National Reconstruction Research Articles

A Massacre in Memphis: The Race Riot that Shook the Nation One Year after the Civil War by Stephen V. Ash (review)

Reviewed by: A Massacre in Memphis: The Race Riot that Shook the Nation One Year after the Civil War by Stephen V. Ash Andrew Slap (bio) A Massacre in Memphis: The Race Riot that Shook the Nation One Year after the Civil War. by Stephen V. Ash. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2013. Pp. 288. Cloth, $27.00.) It is surprising that this is the first book-length study of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866. The three days of bloody violence little more than a year [End Page 622] after the end of the Civil War attracted extended national attention and affected the course of Reconstruction. The dramatic events were also well documented in a meticulous congressional inquiry, providing a treasure trove of primary sources to historians. Stephen Ash suggests that, “paradoxically, the extraordinary sources that the riot left in its wake are the kind of things historians who study the nineteenth century long for, yet they simultaneously vex the historian, whose job it is to analyze, synthesize, and contextualize, to make order out of chaos. Another way of putting this is to say that the Memphis riot raises challenging questions about the history historians write” (189). Perhaps that is why Ash chose to write a book on the riots in three parts, each with a distinct style and perspective. This book could easily have been a discordant jumble, but instead Ash shows that he is a master historian able to entertain and enlighten simultaneously. The first part of the book provides a fairly traditional background history of Memphis before the riot. It is well balanced for different audiences, as the relevant literature is cited in notes, while terms like “Fenianism” and “Lost Cause” are deftly explained in the text. Ash divides the city into four different categories covered in separate sections: Yankee Memphis, rebel Memphis, Irish Memphis, and black Memphis. The combination of politically active Yankees, unrepentant rebels anxious about emancipation, a large number of poor Irish, and a huge influx of recently freed blacks seeking to define their won freedom created a volatile situation. Making matters worse was a long-standing antipathy between many of the Irish and blacks, which became even more problematic when the Irish took control of the city in 1865 because so many rebels were disenfranchised. Black soldiers and Irish policemen simultaneously tried to keep the peace while fighting with each other. In the second part of the book, Ash re-creates how the simmering tensions in Memphis boiled over on April 30, 1866, and the following three days of rioting. Ash intentionally breaks many of the rules of historians here, such as writing about past events in present tense and jumping back and forth between different people’s perspectives with no transitions. It works, however, incredibly well. For instance, at the beginning of the riot, “Samuel Dilts leaves his house and goes down toward South Street to see what is happening. Ahead of him, the policemen and their citizen allies are emerging from Causey onto South, shouting and firing their pistols in every direction. Bullets zip by close to Samuel. He has no stomach for this sort of thing. He turns and goes back to his house” (102). Ash has not only provided by far the best account of the Memphis Race Riot, but he has done so in a literary style that makes one feel they are reading a novel instead of a meticulously researched and documented history. [End Page 623] The last section of the book takes another turn in discussing the aftermath and memory of the riot. Ash explains how despite a congressional investigation into the riot and it becoming a rallying cry for national Reconstruction, neither the state nor the federal government ever took action against the perpetrators of the violence. Then, in striking contrast to the novel-like second section, Ash explicitly discusses how historians have studied and understood the riot. Similar to the first part of the book, though, this section is well balanced for different audiences, with a general explanation in the text and multipage discursive notes analyzing particular articles and interpretations. The paradox presented is that while historians agree that the riot was important...

