Reasonable Foundation Research Articles

Theory of Cognition and Practical Interest in Kant: on the Distinction Between Appearance and Thing in Itslef

The article examines the significance of the distinction between phenomena and things in themselves for the foundation of Kantian practical reason. It holds that this distinction acquires its full meaning and the entire gamut of its validity only in the sphere of practical reason. In this way, it attempts to show that the Kantian epistemological distinctions and the fundamental steps in the construction of the Critique of Pure Reason are at the same time strategies to support practical reason, thus driven by an emphatically “practical interest”.

플라톤의 ‘무시케’ 교육과 이성의 관계: ‘시가’의 내용을 중심으로

This study was designed to clarify the relation of ‘mousike’ education in the Republic of Plato and the development of Reason, focusing on the education of poetry. Mousike is composed of works of art, and is considered as the foundation of the development of reason. According to Gadamer, works of art make it possible to possess the truth, in the sense that they bring to light what is otherwise constantly hidden and withdrawn. This gives support of the argument of Plato that Mousike makes foundation of reason. However, in interpreting on the poetry of Homer, Gadamer’s theory of arts is not sufficient to explain mousike education. Plato, criticizing the poetry of Homer, insists that God isn’t the cause of all things but only of good ones. Plato’s sense of good poetry is able to arouse ‘transcendental imagination’. In virtue of it, a learner of a good poetry, instead of obsessing over the particular images in the poetry, conceive of ‘the Good’. Furthermore, a learner of Mousike is able to understand one’s life in the light of the idea of the Good. In virtue of the transcendental imagination, one is able to think of the universal beyond the particulars given by way of sensation as well as acquire the self-understanding which can recognize the ignorance of oneself. Mousike Education makes it possible for a learner to develop reason through transcendental imagination and selfunderstanding.

Christopher Tindale: Exploring the Cultural Foundations of Rhetoric and Reason

The interview conducted with Christopher Tindale by Ruth Amossy in this special issue on “Challenging Rhetoric” proposes a survey of Tindale’s innovative work. Developing from Informal Logic to a theory of Rhetorical Argumentation, it eventually leads to an anthropological approach that challenges the Western rhetorical tradition. It assumes that ways of reasoning are culture-dependent and that arguments as reason-giving can take many forms beyond the ones described in the Western tradition. It thus tackles the question of cross-cultural communication in its argumentative dimension. In this framework it presents an “encounter rhetoric” exploring the encounter between people from very different cultures and looking at how a mutual cognitive environment is able, over time, to emerge and allow for argumentation.

Utilizing Fuzzy Algorithm for Understanding Emotional Intelligence on Individual Feedback

algorithms for FCMs are commonly utilized for assessing correlated systems that are complicated, that were created by fusing logic that is fuzzy and deep neural networks, in addition to attracted a lot of academic attention during the last ten years of study. FCMs are currently used in many different segments of application, including technology, These An essential component of informal communication, body language propose insight into a person's purposes & feelings of affection. Whereas previous studies have examined the manner in which individuals should express regret or ask for assistance, there hasn't been a thorough examination of the methods used to create an emotionally intelligent (EI) artificial a representative. This study examines a number of significant usages and developments of fuzzy mental modeling. The primary objective of the current section is to provide an innovative technique for modeling an emotion-based acceleration the compressor for individuals. Methodologies of experiential thinking postulate which our comprehension of face emotional reactions depends significantly on facial behavior imitation and the reactions as opportunities. Considering the theoretical foundations of combined logical reasoning. In addition, the hypothesis of probability, it additionally is not effective to build a comprehensive hypothesis concerning impressions. Combining EI with fuzzy logic as a combination, we were able to tackle issues with current techniques that neither artificial intelligence nor fuzzy mathematics alone could.

