Reciprocal Tests Research Articles

Convergence, Stability, and Variability of Shallow Water Acoustic Predictions Using a Split-Step Fourier Parabolic Equation Model

The Shallow Water Acoustic Modeling (SWAM'99) Workshop was organized to examine the ability of various acoustic propagation models to accurately predict sound transmission in a variety of shallow water environments designed with realistic perturbations. In order to quantify this, tests of reciprocity, convergence, and stability must be considered. This paper presents the results of an established parabolic equation model based on the split-step Fourier algorithm. The test cases examined in this paper include a simple isospeed water column over a flat bottom with geoacoustic parameter variations, a randomly sloping bottom with geoacoustic parameter variations, and a canonical shallow water profile perturbed by internal waves over a flat, homogeneous bottom. Source configurations were generally held constant but numerous single frequency and broadband runs were performed. Model testing is emphasized with specific criteria for accurate solutions being specified. Random perturbations are added to one test case to examine the influence of environmental uncertainty on the details of the propagation. The results indicate that point-wise accurate solutions to the acoustic field in shallow water cannot be achieved beyond a few kilometers. This is partly due to the inaccuracies of the split-step Fourier algorithm employed in these shallow water scenarios and the treatment of the bottom interface boundary conditions, but also due to the inherent variability caused by uncertain environmental specification. Thus, more general features of the acoustic field should be emphasized at longer ranges.

CONVERGENCE, STABILITY, AND VARIABILITY OF SHALLOW WATER ACOUSTIC PREDICTIONS USING A SPLIT-STEP FOURIER PARABOLIC EQUATION MODEL

The Shallow Water Acoustic Modeling (SWAM'99) Workshop was organized to examine the ability of various acoustic propagation models to accurately predict sound transmission in a variety of shallow water environments designed with realistic perturbations. In order to quantify this, tests of reciprocity, convergence, and stability must be considered. This paper presents the results of an established parabolic equation model based on the split-step Fourier algorithm. The test cases examined in this paper include a simple isospeed water column over a flat bottom with geoacoustic parameter variations, a randomly sloping bottom with geoacoustic parameter variations, and a canonical shallow water profile perturbed by internal waves over a flat, homogeneous bottom. Source configurations were generally held constant but numerous single frequency and broadband runs were performed. Model testing is emphasized with specific criteria for accurate solutions being specified. Random perturbations are added to one test case to examine the influence of environmental uncertainty on the details of the propagation. The results indicate that point-wise accurate solutions to the acoustic field in shallow water cannot be achieved beyond a few kilometers. This is partly due to the inaccuracies of the split-step Fourier algorithm employed in these shallow water scenarios and the treatment of the bottom interface boundary conditions, but also due to the inherent variability caused by uncertain environmental specification. Thus, more general features of the acoustic field should be emphasized at longer ranges.

Molecular Characterization of an Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated from an Outbreak in Vaccinated Layers

An infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain CT/7852/97 was isolated from a commercial layer flock experiencing decreased egg production and poor egg quality. Reciprocal virus neutralization test demonstrated that the isolate was closely related to Massachusetts, Arkansas, and JMK. With the use of both reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and multiplex polymerase chain reaction methods, results consistently showed that CT/7852/97 isolate was Massachusetts serotype specific only. The nucleotide sequence of S1 polypeptide coding region of CT/7852/97 was determined and compared with the published sequences of 12 IBV strains from North America. The highest nucleotide homology with H120 (97%) and the least homology (62%) with Delaware (De/072/92) were observed. Massachusetts 41 and Beaudette shared 94% and 93%, respectively, nucleotide similarity with CT/7852/97, and Connecticut, JMK, and Arkansas 99 had 94%, 83%, and 78%, respectively, nucleotide similarity with CT/7852/97. Furthermore, no possible recombination site on S1 gene among Massachusetts 41, Arkansas 99, and JMK was detected in the isolate.

Characterization of a Novel Potyvirus Isolated from Maize in Israel

A potyvirus (proposed name of Zea mosaic virus [ZeMV]) isolated from maize in Israel was analyzed by serology, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of capsid proteins, symptomatology, and sequencing. Parts of the nuclear inclusion b, coat protein, and 3' regions were sequenced; the amino acid sequence of ZeMV capsid was determined by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). The results of these analyses were compared with those of similar analyses of the following potyviruses: Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), Sugarcane mosaic virus strain MDB (SCMV-MDB), Johnsongrass mosaic virus(JGMV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), and an isolate of MDMV from Israel. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using ZeMV antiserum detected only ZeMV, and reciprocal tests using MDMV, JGMV, or SrMV antisera failed to detect ZeMV. ZeMV cross-reacted weakly when SCMV-MDB antiserum was used. The mass of ZeMV capsid was determined to be 36,810 Da by SDS-PAGE and 34,216 Da by TOFMS. The ZeMV systemically infected johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), but did not infect oat (Avena sativa), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), or rye (Secale cereale). Necrosis was caused in 19 sorghum lines by SrMV, in 15 by ZeMV, in 14 by MDMV, and in 5 by JGMV and SCMV-MDB. The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of ZeMV clearly showed that it is not a strain of JGMV, MDMV, SCMV, or SrMV.

