Receiving Health Services Research Articles

Peran Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Proses Transformasi Organisasi Di Rumah Sakit

Disruptive environmental changes make many organizations have no other choice but to transform. Forms of change that are incremental in nature such as improvements, innovations, and services. Hospitals need to make fundamental and radical changes in transformation. Hospitals are also required to carry out service transformations that enable patients to continue to receive health services. The purpose of this literature study is to find out more about the role of human resources in the organizational transformation process in hospitals. The method in this research is to study the literature. Literature study is used with data collection techniques by conducting a review study of books, literature, records, and reports that have something to do with the problem being solved. The results of the literature study that has been analyzed on the role of human resources in the process of organizational transformation in hospitals are optimizing capabilities, creating strategic vision and mission, giving trust in teams or organizations, and evaluating in terms of organizational vision and mission. It can be concluded that transformation is a process of adaptation to the existence of an organization. Organizational transformation at the hospital has also involved changes in organizational structure, cultural changes and the addition of types of hospital services. So that the transformation that is built through integrated and comprehensive service quality improvement activities with the implementation of hospital accreditation, which measures a number of performance indicators and evaluates hospital programs, guarantees the implementation of regulations, policies and standard operating procedures (SOPs) as a quality assurance effort. For Hospital Agencies this becomes a policy and a good process of change in increasing innovation, strategy and creating new things. Organizational transformation in human resource management into a change from a process that is planned and can be managed.

Effectiveness of Multidisciplinary Care Team on Improving the Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease in Thailand

Background: Because of the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Thailand, the Ministry of Public Health implemented a policy with the concept of multidisciplinary care team (MDC) approach. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of MDC in patients who received health service in CKD clinics. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective cohort study carried out among 1,059 CKD patients from 140 hospitals in 12 regional health districts of Thailand between April and July 2017. McNemar test was used to compare laboratory results and the stage changing of CKD before and after patients received the service by multidisciplinary care teams in CKD clinics. Results: Seventy-four percent of subjects were aged more than 60 years. The average duration between the first and the last visit was 28.74 (range of 1 to 210) months. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on diagnosis CKD and last follow-up were 32.08±13.58 and 29.19±16.60 mL/minute, respectively. Mean systolic blood pressure on diagnosis CKD and last follow-up were 136.27±20.19 and 133.10±17.64 mmHg, respectively. Of the 1,059 patients, 15.5% improved the stage of CKD and 52.4% was stable. Stage of CKD, eGFR, blood pressure, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol had statistically significant differences between before and after receiving health service from MDC in the CKD clinic. Conclusion: MCD in CKD clinic had shown the effectiveness in improving the CKD stage and laboratory examination results among the CKD patients. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; CKD clinic; Multidisciplinary care team; Effectiveness of care

Perceptions and Experiences of Survivors of Mount Semeru Eruption in Getting Health Services during Covid-19 Pandemic

Disaster events pose challenges for health workers in overcoming health problems in refugee camps. The eruption or hot clouds of Mount Semeru that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic made sick survivors have to continue to receive health services, even though they were in refugee camps. Survivors' experiences in receiving health services and their illnesses varied widely. Perceptions of survivors in obtaining health services showed that most of them were well served and experienced a good referral system to higher-level hospitals. Home care was carried out by health workers to survivors after returning from refuges.

Women's expectations of health care providers in the labor and delivery room in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Background and objective: The World Health Organization recognizes the importance of positive childbirth experience. In Iraq, patient satisfaction during maternity care visits is not routinely collected. This study was aimed to find out the women’s expectation during labor from physicians and midwives and associated factors such as socio-demographic and obstetrical characteristics. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Erbil city, located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. A total of 1,500 women were targeted while they were accompanying another person, including children, to receive health services in Erbil and eventually 1,196 participated in the study. Data were collected through direct interviews after receiving informed oral consent. Participants were asked to describe their expectations for childbirth using an open-ended question. Responses were then grouped and categorized into 20 expectation items based on overlapping themes. Chi-square tests were used to identify associations with key socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics. Results: Level of expectation was significantly associated with education (illiterate and high education, P = 0.028),residency (suburban, P = 0.003), parity (grand multipara, P = 0.001), satisfaction with care (those satisfied, P <0.001), and satisfaction with provider communication (those satisfied, P <0.001). This study found that positive and calming verbal and non-verbal expressions, environmental control, encouragement of different positions and mobilization, hygiene, promotion of urinary elimination, and instruction on breathing and relaxation are highly expected by parturient women. Conclusion: Understanding women’s expectations in the delivery room is critical to health care providers in order to make appropriate care plan and support women to have a positive birth experience and to meet expectations.

