Receiver-initiated MAC Protocol Research Articles

COSFI-RIMAC: A Cooperative Short Frame Identifier Receiver Initiated MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Power consumption is the most important factor to evaluate the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks. Most sensor network Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols operate based on a duty cycle mechanism. The asynchronous receiver-initiated MAC duty cycle protocols are popular due to their relatively higher energy efficiency. However, recent advances harnessing the benefits of cooperative communication have become one of the solutions of MAC duty cycle protocol. In this article, we improve the RI-MAC protocol by introducing a short frame identifier to notify the sender when the receiver wakes up. This resolution reduces idle listening, which increases energy performance. When the sender node receives a short frame identifier, it cooperates with neighboring senders, which minimizes collisions. Our protocol is called: a Cooperative Short Frame Identifier Receiver Initiated MAC protocol, COSFI-RIMAC is an asynchronous MAC protocol cooperative service cycle initiated by the receiver. The simulation result on the NS2 simulator shows that the COSFI-RIMAC mechanism reduces power consumption, produces minor latency, and increases the rate of packet delivery.

Evaluation of the end-to-end response times in an energy harvesting wireless sensor network using a receiver-initiated MAC protocol

In this paper we propose an analytical model for the evaluation of the end-to-end response time in an energy-harvesting wireless sensor network where the nodes use a receiver-initiated MAC protocol. Each individual node is modeled by means of a finite capacity queue with repeated server vacations of different types. The available energy is modeled by means of an extra variable. The system occupancy in a tagged node together with the available energy are observed at inspection instants, leading to a discrete-time Markov Chain. We derive closed form formulas for the system occupancy distribution at inspection instants and at arbitrary time instants together with the mean response time in this tagged node. The model is applied for the evaluation of the end-to-end response time a packet experiences when crossing different nodes in an energy-harvesting wireless sensor network. The model allows to determine important system parameters, such as the time a node listens to the medium to receive a beacon, the frequency of the transmission of beacons.

An intelligent hybrid MAC protocol for a sensor-based personalized healthcare system

Sensors based on personalized healthcare systems have been widely used in the medical field. However, energy limitations have greatly hindered the further development of medical sensors. For the traditional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, the duration of low-power listening is fixed because it ignores that the available energy of sensors is different in some situations, which leads to a high delay and low energy utilization. In this paper, a Maximum Listening Length MAC (MLL-MAC) protocol is proposed to fully utilize the energy in the sensor-based systems. The MLL-MAC protocol is an improvement of the Receiver-Initiated (RI) MAC protocol. The main advance is that the sensor node performs the following additional operations: (1) The sender sends a beacon when it wakes up and sends data, thus establishing a communication link with the receiver in the listening state; (2) The receiver keeps listening as long as possible to reduce the delay when it wakes up and listens to the channel, which is different from the previous strategy in which the node turns into a sleep state immediately without receiving data. Furthermore, the sensor node can dynamically determine whether to send beacons and prolong listening duration according to its available energy level. The MLL-MAC protocol is evaluated through theoretical analysis and experimental results. The results show that, compared with the RI-MAC protocol, the MLL-MAC protocol can reduce the average end-to-end delay by 41.4% and improve the energy utilization by 15.1%.

Collision Prevention for Duty-Cycle Receiver-Initiation MAC Protocol via Multiple Access Reservation (MAR-RiMAC).

The prevalence of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm in more and more applications associated with our daily lives has induced a dense network in which numerous wireless devices, many of which have limited capabilities (e.g., power, memory, computation), need to communicate with the internet. One of the main bottlenecks of this setup is the wireless channel. Numerous medium access control (MAC) protocols have been devised to coordinate between devices that share the wireless channel. One prominent approach that is highly suitable for IoT and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which rely on duty cycling, is the receiver-initiated approach, in which, rather than the transmitter, the receiver initiates the transaction. The problem with this approach is that when many devices are trying to respond to the receiver’s transmission invitation and transmit simultaneously, a collision occurs. When the network is highly loaded, resolving such collisions is quite tedious. In this paper, we devise an enhancement to the receiver-initiated approach that aims at preventing this inherent collision scenario. Our modification relies on multiple devices sending a short predefined signal, informing their intended receiver of their intention to transmit simultaneously. The data transaction is done via a four-way handshake in which, after all backlogged devices have informed their designated receiver of their desire to transmit simultaneously, the receiver identifies them and polls them one by one, avoiding the collision. We compare the performance of Receiver-Initiated-MAC protocol (RI-MAC), which is one of the prevalent receiver-initiated protocols, with and without the suggested enhancement, and show superior air-time utilization under high traffic loads, especially in the presence of hidden terminals.