Serological and Molecular Characterization of a High Temperature-recovered Virus Belonging to Tospovirus Serogroup IV

A serologically and cytologically distinct gloxinia tospovirus (HT-1) previously isolated from a gloxinia plant infected with Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) when propagated in a high-temperature environment was characterized. Rabbit antisera produced for INSV and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) nucleocapsids (N) failed to react with HT-1 proteins in western blot analysis. The HT-1 antibodies reacted strongly with homologous antigen but failed to react with INSV and TSWV. However, the HT-1 antiserum reacted in ELISA with Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMV) from Taiwan and in western blot analysis with the WSMV N protein. A reciprocal test showed that the antiserum prepared against the N protein of WSMV also reacted with the HT-1 N protein in both ELISA and western blot analysis. DNA probes derived from the N gene of HT-1 or WSMV hybridized to RNAs prepared from plants infected with either virus. Stronger signals were obtained with homologous than with heterologous reactions. Neither probe detected INSV or TSWV. The M and S RNAs of HT-1 were sequenced. The M RNA contains two open reading frames (ORF) ; one in the sense orientation encoding a nonstructural (NSm) protein of 308-amino-acids (aa) and the other in the ambisense orientation, a 1122-aa precursor of Gl and G2 glycoproteins. The S RNA also contains two ORFs ; one in the sense orientation encoding a nonstructural (NSs) protein of 439 aa and the other in the ambisense orientation, an N protein of 277 aa. HT-1 is distantly related to INSV and TSWV as shown by low nucleotide (40–52%) and amino acid (28–48%) similarities in the four ORF sequences. The HT-1 virus shares high nucleotide (76–81%) and amino acid (85–92%) similarities with WSMV and peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV). Based on the serological properties and sequence data, we propose that HT-1 is a distinct species of serogroup IV in the genus Tospovirus. This is the first time that a tospovirus similar to those found in the Far East and in Southeast Asia has been identified in the US.

Food transfers among Hiwi foragers of Venezuela : Tests of reciprocity

Although food sharing has been observed in many traditional societies, we still do not have a deep understanding of how various ecological conditions produce variation in who gives and who receives specific resources. To understand better the behavioral ecology of food sharing, we present data collected with the Hiwi of Venezuela and focus on two questions: (a) How do characteristics of food resources and acquirers determine how much is transfered to others? (b) How do characteristics of nuclear families A and B influence how much is transferred between A and B? We use path modeling in an attempt to tease apart the relative contribution of biological kinship, geographical proximity between households, family size, and quantities family B gave to family A on the expected quantities that family A gives to family B. Reciprocal altruism is shown to be an important link in the chain of factors, but not in the tit-for-tat form common in theoretical treatments of reciprocity.

A Test of Reciprocity in Remote Sensing with POLDER Data

A Test of Reciprocity in Remote Sensing with POLDER Data

Task and socioemotional behaviors of physicians: a test of reciprocity and social interaction theories in analogue physician–patient encounters

The purpose of the present study is to assess social interaction and reciprocity theories as explanations for patient responses to a physician in a medical consultation. Social interaction theory predicts that patients mostly recognize and react to socioemotional behavior of their physicians due to a lack of understanding of physician task behaviors or a preoccupation with anxiety. Reciprocity theory predicts that patients recognize socioemotional and task behaviors of their physicians, and they respond to these behaviors in thematically similar ways. We examined these hypotheses by having subjects view one of four videotapes which varied in physician task behavior (thorough or minimum levels of explanation of etiology, symptoms, and treatment) and physician socioemotional behavior (high or low levels of concern and affection displayed verbally and non-verbally). Results supported the general proposition of social interaction theory in that high levels of socioemotional behavior of the physician increased measures of patient self-disclosure, trust, satisfaction, and likelihood of recommending the physician. Physician task behavior had no effect on patient response to the physician, a finding inconsistent with reciprocity theory.

Characterization of a Potyvirus Causing Mild Mosaic on Tuberose.