Service center location problems with decision dependent utilities and a pandemic case study

AbstractWe study a service center location problem with ambiguous utility gains upon receiving service. The model is motivated by the problem of deciding medical clinic/service centers, possibly in rural communities, where residents need to visit the clinics to receive health services. A resident gains his utility based on travel distance, waiting time, and service features of the facility that depend on the clinic location. The elicited location‐dependent utilities are assumed to be ambiguously described by an expected value and variance constraint. We show that despite a non‐convex nonlinearity, given by a constraint specified by a maximum of two second‐order conic functions, the model admits a mixed 0‐1 second‐order cone (MISOCP) formulation. We study the non‐convex substructure of the problem, and present methods for developing its strengthened formulations by using valid tangent inequalities. Computational study shows the effectiveness of solving the strengthened formulations. Examples are used to illustrate the importance of including decision dependent ambiguity. An illustrative example to identify locations for Covid‐19 testing and vaccination is used to further illustrate the model and its properties.

An Analysis of Knowledge, Attitudes and Support Effects on the Implementation of Infection Control Prevention at the Public Health Center in Bengkulu Province

Background: The Infection Prevention and Control is an effort to ensure the protection for everyone toward the possibility of being infected by infection from sources to the community while receiving health services at various health facilities. It is hoped that the implementation of infection prevention and control at the health centers can be carried out efficiently and effectively by following the established policies and standard procedures. How is the implementation of Infection Prevention and Control in public health center. Materials/Methods: This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach which was carried out to determine the effect of knowledge and support on the implementation of infection prevention and control in in public health center in Bengkulu Province. The population in this study is the health center staffs who carry out the service. The samples taken were 131 respondents. Data analysis was carried out through linear and multiple regression using SPSS 22 which aims to analyze the effect of knowledge and support on the implementation of infection prevention and control in public health center. Result: From the results of the Chi-square test analysis, it can be seen that the effect of knowledge on the infection prevention and control application obtains a p-value of 1.0>0.5. From these results, it can be concluded that there is no effect of knowledge on the application of infection prevention and control. The attitude variable affects the infection prevention and control application which obtains 100% good results. The support variable has an effect on the infection prevention and control application which obtains a p-value of 0.021 <0.5. From these results it can be concluded that there is an effect of support variable on the implementation of infection prevention and control. The officers’ knowledge has not had an effect on the implementation of infection prevention and control at the health centers. Several factors that can affect the compliance and non-compliance of health workers with infection prevention and control steps are: knowledge, education and training, experience, and lack of equipment and materials supplies. Conclusion: Officers need to increase their knowledge of IPC and be trained in firmness of attitude, maintaining support from the environment in order to maintain and improve their ability to apply IPC.

Employer led model for TB and diabetes care in BEST, Mumbai, India

BEST is a public sector enterprise in Mumbai providing transportation and electric supply services. Its 30000 employees receive health services from its network of dispensaries. Regular preventive and curative services are offered according to guidelines. It also runs all public health programs including National TB Elimination Program. It is established that Diabetes increases risk of TB and negatively impacts treatment outcomes. To demonstrate Employer led model and intensified collaborative activities for TB and Diabetes care in BEST, Mumbai: The is a description study with cross sectional design. All Diabetic employees were given awareness talks of benefits of early diagnosis and treatment of TB along with the risks and benefits of tests. 1127 Diabetic employees volunteered after verbal consent for clinical evaluation and Xray and participated in the study. Of the 1127 diabetics screened for TB through clinical examination and Xray, abnormality was detected in 11 patients. The sputum sample of these patients was sent for NAAT of which 1 patient came positive. Another patient whose sample was negative, demonstrated active signs of TB on further clinical evaluation. 2 patients were put on treatment and both patients have favourable outcome.An integrated approach for TB-DM, implemented by the employer, where all DM patients were screened for TB has shown a significant impact on reduction in number of TB cases. BEST promotes organisations and advocates for policy to adopt their models and screen all diabetic patients for TB through clinical examination and X ray.