Economics with(out) ethics? An interdisciplinary encounter between public economists and John Rawls in the 1970s

This article analyses selected interdisciplinary exchanges between analytical political philosophy and public economics in the United States during the 1970s. It focuses on three core themes in which public economists interpreted, discussed, and incorporated concepts from John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice (1971), namely: (1) the limits and uses of utilitarianism as a useful framework for capturing social welfare; (2) the ethics of promoting justice and fairness; and (3) how to promote redistribution through taxation. An exploration of published and unpublished sources (personal correspondence, articles, and books) following the publication of Rawls’s magnum opus reveals an intense engagement from public economists with key Rawlsian concepts in the 1970s, in particular the “maximin.” Whilst such exchange offered important thematic inspiration for making the field more ethically driven and engaged with justice-related issues, generating policy discussions on promoting redistribution through optimal taxation, their exchange remained within the economist’s formal toolbox and way of reasoning. Political philosophy made public economics to become ethical without challenging the core epistemic-methodological foundations of economic reasoning.

‘He Offered a Prayer for the Flier He Had Just Killed’

Abstract The US Army war crimes trials held in Manila from 1945 to 1947 prosecuted around 200 Japanese military personnel for war crimes committed against US prisoners of war and Filipino non-combatants. Japanese defendants attempted to argue, with little success, that the defence of superior orders justified their actions. General Douglas MacArthur (Supreme Commander for the Allies in the Pacific or SCAP) was adamant that superior orders would not serve to excuse alleged Japanese war criminals from war crimes. What is clear from the trial documents and other archival material from Manila is that not all sections of the prosecution agreed with MacArthur’s interpretation of the law. However, it seems as though MacArthur’s pronouncement in relation to the application of superior orders may have had a profound impact on not only the Manila trials, but also with subsequent trials in World War II and beyond. This article explores the various arguments in relation to superior orders emanating from the US Army trials in Manila. The trials in Manila show that the rejection of superior orders as a defence in war crimes offered a reasonable foundation and precedent for how subsequent courts and tribunals evaluated the defence of superior orders within the context of war crimes jurisprudence.

Logical Foundations for Reasoning in Cyber - Physical Systems

This paper aims at building the causal relations and event structures13 to study the complex and evolving cyber – physical systems with illustrations of the reasoning based on Robotics24 and Policy Analysis25 for Communication Systems. An empirical analysis points to the realism that network security is also a geometric theory with safety and authentication tending to geometric formulae that make the larger structures. Security is very much a matter of perception too. The proposed approach also factors the perceptual aspects of the human mind. This paper includes several interesting possibilities for using linear algebra, discrete mathematics, analysis, and topology in the domains such as economics, game theory, robotics and biology to mention a few.

A Study on the Operating Mechanism of Masculinity from the Perspective of Patriarchy through the Theory of Misogyny

The proposal to prevent the feminization of young men has caused a great deal of controversy on social media. With endless and heated discussions about "masculinity", more and more people are beginning to reflect on the logic behind "masculinity" from a patriarchal perspective. However, at present, the research in the field of masculinity is rarely combined with feminist theory and rarely from the perspective of feminism. Therefore, this paper uses theoretical analysis methods through the theory of misogyny to deconstruct traditional masculinity, to analyze the operating mechanism of masculinity from the perspective of a patriarchal society, and to put forward suggestions on how to escape from the trap of masculinity. The study found that under the operation of masculinity norms, gender discrimination has had a reasonable foundation, the logic of misogyny has been strengthened, and the ruling order of patriarchal society has been further consolidated; the prevalence of masculinity in society has led to the extreme of advocating force and violence. Therefore, breaking the mechanism of masculinity requires individuals to have a clear awareness and profound understanding of the logic of misogyny.

LHP: Logical hypergraph link prediction

Logical knowledge mining has become increasingly important as it is the foundation of precise reasoning, such as for clinical diagnosis or chemical reaction discovery. Knowledge hypergraphs provide a natural format for expressing inherently high-order relationships beyond pairwise associations. Although logical knowledge (the conjunct operator in first-order logic) is apparently a higher-order relation that can be represented by a hypergraph, methods of representing logical knowledge in this form and completing knowledge by hyperlink prediction have not yet been explored. In this study, logical knowledge is represented by directed hyperedges and effectively quantified by geometric operations in a neural network. The proposed logical hyperlink predictor (LHP) leverages logical knowledge features including permutation invariant and information aggregation of the logical ‘conjunct’ operation. LHP captures logical representation as a whole unit containing the different relationship types embedded within separate hyperedges, making it the novel method to integrate logical knowledge contained within hyperedges. We conduct extensive experiments on the iAF1260b, iJO1366, USPTO, and our Chinese Medical High-order Relational (CMHR) dataset. LHP achieved best performance with linear complexity compared to the state-of-the-art hyperlink prediction methods on a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Macro_F1 and accuracy. It was particularly effective on the CMHR demonstrating the importance of logical knowledge representation in the medical field. LHP also achieved a mean AUC of 0.924 in performing hyperedge relationship classification on the CMHR.

