediments from the solution via the flotation process. The effects of solution pH, molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the selective precipitation efficiencies of Co and Zn as well as the effects of surfactant dosage and flotation gas velocity on the flotation separation efficiencies were systematically investigated. It's demonstrated that the comprehensive recovery rates of Co, Mn, and Zn reach 98%, 90%, and 99%, respectively. After separation, oxidation calcination of the foam products was conducted to prepare high-purity Co3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles in which the organic matters were burnt out with gas emissions. The stepwise chelation capture mechanisms of Co and Zn by highly selective precipitation reagents were minutely discussed. It's demonstrated that the proposed selective stepwise precipitation and flotation method is suitable for recovery of critical metal ions from low-concentration polymetallic wastewaters.

Redox flow deionization using Prussian blue and functionalized ion exchange membrane for enhanced selective ion recovery

Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a newly developed water treatment technology that offers better performance than the original, solid electrode capacitive deionization (CDI). By eliminating the need for discharging process, FCDI provides much higher desalination capacity with a continuous desalination operation. Along with applications for salt removal, selective removal and recovery of specific ions are also prominent features of FCDI technology. Characteristics of electrodes and ion exchange membranes play a crucial role in controlling the selectivity of ions in an FCDI system. In this study, we demonstrated selective and continuous ion recovery by combining redox-active Prussian blue as flow electrodes and functionalized ion exchange membranes in FCDI configuration. Prussian blue selectively absorbs monovalent Na+ ions from Na+/Ca2+ mixtures through intercalation reaction, in which a smaller Stokes radius of Na+ ion is more favored to fit in the crystal lattice. Furthermore, such selectivity is much more enhanced through functionalization of a cation-exchange membrane (CEM) with polymer multilayers. A layer-by-layer method was used to deposit poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) on the CEM. Results showed that polymer multilayers changed the CEM from divalent to monovalent ion-affinity due to different ion sizes and charge density. The combination of Prussian blue and functionalized CEM raised the selectivity for sodium around 17 times compared to a control system (0.2 to 3.35). We believe that our approach can provide insight into various areas including resource production, recovery, removal of toxic ions, and material recycling using an FCDI system.

Sulfate Doping Promotes Agglomeration of Calcium Fluoride Crystals.

Calcium salt precipitation is an effective solution to wastewater fluoride pollution. The purity and precipitation efficiency of calcium fluoride is critical for its removal and recovery. This study aimed to reveal the role of coexisting sulfates in the precipitation of calcium fluoride. A low sulfate concentration promoted calcium fluoride precipitation. The size of calcium fluoride-aggregated particle clusters increased from 750 to 2000 nm when the molar ratio of sulfate to fluoride was increased from 0 to 3:100. Sulfate doped in the calcium fluoride crystals neutralized the positive charge of the calcium fluoride. Online atomic force microscopy measurements showed that sulfate reduced the repulsive force between calcium fluoride crystals and increased the adhesion force from 1.62 to 2.46 nN, promoting the agglomeration of calcium fluoride crystals. Sulfate improved the precipitation efficiency of calcium fluoride by promoting agglomeration; however, the purity of calcium fluoride was reduced by doping. Sulfate reduced the induction time of calcium fluoride crystallization and improved the nucleation rate of calcium fluoride. Sulfate should be retained to improve the precipitation of calcium fluoride and to avoid its loss from the effluents. However, it is necessary to separate sulfate from fluoride to obtain high-purity calcium fluoride. Therefore, sulfate concentration regulation in high-fluoride wastewater is key to achieving the efficient removal and recovery of fluoride ions.

Assessment of metal extraction from e-waste using supported IL membrane with reliable comparison between RSM regression and ANN framework

Recently, efficient techniques to remove indium ions from e-waste have been described due to their critical application. This paper illustrates the recovery of indium ions from an aqueous solution using a liquid membrane. CyphosIL 104 described the excellent potential for the extraction of indium ions. Evaluation of the five process parameters, such as indium concentration (10–100 mg/L), carrier concentration (0.05–0.2 mol/L), feed phase acidity (0.01–3 mol/L), chloride ion concentration (0.5–4 mol/L) and the stripping agent concentration (0.1–5 mol/L) were conducted. The interactive impacts of the various parameters on the extraction efficiency were investigated. The response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to model and compare the FS-SLM process results. RSM model with a quadratic equation (R2 = 0.9589) was the most suitable model for describing the efficiency. ANN model with six neurons showed a prediction of extraction efficiency with R2 = 0.9860. The best-optimized data were: 73.92 mg/L, 0.157 mol/L, 1.386 mol/L, 2.99 mol/L, and 3.06 mol/L for indium concentration, carrier concentration, feed phase acidity, chloride ion concentration, and stripping agent concentration. The results achieved by RSM and ANN led to an experimentally determined extraction efficiency of 93.91%, and 94.85%, respectively. It was close to the experimental data in the optimization condition (95.77%). Also, the evaluation shows that the ANN model has a better prediction and fitting ability to reach outcomes than the RSM model.

