Recharge Wells Research Articles

Laboratory Steady-State Flow Tests of Round Dual Infiltration Recharge Well with Filter Layer

The structure, characteristics and the steady-state flow recharge tests research of the new round dual recharge well with filter layer are introduced. An infiltration recharge well with filter layer is composed of a recharge pool functioning as an inverted layer and an artificial recharge well located at the bottom center of the recharge pool. The round dual infiltration recharge well with filter layer is based on analyses of the problems of the existing infiltration recharge wells with filter layer. In this study, a laboratory steady-state flow recharge test device has been developed. Laboratory steady-state flow tests are performed to compare the existing infiltration recharge well with filter layer, a round dual infiltration recharge well with filter layer and an artificial recharge well. The results indicated that compared to the existing infiltration recharge well with filter layer, the round dual infiltration recharge well with filter layer has a larger single-well recharge volume and stronger anti-rush ability. With an increasing number of tests, the single-well recharge volumes gradually decrease and stabilize.

PENGELOLAAN SUMBER DAYA AIR BAWAH PERMUKAAN DENGAN TEKNOLOGI IMBUHAN BUATAN

Subsurface water resource is a natural resource that is essential for life, and therefore must be preserved so that its presence can be used in a sustainable manner. Subsurface water sources should be managed in an integrated manner based on ground water basin that can be used optimally. For the preservation of groundwater using artificial recharge technology (shallow recharge wells, Deep recharge wells and reservoir recharge). The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of absorption of artificial recharge in the shallow, medium and deep aquifer. Absorption capability will be tested by direct measurements in the field by filling water into shallow recharge wells, deep recharge wells and reservoirs recharge in the catchment area. The more water that can be absorbed by means of artificial recharge capabilities can work well. From the results of research conducted can be seen that each has its own advantages and can be implemented in accordance with the existing field conditions. Keywords: Subsurface water, aquifer, Permeability, Artificial Feed

Experimental study on the artificial recharge of semiconfined aquifers involved in deep excavation engineering

Artificial recharge measures have been adopted to control the drawdown of confined aquifers and the ground subsidence caused by dewatering during deep excavation in Tianjin, Shanghai and other regions in China. However, research on recharge theory is still limited. Additionally, confined aquifers consisting of silt and silty sand in Tianjin have lower hydraulic conductivities than those consisting of sand or gravel, and the feasibility and effectiveness of recharge methods in these semiconfined aquifers urgently require investigation. A series of single-well and multiwell pumping and recharge tests was conducted at a metro station excavation site in Tianjin. The test results showed that it was feasible to recharge silt and silty sand semiconfined aquifers, and, to a certain extent, the hydrogeological parameters obtained from the pumping tests could be used to predict the water level rise during single-well recharge. However, the predicted results underestimated the water level rise near the recharge well (within 7 m) by approximately 10–25%, likely because the permeability coefficient around the well was reduced during the recharge process. Pressured recharge significantly improved the efficiency of the recharge process. Maintaining the recharge and pumping rates at a nearly equal level effectively controlled the surrounding surface and building settlement. However, the surrounding surface subsidence tended to rapidly develop when recharge stopped. Therefore, the recharge process should continue and gradually stop after the pumping stops. The twin-well combined recharge technique can be used to control the head loss of an aquifer when one of the recharge wells requires pumping to solve the associated clogging problems.

Factors affecting the cost of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) schemes

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is an important technique for improving groundwater recharge and maintaining aquifer levels. There are many examples from around the world that demonstrate the advantages of managed aquifer recharge. Despite the numerous benefits and demonstrated advantages of MAR, uptake has been lower than expected. The financial and economic performance of MAR is a key determinant of its global uptake. There are few studies of the financial characteristics and performance of different kinds of MAR schemes. This study contains an analysis of financial data from 21 MAR schemes from five countries. Although MAR schemes are highly heterogeneous, it is possible to draw some conclusions about factors that affect the costs of storing water underground and recovering it for use. The costs of MAR schemes vary substantially. Schemes using infiltration and spreading basins using untreated water are relatively cheap. Schemes using recharge wells, bores and expensive infrastructure are relatively costly. When advanced water treatment is needed, this involves significant extra costs. Other key factors that affect MAR scheme costs include the range of objectives to be met, frequency of use of the scheme, hydrogeological conditions that affect infiltration rates and well yields, and the source and end use of water stored underground. Priorities for further research include additional disaggregation of capital and operating costs and inclusion of a wider range of scheme types, sources of water and countries.