Efficient Polling Communications for Multi-Hop Networks Based on Receiver-Initiated MAC Protocol

Efficient Polling Communications for Multi-Hop Networks Based on Receiver-Initiated MAC Protocol

PRIB-MAC: a preamble-based receiver initiated MAC protocol for broadcast in wireless sensor networks

Synchronizing data communication between nodes with energy efficiency by adapting different duty cycling mechanisms is the most important task of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Most of the low-duty-cycle MAC protocols address the issue of unicast efficiently, ignoring the broadcast performance, which presents significant challenges due to the duty cycling. In this paper, we propose an asynchronous low-duty-cycle MAC protocol for broadcasts in WSN that incorporates the advantages of existing sender-initiated and receiver-initiated MAC protocols. The Preamble-Based Receiver-Initiated Broadcast MAC (PRIB-MAC) protocol is built on RI-MAC unicast MAC protocol by adding a preamble to support broadcasting. It is found that the duration of the preamble depends on the time difference in the wake-up schedule of the nodes and with an optimized wake-up schedule, the preamble duration of just 2% of the slot duration can give 100% node coverage in very less time compared with ADB: an efficient multi-hop broadcast protocol based on asynchronous duty cycling in WSNs.

Minimizing the Adverse Effects of Asymmetric Links: A Novel Cooperative Asynchronous MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.

As Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) grow in popularity, researchers are now focusing more on some challenging issues that significantly degrade overall performance, such as energy hole mitigation, link asymmetry minimization, etc. Link asymmetry is a problem that arises when the coverage distance between two adjacent nodes varies. It creates an obstacle to overcome when designing an efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for WSNs with low duty-cycling. This phenomenon poses an especially difficult challenge for receiver-initiated asynchronous MAC protocols, which are popular due to their relatively higher energy efficiency. Exploiting the benefits of cooperative communication has emerged as one of the viable solutions to overcome this limitation. Cooperative communication in WSNs has received a lot of attention in recent years. Many researchers have worked to create a MAC layer supporting cooperative communication. However, the association of cooperative communication with an asymmetric link is not studied in the literature. In this research work, COASYM-MAC, a cooperative asynchronous MAC protocol for WSNs, is proposed based on a receiver-initiated MAC protocol that uses the fact that nodes have alternate paths between them to reduce link asymmetry. A key feature of the proposed protocol is that the optimal helper node is selected automatically in case of link asymmetry. Simulations exhibited that COASYM-MAC performs significantly better than a state-of-the-art MAC protocol for WSNs that handles asymmetric links, ASYM-MAC.

Naturopathic approaches to weight loss in clinical practice – a mixed methods study

This paper analyzes the trade-off issue between energy efficiency and packet delivery latency among existing duty-cycling MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks for low data-rate periodic-reporting applications. We then propose a novel and practical wake-up time self-learning MAC (L-MAC) protocol in which the key idea is to reuse beacon messages of receiver-initiated MAC protocols to enable nodes to coordinate their wakeup time with their parent nodes without incurring extra communication overhead. Based on the self-learning mechanism we propose, L-MAC builds an on-demand staggered scheduler to allow any node to forward packets continuously to the sink node. We present an analytical model, and conduct extensive simulations and experiments on Telosb sensors to show that L-MAC achieves significant higher energy efficiency compared to state-of-the-art asynchronous MAC protocols and a similar result of latency compared to synchronous MAC protocols. In particular, under QoS requirements with an upper bound value for one-hop packet delivery latency within 1 s and a lower bound value for packet delivery ratio within 95%, results show that the duty cycle of L-MAC is improved by more than 3.8 times and the end-to-end packet delivery latency of L-MAC is reduced by more than 7 times compared to those of AS-MAC and other state-of-the-art MAC protocols, respectively, in case of the packet generation interval of 1 min. L-MAC hence achieves high performance in both energy efficiency and packet delivery latency.

Towards energy efficient duty cycling in underwater wireless sensor networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks devices are usually battery powered and thereby their lifetime is limited. This issue leads to lose data measurements and thus to a performance loss of the underlying UWSN application. It also increases the maintenance cost in Internet of Underwater Things scenarios with a huge number of UWSN devices. Additionally, the unique characteristics of UWSNs pose several constraints such as the high energy consumption, long propagation delay, and node mobility. Duty Cycle management is one of the key technologies to solve this issue. In this context, the use of duty cycle based algorithms for opportunistic, autonomous and energy efficient duty cycle management can mitigate the undesirable impact of underwater communications, consequently, improve the overall efficiency of the algorithms designed for the UWSNs. In this article, we study the energy efficient data collection for asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocols for underwater sensor networks. To this end, we improve two previously proposed receiver initiated MAC protocols that use a nodes, (1) residual energy, and (2) its sleep-awake pattern to improve the overall network lifetime. We show that the considerations made in the protocols have a great impact on the performance of the network. Our results show that the protocols minimize the collisions while alleviating the need for excessive handshake and also the average active time of a node is minimized.