Evaluation of effective coverage for type 2 diabetes in Mexican primary care health information systems: a retrospective registry analysis

BackgroundAs the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading cause of premature death in Mexico, type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a serious public health concern. The incidence of diabetes has increased dramatically in recent years, and data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) indicate that many people remain undiagnosed. Persistent socioeconomic health care barriers exacerbate this situation, as T2D morbidity and mortality are worsened in vulnerable populations, such as those without social security. We evaluated the performance of public primary health centers (PHCs) in T2D medical attention through the measure of effective coverage (EC, a combined measure of health care need, use, and quality) at national, state, health jurisdiction, and municipality levels.MethodsThis retrospective analysis used blinded data recorded during 2017 in the Non-communicable Diseases National Information System (SIC) and T2D prevalence reported in 2018 ENSANUT to evaluate the EC achieved. We included individuals ≥ 20 years old without social security who did not declare the use of private health care services. Each EC component (need, use, and quality) was estimated based on the Shengelia adapted framework. The Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to evaluate the associations among EC quintiles and demographics.ResultsIn 2017, 26.5 million individuals, aged ≥ 20 years, without social security, and without the use of private health care services, were under the care of 12,086 PHCs. The national prevalence of T2D was 10.3%, equivalent to 2.6 million people living with T2D in need of primary health care. Large contrasts were seen among EC components between and within Mexican states. We found that only 37.1% of the above individuals received health services at PHCs and of them, 25.8% improved their metabolic condition. The national EC was 9.3%, and the range (by health jurisdiction) was 0.2%–38.6%, representing a large geographic disparity in EC. We found an evident disconnect among need, utilization, and quality rates across the country.ConclusionsExpansion and improvement of EC are urgently needed to address the growing number of people living with T2D in Mexico, particularly in states with vulnerable populations.

The barriers to healthcare access and their impact on health outcomes for people medically uninsured in Canada: A scoping review

Objective: The objective of the scoping review was to summarize the current literature on the barriers to healthcare access and its impact on health outcomes for people who are medically uninsured (including those with precarious or no immigration status) in Canada; identify gaps in the existing knowledge; and highlight implications for practice and policy. Methods: We undertook a systematic search in the electronic databases of PsycInfo, MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL, ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health, Web of Science and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Inclusion criteria consisted of articles published in English reporting information about barriers to healthcare access or its impact on health among people with precarious immigration status in Canada. Relevant themes emerging from the included studies were reviewed by the research team and organized into three levels of barriers to accessing healthcare. Results: Ten articles were included in this scoping review. Our review found that individuals living with precarious or no immigration status and being denied public health insurance experienced significant obstructions to accessing healthcare services, the result of policy, interpersonal and intrapersonal-level barriers. These barriers include ineligibility for provincial or federal healthcare insurance, negative interactions with healthcare providers, fear of interacting with public services and lack of sufficient income to pay for out-of-pocket healthcare expenses. This resulted in unmet healthcare needs, negative and worsening health outcomes, avoidance of formal healthcare institutions and reliance on emergency care services caused by delays in help-seeking. Conclusions: People who are medically uninsured in Canada experience avoidable negative health outcomes, including higher risk of death because of barriers to access to healthcare. Provincial healthcare insurance should be available for these vulnerable groups to avoid unnecessary health problems and complications and to reduce the burden on the healthcare system. New (im)migrants should receive education on their right to receive health services, and healthcare providers must receive training on how to best support the health and wellbeing of this population.

Hubungan Respon Time Perawat Dengan Kepuasan Pasien Di Instalasi Rawat Jalan RS X

Response time is the time in receiving health services when the patient registers until he arrives at the polyclinic and is checked by the nurse quickly and accurately. Response time can affect patient satisfaction based on the fulfillment of health services. This study aims to determine The Relationship between Nurse Response Time to Patients in the Outpatient Installation of Budhi Asih Hospital. The research design used a descriptive-analytic design with the cross-sectional method. The sampling technique in this study used accidental sampling with 170 respondents as a sample of patients in outpatient installations, namely internal medicine, surgery, and pulmonary polyclinics. The instruments used are questionnaires and nurse response time observation sheets and patient satisfaction questionnaires. Response Time of nurses as many as 92 respondents (54.1%) was "fast" that is ≤60 minutes and the satisfaction level of 101 respondents (59.4%) was "satisfied". The Chi-Square results obtained pValue 0.000<0.05, this indicates a relationship between nurse response time and patient satisfaction in the outpatient installation of Budhi Asih Hospital. It is expected that there will be additional nurse human resources so that it can increase the nurse's response time in carrying out nursing care and patient satisfaction will be even better with the health services obtained.