Field performance of shallow recharge well

The technical calculation of the need for recharge wells to reduce peak floods has not been fully supported yet the need for recharge wells in big cities especially in Indonesia is very urgent. Some recharge well methods are Horton, Sunjoto, HMTL-ITB, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesian National Standard, Association for Rainwater Storage and Infiltration Technology, and California Storm-water Quality Association. The hypothetical test of recharge wells at the depth and texture of a particular soil is different from the observed infiltration recharge hence it needs to have a field test of recharge wells for different soil texture. With good diameter, soil permeability, and water depth variables, it is expected that the infiltration recharge equation in the well can be empirically better suited to the performance of the recharge wells.

Community Based Educational Model on Water Conservation Program

The previous research showed that there were indicators of water crisis in the northern and eastern part of Denpasar city and most of coastal area experienced on seawater intrusion. The recommended water conservation programs were rainwater harvesting and educate the community to develop a water saving and environmentally conscious culture. This research was conducted to built the community based educational model on water conservation program through ergonomics SHIP approach which placed the human aspect as the first consideration, besides the economic and technically aspects. The stakeholders involved in the program started from the problem analyses to the implementation and the maintenance as well. The model was built through three main steps, included determination of accepted design; building the recharge wells by involving local communities; guidance and assistance in developing a water saving and environmentally conscious culture for early childhood, elementary and junior high school students, community and industry. The program was implemented based on the “TRIHITA KARANA” concept, which means the relationship between human to God, human-to-human, and human to environment. Through the development of the model, it is expected to grow a sense of belonging and awareness from the community to maintain the sustainability of the program.

Planning of Conservation Measures for Watershed Management and Development by using Geospatial Technology – A Case study of Patur Watershed in Akola District of Maharashtra

Planning of conservation measures for watershed management and development is the method of preparing and implementing plans in different projects to maintain and raise watershed management functions which otherwise affect the plants, animal and human communities inside watershed boundary. The geospatial technologies like remote sensing and GIS, GPS are useful for fast and cost effective study of different applications with accuracy in planning. It also gives a good quality perspective for understanding the problems and therefore useful for planners for better result for sustainable water resource development and management. The main focus of the study is to develop the land and water resource development plan and environmental management for groundwater recharge development using Geospatial technology in Patur watershed which is situated in Akola district of Maharashtra. In this study various types of thematic maps have been generated from satellite images using remote sensing and GIS technology. These thematic maps were prepared from different types of data sets like IRS- LISS-III multispectral images, SRTM data with 30 m resolution and Survey of India Toposheet. The thematic maps for GIS analysis were created by image processing of the raw data using geospatial technology. A particular importance is laid on the planning of conservation measures for land and water resources management plan mainly based on the land use/ land cover, geology, geomorphology and slope of the Patur watershed area. The planning conservation activity should be important for ecological development and management at the forest area in the Patur watershed. From the final output of these study different conservation measures/structures like recharge wells, farm ponds, CNB, gully plug, CCT and other soil and water conservation structures have been suggested for groundwater recharge development, environmental management and to control soil erosion from the watershed area with reference to remote sensing and GIS data compared with ground truth.

Modelling saltwater intrusion processes and development of a multi-objective strategy for management of coastal aquifers utilizing planned artificial freshwater recharge