A Critical Consideration about the Death Penalty of the Supreme Council for Nation Reconstruction Period(1961〜1963) in South Korea

A Critical Consideration about the Death Penalty of the Supreme Council for Nation Reconstruction Period(1961〜1963) in South Korea

Tourism Planning and a Nation's Vision: A Review of the Tourism Policy of Sri Lanka

As tourism is a vector of development, governments try to coordinate planning with national development objectives. In Sri Lanka, a post-war country, tourism has been perceived as a tool for post-war reconstruction and reconciliation. A blueprint document; the ‘Sri Lankan Tourism Development Strategy 2011-2016’, whose objectives are to distribute national economic benefits through tourism to economic development and national social cohesion, is guiding tourism development. Can it really be a bridge for reconstruction? This conceptual paper aims to assess the tourism reality in post-war Sri Lanka in the light of the blueprint document, by reviewing the policy with regards to; public or private tourism development, domestic or international tourism, special interest or mass tourism, tourism supply or resources focusing on the distribution of benefits. It concludes identifying gaps between the government tourism strategy, socio-economic and political situation. It contributes to the literature on Sri Lankan tourism development post-war, notably to review the tourism blueprint in its recognition and helps to build a body of knowledge on understanding tourism policy in the context of national reconstruction and social cohesion.

The Vivekananda Kendra in India: Its ideological translations and a critique of its social service

This article is based on field work with the Vivekananda Kendra in Kanyakumari, India. The Vivekananda Kendra (“the Kendra”) is a Hindu spiritual organization founded in 1972, based on principles promoted by Swami Vivekananda. The organization’s members translate Vivekananda’s Vedanta and Yoga ideals into national reconstruction. The efforts of Eknath Ranade as the key transmitter of Vivekananda’s ideals, the way he effectively wove austerity, renunciation, and service to realize them, and the Kendra’s strategy of social service and its effects are discussed. In particular, the Kendra’s social service is analyzed on the basis of its social consciousness, its views on social issues and gender, its Hindu nationalist stance, and its relationship with the establishment and the global political economy. This critical discourse highlights the Kendra’s emphasis on Vedantic socialism as opposed to traditional socialism. The lenses by which the Kendra views society are gendered and ethnonationalist. It deals with matters of justice, equity, and state relations from a benevolent patriarchal vantage point.

The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan by J. Charles Schencking (review)

Reviewed by: The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan by J. Charles Schencking Gregory Smits (bio) The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan. By J. Charles Schencking. Columbia University Press, New York, 2013. xxii, 374 pages. $50.00, cloth; $49.99, E-book. As Japan’s most deadly seismic disaster by far, the September 1, 1923, Great Kanto Earthquake has received much attention over the years in Japanese. It has also been the subject of numerous journalistic accounts in English of varying quality.1 Scholarly treatments of this event in English have often focused on the lawlessness following the shaking and fires.2 Recently, the Great Kanto Earthquake has come in for a new round of study by scholars of Japan. One example is Gennifer Weisenfeld’s monograph analyzing the visual culture connected with the catastrophe.3 Now, J. Charles Schencking has produced a meticulous study of the social and political history of the earthquake and its aftermath. These books constitute part of a growing body of academic literature in English on Japanese earthquakes.4 Their broader intellectual context includes studies of earthquakes in other regions of the world and a large multidisciplinary literature on natural disasters.5 [End Page 505] Although The Great Kantō Earthquake makes an important contribution to the literature on Japanese earthquakes and on natural disasters, much of the book is a close analysis of politics during the 1920s. In other words, Schencking uses reactions to the 1923 catastrophe as a lens through which to bring sociocultural debates and the political process into sharper relief. With respect to natural disasters, Schencking argues convincingly that despite the rhetoric of change and renewal that modern catastrophes inevitably generate, even events as dramatic and destructive as the Great Kanto Earthquake lack the power to bring about a fundamental alteration of society. A related argument with respect to Japanese politics during the 1920s is that the state was neither a democracy nor an autocracy. No single entity in the field of political power in that era possessed sufficient power to force significant change. Moreover, mediating or coordinating structures and practices were weak. It was a perfect configuration for blunting bold initiatives and fostering indecisiveness. This structural situation and the inevitable differences in priorities among the various political actors resulted in intense political battles and the collapse of utopian reconstruction plans. The new Tokyo that slowly emerged from the charred rubble of the earthquake was indeed an improved version of the capital, but only incrementally. The organization of the book works well. An introduction sets the stage by summarizing the major issues, with some attention to the March 11, 2011, earthquake and tsunami disaster. The first chapter takes on the difficult task of narrating the event itself in a way that describes the nature and scope of the disaster without overwhelming the reader and conveys a sense of the perceptions of those who experienced it. Such an undertaking is more an art than a science, and Schencking’s narrative, use of quoted passages, and selection of photographs does the job well. The next chapter focuses on immediate postdisaster chaos, relief, and the discourses of fear and uncertainty to which the calamity gave rise. Not surprisingly, the human response in particular shocked many commentators. The murderous anarchy that swept through many parts of the devastated city revealed an apparent deficiency in society, one that amplified a tragedy initially caused by seismic waves and flames. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with the processes that imparted meaning to the catastrophe in the months that followed. Newspapers were the most important communications medium, and their work in reporting the earthquake and soliciting donations transformed it, at least rhetorically, from a local disaster into a national tragedy. Although Schencking does not discuss this point, newspapers played similar roles in earlier earthquakes such as the 1896 Meiji Sanriku earthquake and tsunami and the 1891 Nōbi earthquake. Indeed, one could make the case that print media began the process of transforming earthquakes from regional disasters into nationwide events as early as the 1830 Kyoto earthquake. Although it is possible to find commentary [End Page 506] on Tokugawa...