Aspekty prawne pozarejestracyjnego leczenia „medyczną marihuaną” pacjentów chorych terminalnie – eksperyment medyczny czy realizacja prawa pacjenta do pobierania świadczeń zgodnych z aktualną wiedzą medyczną?

The subject of the use of medicinal products containing “medical marijuana” during the therapy of terminal patients has been the subject of extensive discussion until recently. Currently, such action is legal, but questions still arise not so much about the possibility of using medical marijuana in the treatment of terminally ill patients, but about the implementation of off-label use treatment. The analysis of the applicable legal provisions, views of scholars in the field, and the case law allow us to conclude that treatment involving medical marijuana inconsistently with the SmPC (Summary of Product Characteristics) is an acceptable action that should not be equated with a therapeutic experiment in the strict sense. The above is confirmed by the admissibility of using marijuana raw materials as the basis for the preparation of a pharmacy-compounded (prescription) medicine. The production of pharmacy-compounded drugs requires the use of pharmaceutical raw materials, the amount and composition of which depend on an independent decision of the person prescribing the medicine. The admissibility of any composition of the contents of a pharmacy-compounded drug containing medical marijuana speaks for the admissibility of its use in any way. The above leads to adoption of similar requirements in relation to pre-made drugs containing marijuana. Regardless of the admissibility of using medical marijuana outside the SmPC or in the form of a compounded drug, medical marijuana treatment is the implementation of the patient’s right to treat pain and receive health services in accordance with the current state of medical knowledge.

Differences in Satisfaction Level between Subsidised JKN Patients and Non-Subsidised JKN Patients: A Case Study in a Hospital in Bantul with Quantitative Analysis Approach

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The National Health Insurance (JKN) organized by BPJS is a guarantee in the form of health protection so that participants get the benefits of health checks and protection in meeting basic health needs given to everyone. Measuring the level of patient satisfaction is needed to determine the level of service provided by a service provider. To identify differences in the satisfaction of JKN class 3 PBI patients and JKN class 3 non PBI patients who received health services at the place research.Materials and Methods: This study used an analytical observational research design with a cross sectional method through a Quantitative Method approach. Data obtained by using questionnaires and interviews with respondents. The level of patient satisfaction was analyzed using GAP scores, CSI, and Independent Samples T Test.Results: The results of the GAP score indicate that JKN class 3 PBI patients have the lowest GAP score on the reliability dimension, which is -0.1733 and the highest GAP score on the assurance dimension with a score of -0.0875. Meanwhile, JKN class 3 non-PBI patients had the lowest score on the tangibles dimension with -0.1955 and the highest on the reliability dimension with -0.1711. JKN class 3 PBI patients had a CSI score of 69.81% and JKN class 3 non-PBI patients had 66.938%. If statistically tested, there is a significant difference between JKN class 3 PBI patients and JKN class 3 non-PBI patients with p value < 0.05.Conclusion: From the results of the analysis, at the placed research patients are generally satisfied with the services provided. JKN class 3 PBI patients feel more satisfied than JKN class 3 non PBI patients.

Challenges Faced by Cancer Patients in Receiving Health Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rajasthan.

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer patients may have faced difficulty accessing health care. This study explored the challenges experienced by cancer patients in availing of healthcare during the pandemic, as well as the vaccination status and prevalence of COVID-19 infection among cancer patients in the year 2021. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, to interview 150 patients from the oncology department using convenience sampling. Face-to-face interviews lasted for 20-30 minutes. The first segment of the pretested semi-structured questionnaire was directed at obtaining the patient's socio-demographic characteristics, while the second segment focused on the problems that patients encountered during the pandemic in receiving cancer care. The data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Several constraints, such as a lack of transportation services, difficulty in availing outpatient department (OPD) and teleconsultation services, long waiting times, and deferred surgeries and therapies, have hampered cancer care. COVID-19 mitigation measures further imposed additional stress and financial burden on cancer patients. Moreover, there was low vaccination coverage among cancer patients, which increases their probability of acquiring an infection. Policy reforms must prioritize cancer care in India to maintain a continuum of care by ensuring medication, teleconsultation, uninterrupted treatment, and complete vaccination to decrease the risk of COVID-19 infection and facilitate patient compliance with the healthcare delivery system.

