ABSTRACT Reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) has been considered a potential technology for future communication. However, few studies focus on investigating the intermodulation distortion induced by its active devices, which are employed to provide different compensation phases for the RRA elements. In this paper, the radiation pattern prediction for third‐order intermodulation (IM3) distortion of the RRA with embedded varactor diodes is first proposed. It is implemented with a nonlinear model of the varactor and full‐wave electromagnetism (FEM) simulation. The presented varactor model is first employed to design the RRA and then to acquire the power and phase of the IM3 signal in each element of the RRA, which is realized with a nonlinear harmonic‐balance and FEM co‐simulation. With the help of the HFSS software, the radiation pattern is achieved when the co‐simulation results of the RRA elements are input. The IM3 radiation measurement of the RRA is presented to verify the radiation pattern prediction of the IM3 signal. The consistent comparison results between the simulation and the measurement indicate that the proposed method is accurate. Significantly, the radiation pattern of the IM3 signal is different from that of the fundamental signal based on the designed RRA. It is meaningful and implies that it may have linearization approaches for the RRA. The proposed method will enhance the application of the RRA since the linearization approach is still a scientific challenge in future wireless networks.

Dual-polarization reconfigurable reflectarrays (RRAs) typically employ identical phase control for both polarizations, limiting their ability to optimally address power and information transfer demands within a single aperture for the indoor simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) application. This paper proposes a dual-polarization RRA that enables independent beam scanning at orthogonal polarizations using different phase control methods. Derived from a standard guided-wave 1-bit element, a rectangular strip is added to form dual-resonance characteristics. The proposed element achieves over 360° continuous phase control from 5.85~5.95 GHz at x-polarization to avoid the quantization loss for power transfer, while providing 1-bit phase control from 7.1~7.3 GHz at y-polarization to reduce cost and power consumption for communication. A prototype with 10×10 elements is fabricated and experimented with. It can achieve 2-D beam scanning with a scan angle up to 50°. The measured aperture efficiency at the polarizations for power and information transfer is 49.9% and 23.7%, respectively. These well-rounded capabilities make this RRA a highly competitive solution for indoor SWIPT.

Abstract In this paper, a wideband reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) using 1-bit resolution for beam scanning with two-dimensional (2D) capability is presented at Ku-band. A 1-bit RRA element with a rectangular patch embedded with slots is proposed for broadband operation. Each element is equipped with a single PIN diode, allowing for resonance tuning while ensuring low cost and minimal power consumption. According to the simulation results, the proposed element is capable of 1-bit phase resolution with a phase difference of ${180^\circ \pm 20^\circ}$ stability from 11.27 to 13.74 GHz, which corresponds to an approximate bandwidth of 19.75%. To demonstrate its capabilities, we developed, fabricated, and tested a wideband electronically RRA with ${14 \times 14}$ elements. The experimental results demonstrate that the realized maximum gain in the broadside direction is 21.1 dB with a peak aperture efficiency of 20.9%. 2D beam scanning within ${\pm50^\circ}$ angular range are obtained and the scan gain reduction is 1.88 dB for ${-50^\circ}$ scanned beam in E-plane while 2.21 dB for ${50^\circ}$ scanned beam in H-plane. The 1-dB gain bandwidth of the RRA is 15.1%.

We present a wideband, low-cost, and electronically reconfigurable reflectarray antenna. The unit cell of the proposed design provides a 1-bit phase quantization with a bandwidth of 2.2:1 using only one PIN diode per unit cell. Each unit cell consists of a wideband dipole antenna placed above the common ground, and a reflecting circuit situated beneath the ground and electrically connected to the dipole antenna. By relating the impedances of the reflecting circuit in its two modes of operation and that of the antenna to the desired unit cell response, we derive the conditions needed to achieve very wide operational bandwidth over which the unit cell provides a 0°/180° reflection phase response. Using this approach, we designed, fabricated, and characterized a 625-element reflectarray prototype. The digital control circuit of the reflectarray was also designed, fabricated, and integrated with it. Both simulation and measurement results in E-, H-, and D-plane revealed that this reflectarray is capable of performing two-dimensional beam steering with a scan range of ±45° over a bandwidth exceeding one octave (4.5-9.2 GHz).