The Dream and the Ordinary: An Ethnographic Investigation of Suburbanisation in Luanda

After 27 years of civil war, Angola entered the 21st century as one of the most dynamic economies in the world. In a context of ‘infrastructures for resources’ policy, Luanda, its capital city, has been the first beneficiary of a veritable boom in the construction sector. This article explores the production of new housing patterns in the periphery of the city through the study of two housing projects located more than 20 kilometres from the central business district. Panguila is a relocation settlement for impoverished people evicted from the city centre; Kilamba City is marketed as a ‘New Centrality’ aimed at the emerging middle class. While of incommensurable scale and quality, both settlements illustrate the contradictions of the new forms of suburbanism produced in Luanda nowadays. Built on ethnographic material, the article reads the aspirations of Panguila and Kilamba City inhabitants against the official view on these settlements propounded by the National Reconstruction Programme. It shows that individual dreams of home ownership meet top-down attempts to discipline urban behaviours, while demonstrating that neither is reconciled with the pragmatism of practices on the ground. The article eventually suggests that new suburbs in Luanda represent less a rupture with previous urban patterns than they continue the production of a certain socio-spatial order.

RETHINKING ASIAN MOBILITIES

ABSTRACTVietnam's economic reforms have generated much praise for the country's rapid “opening” of its markets, as if the Vietnamese nation had previously existed in a state of isolation, closed to broader global influences and exchanges. Such discourses overlook the importance of transnational circulations of people, goods, technologies, and expertise during the socialist era that were vital to Vietnam's postwar national reconstruction and continue to play a role in post-socialist economic transformation today. This article traces the socialist pathways of labor migration between Vietnam and the former Soviet Bloc (specifically, East Germany) in the 1980s, mobilities that are generally absent in studies of contemporary export labor industries. Based on multi-sited ethnographic and archival research, the author follows Vietnamese workers first to the East German factories where they labored as “contract workers,” and then through their subsequent return and reintegration into Vietnamese society after the collapse of the Soviet Union. These mobilities bespeak of an alternative history and formation of diasporic communities that are little acknowledged or addressed in literature on labor migrations, and yet are important to understanding emerging forms of stratification today in Vietnam. Moreover, an analysis of early non-capitalist experiences with overseas labor regimes in the 1980s provides insights into contemporary Vietnamese governance practices that promote—rather uncritically, similar to other “emerging countries” —export labor as a nation-building strategy to reduce endemic poverty and develop a late socialist country.

J. Charles Schencking. The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan.

J. Charles Schencking. The Great Kantō Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan.

The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan. By J. Charles Schencking. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. xxii + 374 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. Cloth $50.00, e-book $49.99.

<i>The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan</i>. By J. Charles Schencking. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. xxii + 374 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. Cloth $50.00, e-book $49.99.