Vaccine Uptake and COVID-19 Frequency in Pregnant Syrian Immigrant Women.

Immigrants have difficulties in the use of essential health services such as vaccinations. Vaccine uptake among pregnant immigrant women is very low. The aim of the study was to examine the vaccination status of pregnant immigrant women who received health services in an immigrant health center (IHC) affiliated to primary health care institutions. The research is a retrospective-designed cross-sectional type of study. The study sample consists of pregnant Syrian women who received health care from the strengthened IHC of a District Health Directorate in Istanbul between August 2020 and 2022. Age, trimesters, number of pregnancies, high-risk pregnancy status, vaccination dates and status against influenza, COVID-19 and tetanus, and vaccine types of COVID-19 were evaluated. The statistical significance level was determined as p < 0.05. None of the pregnant women had received the influenza vaccine. Of the women whose tetanus vaccine data were evaluated, 29.7% had received at least two doses of the tetanus vaccine. Of the pregnant women, 19.4% were vaccinated against COVID-19 with a minimum two doses and 4.2% had a COVID-19 infection during their pregnancy. None of the women with the COVID-19 infection were fully vaccinated against COVID-19. The vaccine uptake of pregnant immigrant women is very low. Public health interventions are needed to improve vaccination coverage among disadvantaged groups.

Design and psychometric evaluation of health system intervention assessment tools for children in floods.

Flood is one of the most frequent disasters in Iran, which has highly affected the population and consequences on the health system. Children as the most vulnerable group too need to receive health services during floods. The aim of the present study was to develop a national tool for evaluating the provision of health services to children in floods. This study is a sequential-exploratory mixed method study that consists of two qualitative and quantitative stages. The qualitative part includes the analysis of documents and panel of experts while the quantitative part includes the design and validation of the tools. In this study, organizations providing health services to children were first identified, and according to their mission the relevant items were extracted and the initial checklist was designed. Then validity and reliability of the tools were done. The content validity ratio and content validity index for the tool were 59 and 98%, respectively. Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient were determined as 0.7 and 0.964, respectively. The final tool was presented with 64 items. The response program, the scope of interventions, service coverage, and the effectiveness of the response after the flood can help reduce the risk of disasters in children. Using the assessment tool of evaluating the health services to children can assist the stakeholder organizations to meet the standards and best quality of services. Assessing the needs of the children affected by floods, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of health services, and proposing corrective strategies according to the information extracted from this tool are other achievements of this study.

GAMBARAN EFISIENSI PELAYANAN RAWAT INAP TERHADAP INDIKATOR GRAFIK BARBER JOHNSON DI RSUD KOTA BAUBAU TAHUN 2019 – 2021

The efficiency level of the hospital is strongly influenced by the number of community visits related to the quality of service. Baubau City Hospital as a Covid-19 referral center, of course, has an effect on increasing the number of inpatient visits, especially Covid-19 patients who receive health services at Baubau City Hospital. The research uses a descriptive approach. The research location is the Baubau City Hospital in August - October 2021. The population is the daily census of inpatients from 2019 to the first semester of 2021. The data sources are Daily Census Data and Inpatient Patient Register Books and the Profile of Baubau City Hospital. Results show that the efficiency level of the Baubau City Hospital Inpatient Room Efficiency from 2019 to Semester I of 2021 is outside the Efficient area. Where the achievements in 2019 are 38.33% BOR, 3.32 days AVLOS, 5.36 days TOI and 42.01 times BTO. Achievements in 2020 are BOR 27.68%, AVLOS 3.31 days, TOI 8.64 days and BTO 30.62 times. The achievements of Semester 1 of 2021 are BOR 32.93%, AVLOS 3.27 days, TOI 6.16 days and BTO 19.06 times. The conclusion shows that the 2019 to 2021 BOR values ​​have not met the standard of 75%. AVLOS values ​​are standard (3-12 days). The TOI value has not met the standard (1-3 days). The BTO value in 2019 to 2020 has met the standard (&gt;30 times), but in 2021 Semester I has not met the standard. So the Baubau City Hospital needs to increase patient visits and improve quality service facilities/infrastructure.