ABSTRACTThis letter presents a novel generalized single‐port phase shifter topology utilizing a 360° high‐resolution reflection‐type phase shifter (RTPS), which can be applied for reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) applications. First, we propose a novel single‐port RTPS topology for the first time. Compared with the traditional dual‐port phase shifter topology, the proposed single‐port phase shifter topology can be applied in RRA elements. Moreover, a detailed theoretical analysis is conducted by establishing an equivalent topology. Second, to improve design and test efficiency, we utilize the two‐step phase extraction method. This method can reduce the required tunable states from 22n to 2n+1 for an n‐bit varactor. Additionally, to minimize the phase step, a phase step optimization theory based on load optimization is proposed. Finally, to validate the design concept, a prototype was fabricated using low‐cost PCB technology. By utilizing the two‐step phase extraction method, the required tunable states for a 6‐bit varactor are reduced by 97%. Experimental results show that the proposed 7‐bit single‐port RTPS achieves high resolution and a full 360° phase shift range with an insertion loss of 2.54 ± 1.24 dB at 2.45 GHz. Thus, the proposed single‐port RTPS topology has the potential to be applied in RRA applications.

Reconfigurable reflectarray antennas (RRAs) at sub-millimeter and terahertz frequencies are critical for communications and imaging applications. This study examines, fabricates, and measures an RRA integrated with a gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) device, operating at 220GHz. A reflectarray element on a sapphire substrate, incorporating a GaN HEMT device and a matching circuit, is designed to achieve a 1-bit phase shift of the reflected wave. Detailed analyses of the HEMT device model and the sub-millimeter element design are conducted. The proposed RRA is fabricated using standard chip processes, resulting in a 16×16 element array on an 11.2×11.2×0.1mm³ chip. The 1-bit phase-shift performance is validated through two-state reflection coefficient measurements. Due to the fabrication challenges of element control, a column-control biasing network is implemented. The 1-D beam-scanning capability of the RRA prototype is experimentally demonstrated at 220GHz, achieving a scanning angle of up to 40°. The experimental results demonstrate strong agreement with theoretical predictions.

Terahertz reconfigurable reflectarray antennas (RRAs) hold significant promise for next-generation wireless communication systems by enabling dynamic beam control to mitigate severe path loss at high frequencies. This work presents a Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS)-based RRA for terahertz amplitude control using tunable split-ring resonators. First, a terahertz switch in standard 65 nm CMOS process is designed, tested, and calibrated on the chip to extract the equivalent impedance, enabling precise RRA element design. Next, a reconfigurable element architecture is presented through the co-design of a split-ring radiator, control line, and a single switch. Experimental characterization demonstrates that the fabricated RRA achieves 3 dB amplitude variation at 0.290 THz with <8.5 dB element loss under 0.8 V gate bias. The measured results validate that the proposed single-switch topology effectively balances reconfigurability and loss performance in the terahertz regime. The demonstrated CMOS-compatible RRA provides a scalable solution for real-time beamforming in terahertz communication systems.

In this article a general strategy for designing ultrabroadband and multipolarized electrically reconfigurable reflectarray antennas (RRAs) is proposed. The realization of ultrabroadband reconfigurable 1-bit phases and nearly uniform reflection magnitudes results from applying the mirror-symmetry principle and subwavelength mechanism, respectively. Numerical simulations reveal that the proposed element operates within an impressive bandwidth spanning of 6.7–10.6 GHz, boasting a fractional bandwidth of 45.1% and featuring a stable 1-bit phase manipulation and reflection loss of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\leq }1.0$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB throughout this frequency range. To validate the approach experimentally, an RRA array consisting of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$16 \times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> elements has been designed, fabricated, and measured for dynamic beam scanning. The measurements confirm a robust beam manipulation bandwidth extending from 7.0 to 11.0 GHz, encompassing a fractional bandwidth of 44.4% for wide-angle beam steering capability of up to 60°. Moreover, the ability to control circularly polarized (CP) electromagnetic waves has also been validated through theory deduction and simulation, demonstrating manipulation bandwidths ranging from 7.0 to 10.5 GHz. This study offers fresh insights into the design of ultrabroadband and multipolarized electrically RRAs and holds vast potential for diverse applications in the next-generation high-speed wireless communication systems.