A virus inducing mild mosaic symptoms on the leaves and peduncles of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) was isolated and partially characterized. The isolate, designated Tbr1, could be transmitted mechanically and by green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) in a non-persistent manner to tuberose seedlings but not to 16 common assay species. Flexuous rod-shaped particles with a mean length of 750 nm could be easily seen in infected leaf dips and in purified samples. Cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusions, pinwheel and laminated aggregates similar to those assigned to potyviral cylindrical inclusion type II, were observed in infected tuberose leaves. The purified capsid contained a single species of protein monomer with an estimated relative mass of 38 kDa. In reciprocal sodium dodecyl sulfate-immunodiffusion tests, antiserum against Tbr1 reacted only with its homologous antigen but not with 22 different known potyviruses. Using primer pairs designed for potyvirus sequence amplification, a 2-kb DNA product equivalent to the estimated size for potyviruses was consistently amplified from purified Tbr1 virions or from crude infected tissue by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. On the basis of these results, Tbr1 was recognized as a unique species in the genus Potyvirus and hence designated as tuberose mild mosaic potyvirus (TMMV).

Free-mass reciprocity calibration

A simple method for reciprocity calibration of accelerometers and velocity sensors is presented. The useful frequency range is from about 1 Hz to a kilohertz or more and the method is capable of subpercent accuracy. Calibrations with excitation levels from 1 to 300 mm/s2 (0.1 mg to 0.03 g) were produced in prototype fixtures. The device to be calibrated and two geophones are used in the calibration fixture. Since the geophones are both reciprocal, a direct test of reciprocity can be done prior to the calibration to evaluate the apparatus. In contrast to standard techniques, the method requires only one relatively inexpensive mechanical setup.

Hot friction testing of ceramics

Reciprocating tests were carried out on a number of different ceramics at a range of temperatures up to 1450 °C in a high precision test system. The friction that was generated, and the damage to surfaces, were investigated. The aim of the experiments was to investigate the tribology of high-temperature ceramic contacts, and to provide data for high-temperature engineering applications of ceramics. In particular, information was needed on the friction and surface damage that occurs at the contacts between the test jig parts (made from ceramic) and ceramic test samples used for high-temperature mechanical testing. Significant errors in test results are likely to occur because of frictional effects, and it is important to measure and make allowance for this effect. The tests were carried out with both a sliding contact geometry, and also with a rolling contact. A range of ceramics were examined, including alumina, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, partially stabilised zirconia and soda-lime glass under a range of different loads and temperatures. The friction and surface damage generated in rolling contact were lower than those in sliding contact, with friction coefficients in the range 0.02–0.05 compared with sliding contact values rising from 0.2 in most cases at room temperature to 0.4–1 at higher temperatures. For the silicon-based non-oxide ceramics, oxidation of the test surfaces was found to occur, leading to the formation of glass at the wear interface at high temperature. In some tests where glass was formed, or was one of the bulk samples, pronounced stick-slip was observed above a critical temperature. The key recommendation for the study for high-temperature mechanical testing of ceramics is that rolling contact elements produce negligible errors in the results of strength tests, and so should be used wherever possible.

Mating, cross-mating and related behaviours of Neoseiulus californicus and Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The pairings of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) from western North America were monitored for tending by adult males, males in the mating position and oviposition and the activity of female deutonymphs and adults. The N. fallacis × N. californicus (♂ × ♀) tests had fewer males tending the deutonymphs but more in the mating position with new females than the reciprocal test. Afterwards, most of the females appeared gravid and approximately 20% produced an egg. Some eggs did not hatch but others became adult males, which mated with their mothers, but no eggs were produced. F1 males tended and mated with new N. fallacis females which had normal offspring. When held with new N. californicus females, F1 males tended the deutonymphs but were not seen mating and no eggs were laid. The pairings of N. californicus× N. fallacis had more males tending, less in the mating position and the females appeared non-gravid and produced no eggs. When same-species males were added to females held with F1 males for 15–20 days, normal levels and sexes of the progeny were produced. The female and male adults of N. fallacis were more active (ambulatory) than those of N. californicus. In within-species tests, the males had a high activity except while tending and mating, the female deutonymphs were inactive and the just mated females were more active than the ovipositing females. The timing of the tending and mating differed in the cross-pairings. Overall, these and other life-history data show that these two mites are distinct species, but that their males are promiscuous in tending and mating.

Spiroplasma diabroticae sp. nov., from the southern corn rootworm beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae).