Analysis Of The National Health Insurance Program At Puskesmas Sempaja 2022

The data of JKN visitors to receive health services at Public Health Center (Puskesmas) 2021 every month in July was 12.910 people, August was 12.954 people, September was 12.986 people, and October was 12,603 people, and November was 12,907. The data on patient visits increased every month. This research used a type of case study research with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used interviews, documentation, and observation of 5 informants. Doctor, Head of Public Health Center, and JKN User. The data analysis technique used data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results stated that there were still patients who did not know the service flow. The obstacles obtained at the Public Health Center were 3, namely the sudden request for a referral, patients still asking for a referral even though they could be treated at Puskesmas, and patients having difficulty following the requirements of JKN service recipients. The mobile JKN application has not been used very well by patients. It was concluded that there are patients who do not know the flow of services at the Puskesmas. The obstacle obtained is about referral services and mobile JKN, which is not yet known and appropriately utilized, so the usage is not optimal. Advice on the need to improve advanced technology services in public health center services and technology in patients and the need to educate patients about the service flow and referrals.

Epidemiological Profile of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in a Diagnostic Center in Southern Puerto Rico, 2006-2017

Objective This study has the purpose of developing an epidemiological profile of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in southern Puerto Rico. Methods This is an exploratory study with a mixed design that was carried out in a diagnostic center located in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The population under study were children within 0-18-years-old of both sexes diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder using the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-4) and DSM-5 criteria. The sample under investigation were all the children in the secondary database of children who received health services in the diagnostic center during 2016-2017. Additionally, to the data from the secondary database, a hand-writing record review was performed to obtain data related to comorbidities and family history. The bivariate and multivariate analysis evaluated the association between each neurodevelopmental disorder, and each disease reported in the family history of diseases. Also bivariate, and multivariate analysis assessed the association between each neurodevelopmental disorder, and each comorbidity reported. Results and Conclusion The mean age and standard deviation of the sample were 5.2±3.20, and 80.5% were males. Most of the children lived in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The sample size did not have normal distribution because the sample size was too small and selected by non-probabilistic methods. Furthermore, 88.2% of the children received a previous evaluation related to the problem, and 70.5% received treatment for the symptoms. The results revealed that neurodevelopmental disorders frequently co-occurred. Also, other comorbidities commonly co-occurred with these disorders. Mental disorders were commonly reported with autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and communication disorders. Autism was also linked to a family history of mental disorders

Contribution of Rural Electrification in Improving People’s Livelihood in Tanzania: A Case of Mpanda District, Tanzania

The study sought to establish the contribution of rural electrification in improving people’s livelihood in Mpanda District, Tanzania using the descriptive design. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 158 heads of households with electricity in five remotely located wards. Data collection instruments included questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion and Interview Schedule. Validity was ensured through accurate construction of research instruments and the use of multiple instruments helped to increase the reliability of the study findings. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and the content analysis approach. The study concludes that electrification supported such economic activities as shops and kiosks, groceries, restaurants and hair cutting and beauty salons. Furthermore, it improved domestic activities like lighting, charging phones and listening to radio. It made life easier and more pleasurable by allowing businesses and kiosks to function even during the night hours. Electricity supported children's education by allowing them to study at night. It also expanded knowledge of people through watching television channels and movies. Finally, rural electrification enabled villagers to receive health services closer to their homes and at a lower cost. The study recommended that government authorities should supply electricity in rural areas in order to increase the use of the service for economic and domestic activities which will enhance the economic status of the rural area people.

PERLINDUNGAN HAK ANAK DALAM MEMPEROLEH PELAYANAN KESEHATAN

Constitutionally, children's rights related to the environment are emphasized in the second amendment, Article 28B paragraph (2) which states that every child has the right to survival, growth and development and is entitled to protection from violence and discrimination. This acknowledgment is reinforced by Article 28H paragraph (1) which states that everyone has the right to live in physical and spiritual prosperity, to have a place to live, to have a good and healthy environment and to receive health services. Moving on from there the author wants to discuss further in the article which will discuss how to regulate children's rights in obtaining health services and what is the role of the government in obtaining health services for children. The purpose of this research is to determine the rights of children to grow and develop in a healthy manner based on the applicable laws and regulations and to determine the countermeasures carried out by the government in guaranteeing the health of children's rights to obtain health services.Keywords: Children; Right; Health.