In this article, we propose an ultralow-power-consumption reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) capable of wide-angle beam scanning and simultaneous phase, amplitude, and polarization control. The RRA element is integrated with two single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch chips, which achieve 1-bit phase shift and continuous amplitude control for both <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i>- and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</i>-polarizations. By independently biasing each element, the RRA enables wide-angle electronic beam scanning in both polarization channels. Flexible beam phase control is achieved by adjusting the reference phase in the array factor. The beam amplitude is continuously tuned by precisely controlling the bias voltages of the integrated SPST switch chips. Furthermore, since both the phase and amplitude of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i>- and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</i>-polarizations can be modulated, the RRA can synthesize scanning beams with arbitrary polarization. As a demonstration, a 16 × 16 RRA prototype is designed, simulated, and measured. Both simulations and measurements confirm that the RRA can achieve beam scanning over a wide-angle range of ±60°, with a maximum gain of 20.78 dBi and an aperture efficiency of 22.8%. Additionally, its capacities for phase, amplitude, and polarization control are fully demonstrated. Furthermore, the measured maximum power consumption of the RRA is only 0.34 W, corresponding to 1.3 mW per element. With its ultralow power consumption and versatility, the proposed RRA shows great potential for green wireless communications and advanced radar applications.

This letter presents a wideband phase-reconfigurable reflector (PRR) for a reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) in K-band, which is implemented in a 0.15-<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $</tex-math> </inline-formula>m GaAs pHEMT process. The proposed PRR consists of a series resonant network and a series-parallel resonant network, which are composed of three pHEMT switches, inductors, and capacitors. By using 0/−5-V voltage to control the <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small>/<sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</small> of three pHEMT switches separately, different circuit states can be formed. Constructing mappings between different circuit states and the required phase shifts can achieve a phase shift of 0°–360° in 90° steps while effectively reducing reflection losses (RLs) and improving bandwidth. The experimental results show that in the 20–27-GHz bandwidth, with phase shift errors (PEs) of each phase shift state less than ±15°, the RLs of all states are less than 2.35 dB, and the percentage bandwidth can reach 30%. To the best of our knowledge, this PRR achieves the maximum bandwidth among the published 90° step PRR.

Abstract In this paper, an electronically 1‐bit reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) with wide‐angle beam‐scanning and high efficiency performance is presented for formation satellite communication applications. A 1‐bit phase distribution can be generated by controlling the state of the PIN dipole in the configurable element comprising a double split ring (DSR) patch and two T‐shaped parasitic structures. The resonant frequency of the DSR patch in both states can be optimised by a T‐shaped parasitic structure, which is beneficial to improving the bandwidth and aperture efficiency. A 180° ± 20° phase difference can be realised from 9.7 to 10.3 GHz only by controlling one PIN dipole loaded on the proposed element, which ensures stable radiation performance over a larger band. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed element, a prototype RRA containing 20 × 20 units is designed and measured. A ±60° beam scanning range with the gain drop of 3.2 and 3.3 dB in the xoz and yoz planes is realised, which verifies the wide‐angle beam‐scanning ability of the RRA. The measured peak gain is 25 dBi at 10 GHz in the broadside direction, corresponding to an aperture efficiency of 25.2%. Meanwhile, the 1‐dB gain bandwidth of the proposed RRA is 12.6%.

This paper introduces a low-cost, easy-to-manufacture, dual polarization reconfigurable reflectarray antenna based on Liquid Crystal (LC) that operates at W-band. The antenna is electrically large and is capable of independently steering the beam of two orthogonal polarizations. Two different implementations of single-layer unit cells (single resonant and multi-resonant) capable of providing suitable phase range to independently control the two RF polarizations with enough isolation have been investigated. The single resonant cell was finally used to design, manufacture and test a complete reflectarray antenna made of 55×55 elements, for which an accurate and efficient modeling of the cells was implemented. The effect of the LC bias lines is minimized by following a thorough impact study. At a cell level, the measurements validate both the modeling and the capability of the LC to be locally biased at the same cell provided that the biasing network and the resonators of each polarization are properly distributed. At an antenna level, the measurements are predicted by simulations with excellent accuracy, which validates the design and modeling process. The measured antenna shows 35° of 1D scanning range with 25dBi gain and a maximum SLL of -9dB in the entire range for both polarizations at 98 GHz.

This work presents a pattern and polarization reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA). Using 1-bit independently controlled dual-linearly polarized (DLP) units, the radiation beam of the RRA can be scanned with switchable polarization. The designed unit is composed of a crossed dipole, a metallic centered patch, four PIN diodes and biasing networks. By controlling the working states of the PIN diodes, the unit possesses independently 180° reflection phase shift in either of the two linear polarizations (LPs). A novel polarization manipulation method is introduced, and the 1-bit DLP unit can be transformed into a 2-bit unit with agile polarization. Based on the DLP unit, the proposed RRA can realize polarization reconfigurable among ±45° LPs, left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) by only changing the biasing voltages applied on the RRA. A prototype including 256 units is analyzed, fabricated, and measured. The 2-D beam-scanning ability is verified for dual-linear polarization and reconfigurable polarization. Good performance, including high gain and good polarization purity, can be observed. The proposed RRA features a wide beam scanning range and agile polarization, which makes it a good candidate for the wireless communication system.