Death and Disruption in the Photography of the Decena Trágica

This essay takes as its focus the intense violence of the Decena Trágica (Tragic Ten Days), a short, brutal episode in the armed Revolution, where the coup to overthrow President Francisco I. Madero in February 1913 brought the chaos and destruction of war into the centre of Mexico City. The visual link between the Mexican Revolution and death will be explored, assessing whether such imagery could be seen to provide a counterpoint to the hegemonic ‘official' vision of the Mexican Revolution that was employed in the shaping of Mexican national identity in the period of national reconstruction that followed its military phase.

Literature as a Reflection on Socio-political Realities: An Examination of Three Nigerian Writers

Considering the degree of resemblance between literature and human societies, one is convinced that literature is not just a social construct which is rooted in mere ideas, imaginations or imaginary situations. Instead, it is a social institution; a form of tradition, which has existed for a long time and is accepted as a vital component of a given society to perform certain functions. In this paper, we see literature as a social reality, which presents the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be. In the selected literary works for this study, the three writers expose and condemn the harsh and hostile social and political realities which confront the African society at different periods of its evolution. Premised on sociological approach to literary criticism, this paper justifies that literature can be employed in working out national reconstruction being a tool that can make people co-operate with one another through information sharing and dissemination. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

“Social Sinn Féin and Hard Labour”: the journalism of W.P. Ryan and Jim Larkin 1907–14

The history of Irish journalism continues to develop, particularly studies of the key journalists associated with the Gaelic Revival. The present article contributes to this historiography by closely analysing the political and cultural nationalism of two of the era's newspaper editors, W.P. Ryan and Jim Larkin. Drawing on evidence found in editorials from the Irish Peasant (1906–10) and the Irish Worker (1911–14) respectively, it is argued that both writers adhered to a form of progressive republicanism. Moreover, while both editors advocated the Revivalist goal of national reconstruction, they were also vocal and articulate critics of the more conservative elements of this movement as well as Irish nationalism more generally. The article will also examine the ideological differences which existed between Larkin and Ryan themselves. In particular it will be shown how Larkin's labour republicanism was focused on the necessity for open class conflict while Ryan viewed a transition to socialism occurring in Ireland through cross-class co-operation.

Freedom's Frontier: California and the Struggle over Unfree Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction by Stacey L. Smith