An Energy Efficient Receiver-Initiated MAC Protocol for Low-Power WSN

This paper proposes RITMC, an asynchronous multichannel receiver-initiated MAC for low-power WSN. Through a comparison with already existing solutions, the RITMC tries to mitigate the message containment and the effect of Idle Listening through an initial recognition mechanism proposed by the A-MAC protocol, in addition to a multichannel mechanism and a more efficient diagnostic. In order to validate the proposed protocol, evaluations were made to the consumption of each node sensor, the network traffic for each link, the latency and the delivery rate of the network in a web application. The results show that the proposed RITMC minimizes energy consumption, besides improving communication and implementation when compared to the analyzed protocols.

Multiple Packet Transmissions in Duty Cycling WSNs: A DTMC-Based Throughput Analysis

Multiple packet transmissions (MPTs) improve performance by transmitting multiple packets in a single operational cycle. Asynchronous duty cycling medium access control (MAC) protocols such as receiver initiated MAC protocol (RI-MAC) transmit multiple packets in one cycle. In this letter, we develop two associated discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) models to model MPT that can be achieved via multiple node competitions. Furthermore, we present the way of incorporating those developed models with each other for evaluating performance of RI-MAC with MPT. Using the solution of DTMC models, network throughput of MPT is calculated and compared with the one achieved by single packet transmission MAC (e.g., S-MAC) protocol. Validation of analytical results through discrete-event simulations confirms the accuracy of modeling and discloses the operation of MPT in RI-MAC protocol.

Adaptive Beaconing Based MAC Protocol for Sensor Based Wearable System

A sensor-based wearable system is a promising platform to monitor the health and movement of human in real time to improve the quality of life. However, it places stringent requirements on communication delay, energy efficiency, and throughput. In this paper, an adaptive beaconing medium access control (AB-MAC) protocol is proposed to reduce communication delay and improve throughput and energy efficiency for duty cycle-based wearable system. AB-MAC protocol belongs to receiver initiated (RI) MAC protocol, where the sender keeps listening the channel to send data while the receiver sends beacons actively for the preparation of receiving data when it becomes awake. AB-MAC protocol exploits the unbalance energy consumption in the network, where the nodes near the sink (or hub) consume more energy than that of nodes far away from the hub. AB-MAC protocol makes efficient use of the remaining energy of the nodes far away from the hub to send more beacons during the sleep time, which can decrease the sleep delay and improves the energy efficiency and throughput. In addition, the number of beacons that can be sent for the nodes is also obtained based on the remaining energy level. The theoretical analysis is conducted for analyzing the performance of AB-MAC protocol. Furthermore, experimental results are provided, which demonstrate that compared with RI-MAC protocol, AB-MAC protocol can reduce the delay by 32%–51%, increase the throughput by 45%–116%, and improve the energy efficiency by 12%–21% without sacrificing the network lifetime.

WA-MAC: A weather adaptive MAC protocol in survivability-heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

Nowadays, sensor nodes are deployed to different environments to perform applications. Harsh environments such as rain or snow could damage the sensor nodes permanently. In this paper, a novel survivability-heterogeneous wireless sensor network composed of sensor nodes that is resistant to environmental detriments is designed. We for the first time study the medium access control protocol in such heterogeneous wireless sensor networks for data transmission under different weather conditions. We present a new Weather Adaptive receiver-initiated MAC protocol, called WA-MAC. WA-MAC can largely reduce idle listening time to save energy consumption for sensors during data transmission and provide a relative delay bound data delivery service by establishing appropriate rendezvous time between senders and receivers. Besides, by adopting weather forecast information, WA-MAC adjusts the data transmission process between different types of sensors to avoid packets being lost or delayed. Simulation results in ns-2 simulator show that WA-MAC can achieve the required relative delay bound, a low duty cycle and a high packet delivery ratio in the network, which outperforms other existing MAC protocols.

Sub-GHz 대역에서 저전력 원거리 통신을 위한 비경쟁방식의 수신자 주도 MAC 프로토콜 설계

무선 센서 네트워크는 대게 한정적인 배터리로 동작되는 센서 노드로 형성되기 때문에 저전력으로 동작될 수 있는 MAC 프로토콜의 활발한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 하지만 기존의 수신 노드 주도식 MAC 프로토콜은 송신 노드가 언제 전송될지 모르는 수신 노드의 비콘을 Idle Listening 상태로 기다리면서 불필요한 에너지를 소모하는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 단점을 보완하기 위해 Idle Listening을 개선한 저전력 비동기식 Collisionless Receiver Initiated-MAC(CRI-MAC) 프로토콜을 제안한다. 또한, CRI-MAC은 수신 노드의 비콘을 수신하기 전에 송신 노드간의 우선순위를 결정하고 충돌 없이 데이터 패킷을 전송하여 처리율을 높였다. CRI-MAC의 실험 결과는 기존에 제안된 수신 주도식 MAC 프로토콜에 비해 전송 처리율과 에너지 효율이 향상되는 결과를 보였다.