Selective recovery of Nickel from electroplating rinse bath wastewater by an integrated Donnan Dialysis/precipitation process

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work is to experimentally assess the application of a hybrid process, Donnan Dialysis (DD)/precipitation, for the selective separation and recovery of Nickel ions from Nickel electroplating rinse bath effluent. The primary objectives include facilitating water and Nickel reuse while protecting environmental resources. The separation of Ni (II) via an ion-exchange membrane was investigated experimentally. Operational parameters, such as the type of cation-exchange membrane, initial Nickel (II) concentration, and counter-ion concentration, were systematically studied to understand their impact on the productivity and selectivity of DD process. Simultaneously, the feasibility and efficiency of Ni (II) recovery from the receiver compartment through the precipitation process, forming Ni3(PO4)2, were examined. Results indicate that, under optimal conditions and with an initial Ni (II) concentration of 200 mg/L or less, the removal efficiency reached 90% after 24 hours of dialysis. Significantly, the type of cation-exchange membrane emerged as a crucial factor influencing Ni (II) removal. Additionally, employing PO4 3- as a precipitation reagent in a stoichiometric ratio yielded an excellent Ni recovery performance of 99%. Consequently, the treated effluent (feed compartment) becomes suitable for recycling in a new electroplating operation, while the solution obtained in the receiver compartment can be reused for another DD cycle process after Ni (II) recovery as Ni3(PO4)2. Importantly, this hybrid method produces a valuable Ni3(PO4)2 precipitate of excellent quality.

Synthesis of lithium ion-imprinted polymers for selective recovery of lithium ions from salt lake brines

With the rapid development of electric vehicles and new energy industries, there has been a significant increase in demand for lithium resources. This study presents a novel approach using a lithium ion-imprinted polymer (Li-IIP) prepared through bulk polymerization, which can effectively adsorb lithium ions from salt lake brines. The Li-IIP was synthesized using Li+ as the template ion, methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, and methanol/acetonitrile as the solvent. Crosslinking of the polymerization reaction was achieved with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Additionally, benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5) was introduced as a selective ligand to enhance immobilization of the template ion. Characterization techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET nitrogen adsorption analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and zeta potentiometry were employed to analyze Li-IIP properties. The effects of preparation conditions on Li-IIP synthesis and adsorption conditions on its capacity were investigated. Results showed that after 30 min of adsorption in a 300 mg·L-1 solution at pH = 8.5, the equilibrium adsorption capacities of imprinted material (IIP) and non-imprinted material (NIP) were found to be 30.53 mg·g−1 and 17.81 mg·g−1 respectively, resulting in an imprinting factor of 1.71. Moreover, Li-IIP displayed good selectivity towards Li+ in the presence of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, exhibiting an adsorption capacity retention rate of 89.20 % even after eight adsorption–desorption cycles. Therefore, the synthesized Li-IIP demonstrates good selective adsorption capacity for Li+, and provides a new approach for lithium extraction through adsorption from salt lake brines.

A simple vitamin B6-based fluorescent chemosensor for selective and sensitive Al3+ recognition in water: A spectral and DFT study

This paper describes the development and characterization of a hydrazone-type chemosensor for the detection of Al3+ ions. Hydrazone is based on pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide and exhibits a blue emissive turn-on response upon binding to Al3+. The aggregation-induced emission enhancement phenomenon of the sensor and its Al3+ complex was investigated in mixed DMSO/H2O solvents. The sensor is capable of detecting extremely low levels of Al3+ ions (8 nM) in almost pure water, making it suitable for analyzing water with good ion recovery. Quantum chemical calculations were used to optimize the structure and electron absorption spectra of the sensor and its Al complex. The chemosensor has low toxicity levels (up to 50 μM) on tumor and non-tumor cell lines, which makes it a potential candidate for bioimaging use. This study provides valuable insights into the development of fluorescence sensors for precise recognition of metal ions.