 Reviews reviews Freedom’s Frontier: California and the Struggle over Unfree Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction by Stacey L. Smith The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2013. Illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, index. 344 pages. $39.95 cloth. This book centers California, and more broadly the American West, in a story historians used to tell as the southern history of African American slavery, freedom, national reconstruction, and racial segregation. Stacey L. Smith joins a throng of recent historians pulling apart the exceptionalist story of the West as a region removed from, antithetical to, and an antidote for the racial struggle that led to the American Civil War. She relocates the West in the middle of antebellum race relations and in the failed promise of racial equality and civil rights that followed. Smith focuses on California because of its history as a free state with a complicated history of human bondage, both before and after the Civil War. And while the story she tells could be (and probably should be) explored in every western territory and state, California’s large and multiracial society — the product of generations of exchange and the tsunami of gold rush immigration — makes this a particularly satisfying analysis of the multiple forms of bound labor that existed in the West and the fluidity of racial categories across time. Smith argues that California — a transnational crossroads of imported social and economic systems — exploded the dichotomous concepts of race (black and white) and labor (free and slave) in the United States. Across seven chapters, Smith explores the different kinds of imported bound-labor practices that coexisted in California with the arrival of peoples from Chile, Mexico, Hawaii and the South Pacific, China, Japan, Europe, and the United States — white, black, and Native. As those peoples converged in the mines, their methods of “managing, binding, and disciplining labor” converged as well (p. 17). When Californians organized themselves as a free state in 1850,they had to navigate (socially as well as legally) those distinctive versions of wage and contract labor, debt bondage, peonage, indentured servitude, wardship, prostitution, and slavery. Californians did so through a shifting lens of racial classifications and valuations. Smith documents the ways slave-owning Southerners bound blacks under contracts different from hereditary slavery as a means of perpetuating state-sanctioned bondage on free soil.Asian“coolie”and Latino “peon” labor, defined as threats to free white labor, elicited legal expulsion or exclusion, yet the use of Indian or black children — bound through legal guardianship as domestic servants — gained protection. Smith also evaluates the ways in which sexual commerce and the labor of prostitutes was both normalized and criminalized, depending on race. With the onset of the Civil War, California’s Union Party embraced political emancipation,freeing African Americans while ignoring the virtual slavery of unfree Indians and Asians. In her most significant interpretive argument,Smith then connects the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act to California’s experiments with racially discriminatory immigration laws in the 1870s that evaded the “equal protection” intent of the Fourteenth Amendment and other civil rights laws by masquerading as antislavery measures. Those laws emerged as a means to prevent Asian immigration by defining their bound labor as imported slavery, a threat to free white labor, and therefore excludible. In this way, Smith traces how an era of emanci-  OHQ vol. 115, no. 2 pation in the West morphed along racial lines into a national era of exclusion. Smith excels at illustrating her arguments with the stories of real people struggling to make a living and find their place in California ’s society and polity. Rather than abstract nameless victims of bound labor and a legal system dominated by faceless white men of power and greed, she reconstructs individuals with agency, motive, and history. Smith mines information from newspapers, memoirs, letters , and legal cases, introducing readers to a parade of characters who illustrate the ambiguity and historical contingency of unfree labor.Readers meet indentured Indian servant Augustín, a New Mexican genízaro, who along with Mexican debt peons Benito Pérez and his wife, travelled from Sonora to California to dig gold and wash laundry for their patrone Antonio Francisco Coronel. There is James...

Украина все же обрела собственное лицо

Alexander Osipian identifies two key results of the Ukrainian revolution: Ukrainians have acquired their own unique subjectivity as a nation and have produced their own vision of the future. This became possible when the almost proverbial liminality and marginality of Ukraine and its inhabitants were reconsidered as a new norm, rather than as a sign of parochialism. The new hybrid understanding of Ukrainness is based on social and civic components, rather than on ethnic, linguistic, or cultural foundations. This creative and truly revolutionary reconstruction of the Ukrainian nation has been produced from below, through practical steps by hundreds of thousands of people and public debates. Political elites, busy with the redistribution of Soviet-era economic resources, have had no positive role in this process.

Verification of National Reconstruction Agency

Verification of National Reconstruction Agency

창업자의 경영철학과 조직문화에 대한 한·중·일 비교연구 - 주요 전자메이커 3사를 중심으로

The best global companies has in common strong organizational culture. The reason is because the company with strong organizational culture can centralize an ability of organizational members in one place for a strategic target. This strong organizational culture is generally based on the management philosophy of the founder who showed the powerful leadership. The management philosophy of the founder confined in a recognition dimension is conveyed the employees of organization through codification such as the company motto, vision, and corporate philosophy. Then the language and action of founder affect employees through usual management activities. The management philosophy of the founder is taken and spread to members through the codification of such management philosophy and the sustained words and acts of founders. And the unique organizational culture only for the company is formed through the sharing process and penetration of founder’s management philosophy. When a corporate establish and proceed the strategic direction, the organizational culture will become the powerful infrastructure and driving force to gather the abilities of employees in that direction. If the abilities of employees is gathered in a strategic direction, the corporate’s business performance is increased, as a result, the corporate grow up. This study started from the promise that the management philosophy of the founder will have a big influence on organizational culture of corporate, and analyzed the cases of Samsung Electronics, Haier, and Sony. In the study method, the exploratory study was started through the original quotation and the reference of precedent study in a base with the various documents which associated with three companies and founders as follows. At first, I looked for what the management philosophy of the founder was while researching corporate philosophy known by codification and a series of words and acts appeared through an administrative action of founders. As a result, the management philosophy of Ho-Am Byung-chull Lee who was the founder of the Samsung Electronics is contributism started from returning thanks for nation through business. The management philosopy of Ruimin Zhang who is the founder of the Haier is contributism started from returning thanks for nation through hard working. The management philosopy of Masaru Ibuka and Akira Morit who were the co-founders of the Sony is contributism started from nation reconstruction and cultural elevation. Their management philosophies are equally contributism. It was understood that the management philosophies of contributism of founders were early returning thanks for nation or national reconstruction, but expended the range by contribution to human society now. Next, I seek for their characteristics after analyzing the organizational culture of three companies which was influence by the management philosophy of the founder. As a result, Samsung’s organizational culture is innovative culture, competitive culture, and performance-based culture. Haier’s organizational culture is creative culture, speedy culture, and familism culture. And Sony’s organizational culture is exploratory culture, ability-oriented culture, and familism culture. By the comprehensive analysis of the last, It was briefly presented common and the similarities, differences, implications based on the management philosophy of three founders and organizational culture in three companies. In addition, we could know that the relative strength of Samsung Electronics is the highest, followed by Haier and Sony when comparing the organizational culture of three companies within the framework of the tension on achievement of a task. It was interesting points that the strength of this organizational culture matches the order of the current global competitiveness of three companies.