The need for freshwater is emerging as the utmost critical resource issue facing humanity. In several arid and semi-arid parts of the world, groundwater resources are being used as an alternative source of freshwater. Excessive and/or unplanned groundwater withdrawals have a negative impact on the aquifer. Groundwater withdrawn from coastal aquifers are susceptible to contamination by saltwater intrusion. This study investigates the efficiency and viability of using artificial freshwater recharge (AFR) to increase fresh groundwater pumping from production wells for beneficial use. A three dimensional (3D), transient, density dependent, finite element based flow and transport model of an illustrative coastal aquifer is implemented using FEMWATER code. First, the effect of AFR on inland encroachment of saline water is quantified for existing scenarios. Specifically, groundwater head and salinity concentration differences at monitoring locations before and after artificial recharge is presented. Second, a multi-objective management model incorporating groundwater pumping and AFR is implemented to control groundwater salinization in an illustrative coastal aquifer system. To avoid computational burden and ensure computational feasibility, the numerical flow and transport simulation model is substituted by the new support vector regression (SVR) predictive models as approximate simulators in the simulation–optimization framework for developing optimal management strategies. The performance evaluation results indicated that the SVR models were adequately trained and were capable of approximating saltwater intrusion processes in the aquifer. Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. The Pareto-optimal front obtained as solution from the SVR–MOGA optimization model presented a set of optimal solutions needed for the sustainable management of the coastal aquifer. The pumping strategies obtained as Pareto optimal solutions with and without freshwater recharge wells showed that saltwater intrusion is sensitive to the AFR. Also, the hydraulic head lenses created by AFR can be used as one practical option to control saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. The developed 3D saltwater intrusion model, predictive capability of the developed SVR models and the feasibility of using the proposed linked multi-objective SVR–MOGA optimization model makes the proposed methodology potentially attractive in solving large scale regional saltwater intrusion management problems.

Recharge Wells Innovation for Domestic Rainwater Harvesting

Recharge Wells Innovation for Domestic Rainwater Harvesting

Storm water injection in Bahrain: pilot studies

Kingdom of Bahrain often suffers from urban flooding problems despite being a desertic country. An attempt has been made in this contribution to study the efficacy of the storm water injection systems not only in tackling urban flooding problems but also in augmenting the depleting ground water resources of the country. Two pilot studies were carried out in a centrally located area, one in a relatively open area and another in a densely populated location. A set of one recharge well and one observation well of about 40 m depth and 30 m apart was drilled in each site. Storm water was injected into the recharge wells after allowing it to pass through a specially designed natural filter system. Ground water levels were monitored at the observation wells on monthly basis and water samples were collected periodically during and after the rainfall events for chemical analysis. Initial results showed that the volume of storm water injected is proportional to the volume of storm water generated in an area. However, in the long run, the injection well having favourable hydrogeological situation and lesser silts in the storm water performed better in terms of total recharge despite having lesser volume of storm water available. Ground water quality for some parameters such as lead and cadmium remained an issue of concern, but could be controlled through construction of stricter filter system. Dilution of the injected storm water with the host ground water too significantly reduced the risks of contamination. The injection well located in the open area performed better than that of the densely populated area despite having lesser volume of storm water available. Site selection of the recharge wells, therefore, plays a vital role in the efficacy of a storm water injection system.

Groundwater recharge through wells in open loop geothermal system: problems and solutions - part 1

In the two parts of this article, the problems related to the management of water wells as part of a low-enthalpy geothermal power plant by means of heat pumps (open loop system) are described. In many cases, in absence of discharge in surface water and/or to ensure the conservation of the resource from a quantitative point of view, a doublet system constituted by a pumping and a recharge well is provided. The clogging phenomenon often occurs in this kind of plant, affecting wells with different functions and different thermal potential related to water withdrawal and reinjection into the ground. This phenomenon is due to the presence of air bubbles, suspended solids, bacterial growth and to the chemical-physical reactions that are described in the text. Besides acknowledging the activities for recharge wells management to avoid the fracturing of the drain and the cementation, is also suggested the procedure of in situ tests that are used to properly determine the optimal well discharge, which determines the efficiency and effectiveness of the geothermal system and its economic performance.It is finally shown a regional regulation on the water quality used in an open loop.

Model Sumur Resapan dan Drainase Untuk Penanggulangan Banjir Dengan Memanfaatkan Material Lokal

Flooding is a disaster that often occurs in the rainy season. The damage caused by this failure is not only material damage such as damage to houses, public facilities, and destruction of agricultural land, but also create disease outbreaks around the disaster site. One solution to reduce rainwater runoff needs to be made easy and practical recharge well model by utilizing local materials. The purpose of this research is the modeling of absorbing wells and drainage for prevention and control of flood hazard to achieve a healthy, safe, and comfortable. The research location is Lauwonu Village, Tilango District, Gorontalo Regency. Construction materials for modeling are local materials located around the site. The recharge wells are sized (2x1x1) m3 and (2x1,5x1) m3. If every household has a recharge well with a minimum volume of 2 m3, it will reduce rainfall runoff so that that flood disaster can be avoided.