This article presents a low-scattering and dual-polarized reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA). The whole reflectarray comprises an active coding metasurface cascaded with an absorptive metasurface above. Upon integration with p-i-n diodes, the unit cell achieves a reconfigurable reflected phase with a near 180° phase difference, leading to a high gain and ±60° beam scan performance. In addition, the multidrive modes of p-i-n diodes can realize absorption or scattering cancellation effects in the operating band of the RRA. The out-of-band scattering reduction performance is obtained owing to the absorptive metasurface’s absorption characteristics. As a demonstration, a low-scattering and dual-polarized RRA is fabricated. The proposed RRA can achieve a maximum 3-dB gain bandwidth of 21.6% and a maximum gain of 21.2 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 22.9% at 3.6 GHz. An overall scattering reduction band is observed from 1.5 to 6.34 GHz.

This work presents a graphene-based Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna (RRA) for 6G pointto-point communications. Unlike the conventional dimensions of less than λ/8 to act as the main resonant element, Graphene has been designed at λ/2 dimensions, which works as the phase-shifting element under a copper patch. Graphene’s chemical potential can be varied by applying DC biasing to array elements so that the reflection coefficient phase of the unit cells can be adjusted to form a collimated beam in a certain direction. An array of 977 elements with an aperture diameter of 15λ produced a collimated beam through two states of DC biasing to graphene, i.e. “On” and “Off”. Later, the beam steering performance of the designed RRA was analysed in the E-plane and H-plane. Furthermore, the effect of the focal length to diameter ratio (F/D) is also evaluated on the highest gain and the steering range. The highest gain of 25.6 dBi was obtained at 125 GHz with a beam steering range of ±30° with a gain loss of 3 dB when the F/D ratio was 0.9. However, the best beam steering range of ±45° with a gain loss of 3 dB was obtained when the F/D ratio was 1.1 and the highest gain of 23.25 dBi. Overall, the aperture efficiency was found to be 13% which is sufficient compared to conventional phase shifters at high frequencies. The 1-dB gain of the designed array was found to be 8.8%, 7.2% and 6.4% in the case of F/D ratio of 1.1, 1.0 and 0.9, respectively. Owing to the broadband operation from 122 GHz to 128 GHz, beam steering range, and aperture efficiency, the designed RRA shows the potential to be incorporated with reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-based communications for 6G point-to-point communications.

We present an electronically reconfigurable reflectarray capable of performing 2-D beam-scanning. This reflectarray uses an electronically reconfigurable unit cell, consisting of an antenna and a reflecting circuit that provides a 2-bit reflection phase shift. A general method for designing this unit cell is presented that can be adapted for use with different antenna types and reflecting circuit designs according to the user’s requirements. The unit cell used to verify this approach consists of an E-shaped patch located above a ground plane and a reflecting circuit located underneath it. The reflecting circuit uses three p-i-n diodes to provide four phase shift states. Each unit cell uses three dc bias lines to switch the p-i-n diodes on and off. The p-i-n diodes are the only lumped element components used in each unit cell, which reduces the design and assembly complexity when constructing large-scale reflectarrays. Simulation results demonstrate that the unit cells can achieve less than 2.2-dB loss and a phase error under 35° in the frequency range of 5.6–6.2 GHz. This unit cell was used to design a 208-element reconfigurable reflectarray prototype with a circular aperture diameter of 40 cm (<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 6.0 GHz). The reflectarray prototype along with its digital control circuit was designed, fabricated, integrated, and experimentally characterized. The system is capable of controlling the state of each individual p-i-n diode to perform electronic beam steering. Measurements of the reconfigurable reflectarray reveal its capability to perform 2-D beam scanning within a scan range of up to ±60° across the operational bandwidth of 5.6 to 6.2 GHz. The aperture efficiency was measured to be 34.2%.