Spiroplasma strain DU-1T (T = type strain), which was isolated from hemolymph of the corn rootworm Diabrotica undecimpunctata (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), was serologically distinct from other spiroplasma species, groups, and subgroups. Cells of strain DU-1T were shown by light microscopy to be helical motile filaments. Electron microscopy revealed cells bounded by a single cytoplasmic membrane, with no evidence of a cell wall. The organism was not sensitive to 500 U of penicillin per ml. Strain DU-1T grew well in SM-1, M1D, and SP-4 liquid media, in broth supplemented with 1% bovine serum fraction or conventional horse serum, and under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This organism did not appear to have a sterol requirement for growth, as has been reported for several other Spiroplasma species or strains. Optimal growth occurred at 32 degrees C, with a doubling time of 0.9 h; strain DU-1T multiplied at 10 to 41 degrees C but failed to grow at 5 or 43 degrees C. It produced acid from glucose but hydrolyzed neither arginine nor urea. The results of reciprocal serologic tests in which antigens or antisera to established Spiroplasma species, groups, subgroups, and putative groups were used indicated that strain DU-1T was serologically distinct. This organism has a DNA guanine-plus-cytosine content of 25 +/- 1 mol% and a genome size of 1,350 kbp. Strain DU-1T is a member of a cluster of fast-growing insect-associated spiroplasmas, as determined by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA. On the basis of the results of this study and previously published data, strain DU-1 (= ATCC 43210) is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma diabroticae.

Peanut yellow spot virus: A distinct tospovirus species based on serology and nucleic acid hybridisation

Summary.Nucleocapsids of peanut yellow spot virus (PYSV), purified from peanut (= groundnut) plant tissue, contained a protein with a molecular mass of 29 kDa. In ELISA and immuno‐blot analysis the virus did not react with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) antisera. PYSV contained three RNA species, a large (L) RNA (c.8900 nucleotides), a medium (M) RNA (c.4800 nucleotides) and a small (S) RNA (c.3000 nucleotides), similar to other tospoviruses. In addition, a fourth RNA species of approximately 1800 nucleotides was also present in purified preparations. Hybridisation analysis under high stringency conditions revealed no hybridisation between PYSV RNAs and cDNA probes representing the nucleocapsid (N) gene, the glycoprotein (GP) gene and the 3' half of the RNA polymerase gene of PBNV. PYSV genomic RNAs also failed to hybridise with cDNA probes from the GP genes of TSWV and INSV. In reciprocal tests, the cDNA clones of PYSV S and M RNAs did not hybridise with any of the PBNV RNAs. Based on the absence of serological relationships between PYSV and PBNV, TSWV and INSV and lack of nucleotide homology based on hybridisation studies between the PYSV RNAs and cDNA clones from PBNV, TSWV and INSV, PYSV should be considered as a distinct species of the genus Tospovirus under a new serogroup, putatively designated ‘V’.

Interpersonal adaptation: dyadic interaction patterns

List of figures and tables Preface Part I. Overview: 1. Introduction Part II. Interaction Adaptation Theories and Models: 2. Biological approaches 3. Arousal and affect approaches 4. Social norm approaches 5. Communication and cognitive approaches Part III. Issues in Studying Interaction Adaptation: 6. Reconceptualising interaction adaptation patterns 7. Operationalising adaptation patterns 8. Analysing adaptation patterns Part IV. Multimethod Tests of Reciprocity and Compensation: 9. A first illustration 10. Further illustrations Part V. Developing a New Interpersonal Adaptation Theory: 11. The theories revisited 12. A research agenda References Index.

Reciprocal sliding wear of SiC particle-reinforced AlCu aluminium matrix composites against stainless steel, high speed tool steel and ceramics II. Wear mechanisms

The friction and wear of AlCuSiC aluminium matrix composite pins dry sliding against 4Cr 13, W 18Cr 4V and Si 3N 4(SN) ceramic blocks were investigated in a reciprocal friction test machine under applied loads of 20–175 N and reciprocal speeds of 0.075–1.2 ms −1. The wom surface morphology was analysed to clarify the wear mechanisms. Wear mechanism maps were constructed to elucidate the effects of test condition such as applied load, reciprocal speed and counterface materials on the wear mode and wear mechanism transition. Wear models were proposed to explain the experimental phenomena based on the characterization studies.

Cross-screening: a new method to assemble clones rapidly and unambiguously into contigs.