Defiant Retreat: The Relocation of Middle Schools to China’s Interior, 1937–1945

This study focuses on the migration of middle school students to the interior of China after the Japanese invaded in 1937. It argues that the Guomindang (GMD) central government was generally successful in handling the 500,000 displaced students, making substantial efforts to monitor, register, educate, and provide training for them, as well as establishing government-run “national middle schools” during the war. Meanwhile, the GMD also exerted a strong influence on course curriculum, instructing educators how to implement the Three People’s Principles and other party doctrines in classrooms. These processes expanded the state’s hand in secondary education and allowed the GMD to include refugee students and schools in its wartime narrative of progress, praising the students’ patriotic participation in defying the Japanese occupiers and their contribution to “national reconstruction” (jianguo). However, there were still many challenges. Refugee students, teachers, and principals forcibly converted Buddhist temples into schools and clashed with local monks, farmers, villagers, and even the GMD military. With schools merging and moving inland, relocation also provided opportunities for unscrupulous administrators and teachers to exploit the situation for themselves, as government reports reveal many cases of corruption in the wartime schools.

The great Kanto earthquake and the chimera of national reconstruction in Japan

The great Kanto earthquake and the chimera of national reconstruction in Japan

Patient access to immediate breast reconstruction following cancer surgery. Learning from the National Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction Audit (NMBRA)