Designing of functional zirconium silicates for vanadium ions recovery from model and real wastewaters

The efficient removal of vanadium(V) from model and real wastewaters by using adsorption is challenging due to the different oxidation states of this element. To address this problem, three adsorbents with different functionalities – ZrO2, ZrO2–SiO2, and ZrO2–SiO2–NH2 – were prepared via in situ sol-gel synthesis. To optimize the adsorption process conditions, different pH values, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent mass, temperature, and phase contact time, were evaluated, and the results of static experiments were presented. Furthermore, to describe the process in detail, commonly known kinetic, equilibrium as well intraparticle diffusion models were applied and analyzed. A kinetic study showed that V(V) removal occurred quickly and reached a level higher than 90% within 30 min when ZrO2–SiO2–NH2 was used. What is more, it was demonstrated that the ZrO2–SiO2–NH2 adsorbent exhibited the best properties and capacity in V(V) sorption, with maximum sorption (89.31 mg/g) achieved at optimum process conditions. The prepared adsorbents were thoroughly evaluated in terms of chemical composition, surface nature, morphology and structural properties. The incorporation of vanadium ions into the surface of ZrO2–SiO2–NH2 was proved and the mechanism of adsorption was proposed. The obtained results provided the high potential of the synthesized zirconium silicates in the uptake of vanadium ions from model and real wastewaters, and may open up new possibilities for the design of effective wastewater treatment methods.

Development of a HTPB-PMHS stability-enhanced extraction gel membrane for nickel ion recovery

A stability-enhanced extraction gel membrane (EGM) with a thin functional layer of carrier for metal ion recovery was prepared and improved by cross-linking technology. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) was used as the coupling agent to form a cross-linked network skeleton. Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) and HTPB were hydrosilylated to form a compact cross-linked structure. In addition, the D2EHPA (carrier) was fixed on polymer cross-linked structure. The prepared stability-enhanced EGM was characterized by SEM, EDS, ATR-IR, XPS. The influence of preparation parameters was studied and compared systematically. The optimum preparation conditions obtained from the data indicate that the total polymer concentration is 8 wt%, the mass ratio of HTPB/PMHS is 1:2, and the mass ratio of TEOS/VTES is 1:1. After 72 h of stability experiments, the mass transfer flux decreased from 2065.46 mg m−2 h−1–1718.82 mg m−2 h−1, the overall flux attenuation rate is only 16.8 %, which is 50.8 % lower than that of EGM without surface enhancing layer. In comparison, the flux attenuation rate of the traditional supported liquid membrane (SLM) even reached 100 % after 66 h. Therefore, the stability-enhanced EGM prepared in this study presents obviously higher operating stability compared with the EGMs operated at same conditions. The results suggest a potential approach for metal ions removal from water with high efficiency and stability.

Selective Recovery of Low-Concentration Light Rare Earth Ions from High-Concentration Ammonium Sulfate System by Coordination Ability

Selective Recovery of Low-Concentration Light Rare Earth Ions from High-Concentration Ammonium Sulfate System by Coordination Ability

Enhanced Lutetium Ion Sorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Ion Exchangers.

The growing demand for rare earth elements (REE) requires the search for economically viable materials to efficiently recover REE from various solutions. Our research aims to investigate the potential of using a combination of the ion exchangers Lewatit CNP LF (in H+ form) and AV-17-8 (in OH- form) as an interpolymer system, "Lewatit CNP LF@AV-17-8" (X:Y), with varying mass ratios of X:Y to enhance the sorption efficiency of lutetium ions from nitrate solution. During the study, we used a range of analytical methodologies, including gravimetry, ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Our findings demonstrate that the interpolymer system "Lewatit CNP LF@AV-17-8" (X:Y), with a mass ratio of 4:2, exhibited a significantly enhanced sorption rate of Lu3+ ions (42%) compared to the individual Lewatit CNP LF (6:0) (25%) and the individual AV-17-8 (0:6) (21%) over a 48 h period. Moreover, this interpolymer system has demonstrated notable conformity to the Freundlich adsorption model, highlighting its performance as an effective sorbent for lutetium (III) ions. Notably, our study presents a novel utilization of the interpolymer system "Lewatit CNP LF@AV-17-8" (4:2), with an adsorption capacity of 221.05 mg/g, to enhance the recovery of lutetium ions. The research findings demonstrate its potential for enhancing the recovery of REE.

Self-assembled dendrimer polyamide nanofilms with enhanced effective pore area for ion separation

Membrane technology using well-defined pore structure can achieve high ion purity and recovery. However, fine-tuning the inner pore structure of the separation nanofilm to be uniform and enhance the effective pore area is still challenging. Here, we report dendrimers with different peripheral groups that preferentially self-assemble in aqueous-phase amine solution to facilitate the formation of polyamide nanofilms with a well-defined effective pore range and uniform pore structure. The high permeabilities are maintained by forming asymmetric hollow nanostripe nanofilms, and their well-designed ion effective separation pore ranges show an enhancement, rationalized by molecular simulation. The self-assembled dendrimer polyamide membrane provides Cl–/SO42– selectivity more than 17 times that of its pristine polyamide counterparts, increasing from 167.9 to 2883.0. Furthermore, the designed membranes achieve higher Li purity and Li recovery compared to current state-of-the-art membranes. Such an approach provides a scalable strategy to fine-tune subnanometre structures in ion separation nanofilms.