In this communication, a 1-bit reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) providing high aperture efficiency is presented for beam scanning applications. Each element is configured as an aperture-coupled patch antenna composed of a radiating patch, a slotted ground for feed of the patch, a microstrip delay line, and a p-i-n diode switch. Unlike conventional methods, the p-i-n diode switch is not placed on the microstrip line but instead is inserted strategically at the center of the coupling slot on the ground layer. In this novel configuration, the elements of the RRA do not endure the loss through the p-i-n diode switches. The loss associated with the p-i-n diode in the proposed configuration is very small since only a small part of the RF currents flows through the diode in the ON state. Two phase states with a phase difference of 180°±20° are realized from 4.9 to 5.7 GHz. The reflection loss of each element is limited to less than 0.1 dB in both the ON and OFF states. To demonstrate the feasibility and performances of the proposed approach, a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$14\times14$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -elements RRA is fabricated and measured. The measured aperture efficiency is above 18.8% in the entire band of 4.9–5.7 GHz, with a peak value of 36.5%. Furthermore, the efficiency stays almost unchanged, even when the equivalent resistor of the p-i-n diode varies from 0.9 to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9 \Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> . This is used to lower the bias forward currents of the p-i-n diodes to lower the power consumption to merely 1.9 mW for the 196-elements RRA.

Reflectarray antennas have emerged as one of the most suitable choice for 5G network base station antennas due to their ability to combine the advantages of parabolic reflectors and phased array antennas. These antennas offer a lightweight structure, high gain, and low impedance mismatch losses. High gain and low loss are crucial factors in ensuring the antenna delivers low latency and high-quality 5G radio signals. The application of 5G technology becomes more practical and efficient with the capability to adjust the functionality of a single 5G antenna or enable reconfiguration. This reconfigurable technique simplifies the multi-antenna systems and significantly reduces costs, making it more practical and systematic. Furthermore, this reconfigurability is particularly beneficial for satellite applications, as it allows for the reconfiguration of the signal in the event of satellite movement on the space. This paper aims to discuss the historical development of reconfigurable reflectarray antennas, focusing on the innovations in each configurable mechanism. The paper further explores the classification of configurations employed by this antenna, encompassing frequency configuration, radiation pattern, polarization, and hybrid configurations that integrate multiple existing configuration classifications. Finally, the research paper provides a discussion of the most recent research and innovations in the configurable mechanisms of reflectarray antennas.

A quad-polarization reconfigurable reflectarray (RA) antenna, which can work in horizontal polarization (HP), vertical polarization (VP), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) modes with simultaneous large-angle beam-scanning capability, is designed and experimentally verified. Under the traditional view at the element level, at least 2-bit phases are required because a 90° phase shift step is needed for conversion from linear polarization (LP) to circular polarization (CP). In this work, we found that the extra phase shifts (90°/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$- 90^{\circ })$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be achieved by changing the global reference phase of the 0/1 coding arrangement in the spatially fed architecture, while 1-bit phase resolution is used in the element level. As verification, a square patch with four slots loaded with two positive-intrinsic–negative (PIN) diodes is exploited as an RA element with 1-bit phase independent control of dual-LP. Then, the RA aperture contains 16 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> elements, where 512 PIN diodes are integrated to control each state independently by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), excited by a linearly polarized horn is developed and fabricated. Besides, the superposition of the aperture field approach is used to optimize the CP radiation performance, especially the axial ratio (AR). The measured results of the prototype demonstrate the simultaneous multipolarization reconfigurable and the beam-steering capability, where scanning beams are up to 60° in horizontal and vertical planes. The proposed low-lost design is believed to be a promising candidate for mobile communication and cognitive radar applications.

In this letter, a 1-bit wide-angle and multi-polarization beam-scanning reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) is designed, fabricated and measured. The proposed RRA element consists of a square base, a circular turntable and three butterfly staircases with different heights based on 3D all-metal structure. The 1-bit reflected phase and orthogonal linear polarization reconfigurability can be achieved by rotating the proposed RRA element. Then, an all-metal RRA prototype with 26 × 26 rotational elements are fabricated, which is fed by a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -polarized corrugated horn with 20° inclination. The multi-polarization scanning beams are generated by dynamically rotating individual element on the aperture. The measured results show that the RRA prototype can achieve a 60° beam scanning with maximum scan loss of 3.3 dB in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -polarization, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</i> -polarization and circular polarization at 10.0 GHz. The peak gains of 27.2 dBi, 26.7 dBi and 27.1 dBi with aperture efficiency of 24.7%, 22.0% and 24.2% are obtained where the 1-dB gain bandwidth is 24.0%, 14% and 18% for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -polarization, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</i> -polarization and LHCP. The proposed RRA greatly reduces the cost, complexity and RF loss.