s / International Journal of Surgery 11 (2013) 589e685 605 ABSTRACTS 0329: PATIENT ACCESS TO IMMEDIATE BREAST RECONSTRUCTION FOLLOWING CANCER SURGERY. LEARNING FROM THE NATIONAL MASTECTOMY AND BREAST RECONSTRUCTION AUDIT (NMBRA) Senthurun Mylvaganam, Niraj Vethirajan, Khalid Boussouara, George Metaxas, Hemant Ingle. Good Hope Hospital, Heart of England NHS Trust, Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, UK. Introduction: NICE guidance requires breast reconstruction discussionwith all patients requiring mastectomy. The national mastectomy and reconstruction audit showed significant variation in accessibility and practice in NHS Trusts offering breast reconstruction. Our trust service has evolved since the audit combining breast and dedicated plastic surgeons on site. Aims: Assess current local accessibility and practice for offering immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing mastectomy for cancer at Heart of England NHS trust (HEFT) between September 2011 to July 2012. Data collected on tumour biology, whether reconstruction options offered and if not performed why. Results: N1⁄476. Mean Nottingham Prognostic Index(NPI)1⁄44.03. Mean age1⁄461(31-90) Immediate reconstruction offered 1⁄446%. Immediate reconstruction performed 1⁄425%. Reconstruction techniques; immediate with expander(2), immediate delayed with expander(5), Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous(TRAM) free flap(7), Lattissimus Dorsi(LD) pedicled flap(2), LD with implant(2), Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator(DIEP) free flap(1). Reasons reconstruction not performed; patient choice(8), patient choosing delayed(6). Conclusion: Our trust breast cancer service is a partnership between breast and plastic surgeons with joint MDT and clinic services. The trust rate of discussion of immediate reconstruction is greater than the published NMBRA local cancer network rate(36%). An integrated oncoplastic service is a key measure towards fulfilling NICE guidance. 0331: THE IMPORTANCE OF NEEDLE CORE BIOPSY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PHYLLOIDES TUMOURS Senthurun Mylvaganam, Lucinda Frank , Clare Toro , Sarah Vestey , Steven Thrush . Worcester Royal Hospital, Worcestershire Acute NHS Trust, Worcester, Worcestershire, UK; Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Trust, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, UK. Introduction: Phylloides tumours are rare fibroepithelial breast tumours and are usually clinically and radiological indistinguishable from fibroadenomas. This makes core biopsy the main method of diagnosis. Only small studies have looked at the diagnostic histological accuracy of needle core biopsy(NCB) and none have addressedwhether there is any variability of NCB accuracy between institutions. Aims: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of NCB compared to the gold standard excision biopsy report in 2 separate hospitals trusts. Methods: Multicentre retrospective analysis of all cases of phylloides tumours on core and/or excision biopsy from March 2006 to July 2012 at Worcestershire Acute NHS Trust (WAHNST) and Gloucestershire hospitals NHS Trust (GHNHST). Results: N1⁄494. Mean age1⁄448. Mean clinical size1⁄431.7mm, mean radiological size1⁄435.4mm. WAHNST n1⁄442. NCB Sensitivity1⁄487% and Positive Predictive Value(PPV)1⁄490%. GHNHST n1⁄452 NCB Sensitivity1⁄474% and PPV1⁄4100%. Conclusion: The high sensitivity of NCB shown demonstrates its importance in the diagnosis of Phylloides tumours (comparative study in literature 63%). There does appear to be variation between pathologists in interpretation of NCB, which may be caused by the interpretation of the criteria for diagnosing Phylloides. NCB is not 100% sensitive at diagnosing these tumours so there must be local protocols to ensure tumours are not missed. 0434: BREAST CANCER SURGERY IS SAFE IN THE ELDERLY PATIENT Ramesh Yap Kannan, Nadi Khaldoun, Khawaja Saira, Sumrien Haytham, Holt Simon, Sharaiha Yousef. Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK. Aims: To assess the safety of surgical resection of breast cancer in patients over 70 years Methodology: A retrospective study of 188 consecutive patients diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 70 or older (2004 to 2008). Notes were examined for demographics, treatment, complications and final outcome. Patients received surgery with an intent to cure (SC) or conservative treatment (C). Results: 68 patients received C and 120 patients underwent SC. SC was performed in 63.8%(120 of 188), of whom 93.3% had a general anaesthetic. Mastectomy (M) was performed in 51.6%, M following a wide local excision (WLE) in 4.2% and WLE in 44.2%. Axillary surgery (n1⁄493) was either an axillary sampling (AS) in 5%, AS and clearance (AC) in 1%, primaryAC in87.1%, sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in 3.2% and SNB followed by AC in 3.2% (3 of 93). 30 day mortality was 0.008% (1 of 120) following a myocardial infarction. 10 patients had minor complications. Median follow up (SC) was 24 months versus 20 months (C). Overall survival was 89%(SC) versus 50% (C). Conclusion: Elderly patients with breast cancer, can be treated surgically with an intent to cure, safely and this has an impact on survival. 0470: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYLLODES TUMOURS AND B3 LESIONS ON CORE BIOPSY Lucinda Frank, Sarah Vestey, Richard Bryan. Gloucester Royal Hospital,