Optimum diameter of groundwater recharge well conjunction with storm water drainage system

Engineers who are involved in urban infrastructure projects, havefrequently faced the problems of cost estimation, economic, financial analysis, rate analysis, project benefit and cost analysis etc.An idea of using groundwater recharge wells in conjunction with the storm water drainage system has been proposed in this study. This paper shows the comparative analysis of cost estimation of the storm water drainage system with and without recharge well for the benefits of a new urban areain Surat city (India). Two types of storm water drainage systemhave been utilized; (1) conventional storm water drainage system (without ground water recharge wells), (2) storm water drainage system with ground water recharge wells. The ultimate findings of this paper are summarised as follows; (1) tangible benefits of 25.43% compared to a conventional drainage system. (2) in terms of intangible benefits, it helps to improve ground water quality and quantity with raised ground water table. Lastly, the economic analysis is carried out for both types of storm water drainage system with the findings of the optimum diameter of ground water recharge well.

Numerical study on the responses of groundwater and strata to pumping and recharge in a deep confined aquifer

Groundwater drawdown and strata settlements induced by dewatering in confined aquifers can be relieved by artificial recharge. In this study, numerical simulations of a field multi-well pumping-recharge test in a deep confined aquifer are conducted to analyze the responses of groundwater and strata to pumping and recharge. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed in a finite-difference software, which considers the fluid-mechanical interaction using the Biot consolidation theory. The predicted groundwater drawdown and ground settlements are compared to the measured data to confirm the validation of the numerical analysis of the pumping and recharge. Both numerical results and measured data indicate that the effect of recharge on controlling the groundwater drawdown and strata settlements correlates with the injection rate and well arrangements. Since the groundwater drawdown induced by pumping can be controlled by artificial recharge, soil compression can be relieved by reducing the changes of effective stress of the soils. Consequently, strata settlement induced by pumping can be relieved by artificial recharge and ground settlements can be eliminated if an appropriate injection rate and well arrangement are being determined. Moreover, the changes of the pore pressure and seepage force induced by pumping and recharge will also result in significant horizontal deformations in the strata near the recharge wells.

Mapping land use suitability for development of recharge wells in the Ciliwung watershed, Indonesia

Rapid population growth and the need to mitigate the impact of rainfall-runoff has made groundwater conservation a significant environmental issue in Indonesia's Ciliwung Watershed. The availability of recharge wells in developed areas is essential for groundwater conservation and runoff reduction. Selection of suitable locations for the construction of recharge wells depends on a combination of factors such as topography, soil layers, land use, and climatology. This study of land suitability for recharge well development in the Ciliwung Watershed, an area of heterogenous land use, employed GPS-based weighted data on technical geology, soil type, soil hydrology group, groundwater level, slope, average rainfall, and land use. Mathematical simulations were performed to develop a land suitability map. The findings indicate that only 2% of the total area (in Cisarua, Bogor) is ideal for the construction of recharge wells, and that 48% of existing recharge wells in the Jakarta area are situated in a suitable zone. The results provide a basis for technical recommendations for future construction of recharge wells in the Ciliwung Watershed.

Design and Testing of Recharge Wells in a Coastal Aquifer: Summary of Field Scale Pilot Tests

Surplus water from seawater desalination plants along the Israeli Coast can be injected underground for seasonal storage. Two pilot projects were established to simulate the movement of air bubbles and changes in the well hydraulic parameters during pumping and recharging. The study showed that it is impossible to remove the smaller air bubbles (dissolved air) that are created during the injection process, even when the injection pipe is fully saturated. The pumping tests showed that there were large differences in the well hydraulic parameters between the pumping and the recharge tests despite that they were conducted at the same well. Two mechanisms are responsible for the reduction in the aquifer coefficients during the recharge event. The first mechanism is the pressures that the injected water needs to overcome; the aquifer pressure and the pore water pressure it is supposed to replace at the time of the injection. The second mechanism is the pressure that the injected water needs to overcome the clogging process. It is expressed as the high water level inside the recharge well in comparison to the small rising of the water level in the observation wells. This research gives good insight into the injection mechanism through wells and is essential for any further development of injection facilities and for the operation and management protocols.