Highly-sensitive detection and efficient recovery of silver ions by water-soluble sulfur quantum dots

In the reported detection and exploration experiment, precipitation was found, which enabled the research on silver ion recovery, integrating detection and recovery with greatly improved efficiency.

Activated carbon from Camellia oleifera shells for adsorption of Y(iii): experimental and DFT studies.

Yttrium is an important rare earth element and is widely used in fields such as special glass preparation, metallurgy, and materials science. However, it is difficult to recover yttrium ion waste from dilute solutions with traditional processes, resulting in a significant waste of rare earth resources. The simple, effective, and easy-to-operate adsorption method is the most promising method for recovering yttrium, which is of great significance for sustainable development of the rare earth industry. In this study, activated carbon was prepared from Camellia oleifera fruit shells (COS) using phosphoric acid activation, and efficient recovery of Y(iii) from the Camellia oleifera fruit shell activated carbon was studied. Adsorption equilibrium data showed that this activated carbon had a Y(iii) adsorption capacity of 35.41 mg g-1, indicating significant potential for recovery of yttrium ions. The adsorption of Y(iii) by the activated carbon prepared from COS was consistent with the Langmuir model, and the adsorption data were consistent with the pseudo second-order kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption process was primarily chemical adsorption. After adsorption, the surface of the activated carbon contained large amounts of N, O, and Y, indicating that Y(iii) was stably adsorbed. The mechanisms for adsorption of Y(iii) on three types of activated carbon were studied through DFT calculations. The results showed that Y(iii) interacted with the carbon atoms on the surfaces to form new chemical bonds. The yttrium ion adsorption capacities for the three different activated carbons decreased in the order C I > C II > C.

Silica-based monoliths functionalized with DTPA for the removal of transition and lanthanide ions from aqueous solutions.

Transition and rare earth metals serve as indispensable raw materials across a broad spectrum of technological applications. However, their utilization is frequently linked to substantial waste production. Consequently, the recycling and recovery of these metals from end-of-life products or metal-contaminated aqueous environments hold significant importance within the framework of a circular economy. In our investigation, we employed synthetic mesoporous silica monoliths, synthesized via the sol-gel method and functionalized with chelating groups, for the efficient recovery of metal ions from aqueous matrices. The monoliths were characterized using a multi-technique approach and were tested in the recovery of paramagnetic Gd3+, Cu2+ and Co2+ ions from aqueous solutions, using 1H-NMR relaxometry to evaluate their uptake performance in real time and under simple conditions. Detailed information on the kinetics of the capture process was also highlighted. Finally, the possibility to regenerate the solid sorbents was evaluated.

BioMagnetic-graphene-aminoclay nanocomposites for sustainable adsorption and precious metal recovery from industrial waste effluents

The recovery of precious metals from waste effluents using low-cost adsorbents is arousing widespread attention. This attention is driven by the depletion of natural resources, increasing industrial demand for these metals, and intensified awareness of environmental protection. In response to the growing trend of waste valorization, we have developed a novel, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly adsorbent that combines bio-magnetic nanoparticles derived from bacterial biofilm waste with graphene oxide (GO) and aminoclay. This biomag-GO-aminoclay nanocomposite adsorbent is synthetised using a simple, environmentally friendly and scalable sonication-assisted electrostatic stabilization approach. The adsorption performance for precious metal is demonstrated for silver ions recovery showing exceptional adsorption with nearly 100 % uptake of Ag+ ions across a wide pH range (pH 2–9), rapid adsorption kinetics, a high maximum sorption capacity (98.04 ± 5.6 mg/g) and 100 % silver recovery over five adsorption-desorption cycles. Furthermore, the biomag-GO-aminoclay facilitates the in-situ reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0, thereby enhancing the economic viability of producing value-added silver products while promoting sustainable environmental remediation practices. Overall, this research underlines the potential of new biomag-GO-aminoclay adsorbent as a versatile and effective solution for recovering precious metals from industrial waste streams, offering a pathway towards both economic benefit and environmental stewardship.

EDTA-Functionalized Hierarchical Porous Microspheres for Effective Cobalt Ion Recovery from Water

The new adsorbent EDTA@PSV, which is a hierarchical porous microsphere modified with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, has demonstrated its effectiveness in extracting valuable metals. With a high surface area of 665 m²...