성능 향상을 위해 중간 노드를 이용한 개선된 수신자 주도의 MAC 프로토콜

성능 향상을 위해 중간 노드를 이용한 개선된 수신자 주도의 MAC 프로토콜

Modeling and performance analysis for a receiver-initiated MAC protocol in wireless sensor networks

Energy efficiency is a very important requirement in designing a MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks using battery-operated sensor nodes. We proposed a new energy-efficient MAC protocol, RIX-MAC, based on asynchronous duty cycling and receiver-initiated scheme. In this article, we analyze the performance such as throughput, delay, and energy consumption of RIX-MAC with modeling and simulation. For mathematical analysis, we first use the Markov chain model and determine the transmission and state probabilities and set the equations to solve throughput and delay. We also calculate the energy consumption by separating a cycle period into TX and RX durations. Our analysis results are validated by comparing with the simulation results obtained by NS-2.

IRI-MAC: An Improved Receiver Initiated MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Now a day's wireless sensor network takes much attention to researcher. A lot of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol has been proposed to improve the efficiency in case of increase throughput and energy preservation. ReceiverInitiated MAC(RI-MAC) is one of the most popular MAC protocol due to its ultra-low duty cycle and good throughput. But RI-MAC major disadvantages are exposed terminal collision problem and hidden terminal collision problem. In this paper we only addressed exposed terminal problem using an unique time Clear Channel Assessment(CCA).According to Improved Receiver-Initiated MAC(IRI-MAC) protocol the receiver beacon is not respond immediately but wait a random time and perform a CCA either the channel is clear. If channel clear then transmit its data immediately. More precisely, we provide such an equation that generate an unique CCA time for each node in order to avoid collision for exposed terminal problem. Our proposed system is implemented in omnet/Mixim platform and result shows that IRI-MAC perform better than that of RC-MAC and RI-MAC.

L-MAC: A wake-up time self-learning MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper analyzes the trade-off issue between energy efficiency and packet delivery latency among existing duty-cycling MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks for low data-rate periodic-reporting applications. We then propose a novel and practical wake-up time self-learning MAC (L-MAC) protocol in which the key idea is to reuse beacon messages of receiver-initiated MAC protocols to enable nodes to coordinate their wakeup time with their parent nodes without incurring extra communication overhead. Based on the self-learning mechanism we propose, L-MAC builds an on-demand staggered scheduler to allow any node to forward packets continuously to the sink node. We present an analytical model, and conduct extensive simulations and experiments on Telosb sensors to show that L-MAC achieves significant higher energy efficiency compared to state-of-the-art asynchronous MAC protocols and a similar result of latency compared to synchronous MAC protocols. In particular, under QoS requirements with an upper bound value for one-hop packet delivery latency within 1 s and a lower bound value for packet delivery ratio within 95%, results show that the duty cycle of L-MAC is improved by more than 3.8 times and the end-to-end packet delivery latency of L-MAC is reduced by more than 7 times compared to those of AS-MAC and other state-of-the-art MAC protocols, respectively, in case of the packet generation interval of 1 min. L-MAC hence achieves high performance in both energy efficiency and packet delivery latency.

Proposal of Receiver Initiated MAC Protocol for WSN in urban environment using IoT

Abstract: In the scenario of IoT for urban networks, network technologies depends on the application requirements such as reliability, delivery rate, safety, consumption, and others. Among the protocols existing for media access in WSN, the asynchronous methods allow for greater scalability and simple implementation. The OpenWSN group from Berkeley University build an IoT development platform under the most IoT networks standards. However, it uses synchronous mechanisms for media access. Therefore, this paper proposes an asynchronous multichannel MAC protocol based in RIT mechanism using OpenWSN platform for use in applications with low power consumption and high scalability requirements.

A Self-Tuning Receiver-Initiated MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Receiver-initiated medium access control protocols for wireless sensor networks are theoretically able to adapt to changing network conditions in a distributed manner. However, existing algorithms rely on fixed beacon rates at each receiver. We present a new received initiated MAC protocol that adapts the beacon rate at each receiver to its actual traffic load. Our proposal uses a computationally inexpensive formula for calculating the optimum beacon rate that minimizes network energy consumption and, so, it can be easily adopted by receivers. Simulation results show that our proposal reduces collisions and diminishes delivery time maintaining a low duty cycle.