Developing a playground as catchment area in effort to maintaining groundwater in Jaten village of Karanganyar district of Central Java, Indonesia

Changes in land use for housing indirectly disturb the hydrology balance of the area. Groundwater conservation efforts can be done by keeping the function the catchment area. One of the housing developer's obligations is providing open spaces (the playground) to play or activity of the residents. Playground in Bumi Graha Indah Housing, Jaten village, Karanganyar district, Central Java, Indonesia has a fundamental issue, that is, in the rainy season the water is difficult to seep due landfill process are not well planned. It causes the playground become in muddy conditions with tall grass, so that reduces the function as a playground and or activity the residents. In the dry season, the soil dry of landfill caused dust scattering and disrupt the activities of people around the playground. Lack of water resources lead watering process for solving the problem of dust during the dry season was considered ineffective. Structuring drainage combined with modified recharge wells can be used to catch water runoff housing. This modification of water catchment areas can make playground dry quickly after rain so the activities of people are not bothered when utilizing the open space provided. Surface runoff water absorbed in open aquifer so that the hydrological balance always be maintained. Adequacy groundwater in the area playground can be used to sprinkler dust and backup needs clean water residents by creating wells and reservoir stocks.

Distribution of Water Infiltration Rate in Ciliwung Watershed

Floods in Jakarta showed that the Ciliwung watershed and surrounding areas in critical condition. More than 50 % of land cover Ciliwung watershed is residential. Planting trees in residential areas have been insufficient to infiltrate as much water into the ground. Infiltration well is one possibility for absorbing water in residential areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the variation in the level of water absorption Ciliwung watershed and surrounding areas. The method used is overlaying analysis of the factors that determine the rate of water infiltration with geographic information system. Each of these factors gave weights and scores to obtained variations Ciliwung water infiltration rate. The results showed that the regions with the highest levels found in the upper catchment area and the city of Bogor, middle absorbtion water area was in Bogor Regency, low water absorption areas in Depok , South Jakarta , and East Jakarta . While in North Jakarta, Central Jakarta and West Jakarta the water absortion is very low level due to the shallow ground water level and very low soil permeability. Map variations in water absorption can be used as a material consideration for determining the locations of recharge wells effectively.

Isotope and REE Characterization of Groundwater Aquifers within the Aquifer Storage and Recovery Programme in Sukhothai (N.-Thailand)

Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) was a pilot project for solving flood and drought problem in the northern part of Chao Phraya River basin, Thailand. This part of Thailand always faces flooding in rainy season and drought during dry season every year. The overexploitation of groundwater during dry season leads to continuously decline of water level in this area. In this project, the excessive surface water during rainy season was stored by injection of this treated surface water through recharge wells into the underground aquifers. This would serve to raise the water level, which can be extracted for use during the dry season. To assess the efficiency of the ASR process some tracers are required. The aim of this study is to prove the suitability of natural tracers to follow up the artificial recharge process; emphasis will be placed on Strontium (Sr) isotopic composition. The results showed that the change in 87Sr/86Sr ratios could be observed during an artificial recharge due to the different isotopic fingerprint of surface water and groundwater. However, the flow direction of the injected water cannot be clearly interpreted because of the limited number of monitoring wells, small distance between each monitoring well and the short duration of injection.

Simulation and prediction of conditions for effective development of shallow geothermal energy

A geothermal heat exchanger system is mathematically quantified, and simulated and modeled to understand heat transfixion and strata deformation caused by groundwater exploitation via groundwater heat pump systems. This is done to determine the requirements and parameters governing the development of shallow geothermal energy in an efficient and safe manner. The model takes into account the groundwater seepage and temperature fields, as well as land subsidence. Using an example of a groundwater heat pump project in Nantong, China, and taking into account fixed conditions of borehole layout and operation of one pumping well with two recharge wells, the underground heat exchange system is simulated. The simulations vary the circulation ratio from 100% to 80%–60%, and the extent of heat transfixion and land subsidence development is predicted over 10 working periods, each being one year in duration. The results show that heat accumulation is alleviated with a decreasing circulation ratio, but land subsidence increases. Nevertheless, a circulation ratio of 60% is found to be ideal for sufficient alleviation of heat accumulation with only limited land subsidence.