We have developed a new procedure that relies on an array of cross-hybridization tests to order a set of random clones into a contig. The method, called cross-screening, uses each clone as a target and its end sequences as probes, in a matrix of reciprocal cross-hybridization tests performed on a single blot. The relationships among the clones are determined rapidly from the pairwise tests, allowing clone order to be determined directly. We have applied this technique to DNAs from a set of overlapping lambda clones from Drosophila chromosome 4. The location and orientation of each clone derived from the cross-screening data was that expected from the map assembled from overlapping restriction sites and chromosomal walking. The procedure provided additional information on a previously unknown, internally repeated DNA sequence. To demonstrate the general utility of the procedure, we have applied it to a previously described clone set within a contig in region 22q12 of human chromosome 22. The correct relative position and orientation of these clones were derived from the cross-screening data without knowledge of, or reference to, any nucleotide sequence or restriction site analysis of the DNA concerned. The cross-screening procedure is fast, economical, and robust and allows clone overlaps to be determined efficiently, with minimal interference from repeated DNA sequences. This new procedure is specifically designed for small groups of overlapping clones (tens to hundreds) and should facilitate the ordering of subclone libraries derived from small chromosomes or the large cloned inserts carried in YAC, BAC, and P1 vectors.

Characterization of a Potexvirus InfectingHostaspp.

A previously undescribed potexvirus, named Hosta virus X (HVX), was found in 17 naturally infected hosta (Hosta spp.) cultivars from Minnesota, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Michigan. HVX was readily transmitted mechanically but infected only Nicotiana benthamiana and Hosta spp., in which symptoms ranged from severe mosaic and leaf necrosis to latency. Particles of HVX averaged 530 nm in length, had a buoyant density in cesium chloride of 1.28 gm/cm 3 , and contained a single genomic species of ssRNA approximately 3 kb in size. The capsid protein of HVX had a molecular mass of approximately 27 kDa. In indirect enzyme immunoassays, HVX reacted with an antiserum to clover yellow mosaic virus (C1YMV), and less strongly with antiserum to hydrangea ringspot virus (HRSV), but not with antisera to any of 14 other potexviruses tested. However, in reciprocal tests, CIYMV reacted only very weakly with HVX antiserum. HVX did not infect any of three cultivars of pea that were susceptible to infection by CIYMV, and CIYMV did not infect any of three hosta cultivars susceptible to infection by HVX. Spread of HVX infection in hosta appears to occur by vegetative propagation and accidental mechanical transmission, and management of the disease can be achieved by virus indexing and cultural practices that minimize the risk of virus spread to susceptible cultivars.

Bioassay and Preliminary Characterization of Ovigerous-Hair Stripping Substance (OHSS) in Hatch Water of Crab Larvae.

Hatch water (the filtrated medium into which zoea larvae have been released) of the estuarine terrestrial crab Sesarma haematocheir (akate-gani) contains a substance that causes premature detachment of embryos from ovigerous females. Detachment occurs when the ovigerous hairs along the female's ovigerous setae slip out of the investment coat that binds them to the embryos through stalks, or funiculi. The active factor, which I call ovigeroushair stripping substance (OHSS), is released outside of the egg capsule at the time of hatching, and is not secreted by the female. This study describes the results of a quantitative assay for measuring the activity of OHSS. Activity is measured as the percentage of hairs on a seta that can be induced to slip out of the coat without damage. Experiments with an extract of crushed embryos indicated that OHSS is present up to 2 days before hatching. Its activity was destroyed by heat and trypsin, suggesting that it is a protein. Its molecular size was estimated by gel filtration to be 15-20 kDa in S. haematocheir and 30 kDa in S. pictum. Reciprocal tests among different species indicated that OHSS occurs widely in intertidal and estuarine crabs.

Effect of structural change of α-SiC film synthesized by dynamic ion mixing on surface hardness and friction coefficient

Mild steel specimens were treated by dynamic ion mixing in which Si-deposition and 40 keV C-ion implantation were carried out simultaneously. A mixed layer of Si phase and α-SiC phase is synthesized when the Si-deposition rate is 0.10 nm/s and the C-ion current density is 20 μA/cm 2. The Si phase transforms to α-SiC phase, which grows to form a monolithic α-SiC layer as the C-ion current density increases up to 30 μA/cm 2. With a further increase in the C-ion current density or a decrease in the Si-deposition rate, the implanted C species accumulate to form a graphite phase, resulting in the growth of a graphite layer. The friction coefficient during a reciprocal motion wear test decreases and the surface hardness increases as the C-ion current density increases from 20 μA/cm 2 to 30 μA/cm 2, i.e. as the α-SiC phase grows to form the monolithic α-SiC layer. The friction coefficient increases and the surface hardness decreases with a further increase in the C-ion current density or a decrease in the Si-deposition rate, i.e. as the graphite layer grows.