Fevered Measures: Public Health and Race at the Texas-Mexico Border, 1848-1942

John Mckiernan-González, assistant professor at the University of Texas at Austin, tackles a daunting list of topics in Fevered Measures, including race, ethnicity, national identity, shifting borders, the meaning of citizenship, and state formation. Using a series of case studies, the author demonstrates how political borders and medical borders did not always coincide. Medical borders could change depending on the health threat involved and the framework within which health officers approached it. There was no guarantee that this new medical boundary would correspond to the existing international boundary.The author begins by defining the various political, ethnic, and racial labels that were used to describe people: American, Anglo, Mexican, Mexican American, and Tejano, to offer only a partial listing. He also furnishes some background medical information on the diseases that will play such an important role in the unfolding of his narrative: smallpox, typhus, typhoid, cholera, and yellow fever. It was the public health officials who determined the medical border, the line drawn to protect American citizens. As a result, public health policies played an important role in establishing national identity. Public health officials, especially officers of the federal US Marine Hospital Service (USMHS), converted medical authority into political authority through their ability to control the flow of traffic in the border region.Professor Mckiernan-González’s first case study involves the US-Mexican War of 1846 – 1848. The military victories of the United States in the war were almost undone by the medical problems the country’s army experienced, which led to a high death rate among US forces. After civil war in Mexico and the United States in the 1860s, public health concerns became a part of the national reconstruction plans of both nations. The USMHS received the power to develop policies to meet epidemics, implementing its first military quarantine in response to an outbreak of yellow fever in Brownsville, Texas, in 1882. The quarantine involved the creation of a 190-mile-long quarantine line stretching from Laredo to Corpus Christi, effectively putting a large part of South Texas outside America’s medical boundaries and giving control over movement across the Rio Grande to the USMHS. The area quarantine seemed to confirm in the minds of Ameri-cans that Mexicans posed a medical threat.The attitudes of American medical authorities toward quarantines, of which they initially disapproved, changed dramatically in the decade after 1882, when quarantines were made a central feature of government plans. Quarantines had become a means of asserting state sovereignty. Quarantines along the Texas-Mexico border once again emphasized the problem of distinguishing between Mexican as a basis for national citizenship and Mexican as referring to an ethnic community in Texas. Reformers in the late nineteenth century were increasingly concerned about how public health fit with social justice.One of the case studies that receives extensive coverage from Mckiernan-González is that of American colonists moving to Mexico. A group of African Americans were to move from Alabama to work with the Tlahualilo Agricultural Company in northern Mexico as sharecroppers. The colonists had been misled about the conditions that they would operate in and rebelled at the treatment they were receiving from the company. They also demanded that the US government intervene to help them. The situation became even more complicated when smallpox broke out among the colonists, leading American public health officials to assert their medical sovereignty in the case. The US government came to the rescue of the colonists. When the colonists arrived in Texas, state officials placed all of them under quarantine. Texas officials later turned the colonists over to federal officials, who used them as research subjects in testing a smallpox antitoxin. The Tlahualilo intervention expanded the concept of quarantine and once again clearly demonstrated that the medical border did not necessarily coincide with the political border.One of the most spectacular case studies in this text involves the smallpox riot in Laredo in 1899. When public health authorities attempted to implement a program of vaccination and fumigation, there was strong local resistance. Opposition to the program eventually led to the involvement of the Texas Rangers and US Cavalry. While some considered vaccination as evidence of the modernization taking place on both sides of the border, others resisted forced vaccination into the 1940s.Professor Mckiernan-González demonstrates how public health activities helped to create a new sense of nationhood and changed the idea of disease in the Texas-Mexico borderlands. Drawing upon extensive archival resources in both the United States and Mexico, he provides a different way of approaching racial, cultural, and even diplomatic relations in the borderlands. Fevered Measures will make an excellent addition to such works as Amy Fairchild’s Science at the Borders: Immigrant Medical Inspection and the Shaping of the Modern Industrial Labor Force (2003) and Continental Crossroads: Remapping U.S.-Mexico Borderlands History (2004), edited by Samuel Truett and Elliott Young.