Social Security Reform and the Untapped Potential of Human Rights Law

Abstract The courts have done little to ameliorate the harsh ‘austerity’ reforms pursued by the government since 2010, adopting a highly deferential approach towards human rights claims in the social security context. This article identifies the two key moves to achieve this result: adopting the manifestly without reasonable foundation standard of justification and treating indirect discrimination claims on suspect grounds as not ‘real’ discrimination claims. It shows nonetheless the untapped potential of Convention rights, since even within this framework strong arguments were still available to the courts, based on the functioning of the social security system, which should have rendered two of the harshest reforms, the two-child limit and especially the benefit cap, Convention incompatible. The cap, which limits the subsistence benefits of unemployed families, is justified as a work-incentive policy, yet through Universal Credit the state also independently assesses families affected by the cap as doing all that they reasonably can to find work.

Kant’s philosophy as the development of the intentions of enlightenment

Ernst Cassirer in hisThe Philosophy of the Enlightenmentwrites of Kant’s overcoming of the Enlightenment yet giving its deepest justification. This justification came in the form of epistemology which transformed the modern worldview, handing its form and content over to science. The medieval theistic worldview had to be cleansed from miracles and mysticism and give way to a scientific worldview. However, the Enlighteners, though initiating this movement, could not follow it through and failed to break the ties to theology. This was true in psychology, epistemology, philosophy of history and religion, law and the state. Kant’s role was to complete this task. His philosophy is built upon the principle of the material unity of the world. This required the creation of transcendental anthropology which resolved the problem of the human being and the natural foundations of reason – the problem that had puzzled the most prominent thinkers of the Enlightenment. The principle of the material unity of the world is consistently maintained from the firstCritique to the Opus Postumum, making Kant’s system monistic. In order to maintain this unity, Kant had to subordinate formal logic to transcendental logic which made extensive use of the antinomical dialectic, the principle of the relativity of rational thinking, including the relativity of such ideas of reason as object and subject. Kant’s effort resulted in human nature’s being presented as part of the whole of nature, and so the limit of Enlightenment thinking was overcome.

The cortical thickness of the area PF of the left inferior parietal cortex mediates technical-reasoning skills

Most recent research highlights how a specific form of causal understanding, namely technical reasoning, may support the increasing complexity of tools and techniques developed by humans over generations, i.e., the cumulative technological culture (CTC). Thus, investigating the neurocognitive foundations of technical reasoning is essential to comprehend the emergence of CTC in our lineage. Whereas functional neuroimaging evidence started to highlight the critical role of the area PF of the left inferior parietal cortex (IPC) in technical reasoning, no studies explored the links between the structural characteristics of such a brain region and technical reasoning skills. Therefore, in this study, we assessed participants’ technical-reasoning performance by using two ad-hoc psycho-technical tests; then, we extracted from participants’ 3 T T1-weighted magnetic-resonance brain images the cortical thickness (i.e., a volume-related measure which is associated with cognitive performance as reflecting the size, density, and arrangement of cells in a brain region) of all the IPC regions for both hemispheres. We found that the cortical thickness of the left area PF predicts participants’ technical-reasoning performance. Crucially, we reported no correlations between technical reasoning and the other IPC regions, possibly suggesting the specificity of the left area PF in generating technical knowledge. We discuss these findings from an evolutionary perspective, by speculating about how the evolution of parietal lobes may have supported the emergence of technical reasoning in our lineage.

Music of Contingency: A Musical Topic of Cosmic Horror in Depictions of “The Music of Erich Zann”

H.P. Lovecraft was a twentieth-century American writer whose short story “The Music of Erich Zann” has inspired musical works in several genres. This story was written within Lovecraft’s aesthetic of cosmic horror, an aesthetic which portrays the disintegration of a subject following exposure to the unknown terrors of reality. While cosmic horror shares some characteristics with Immanuel Kant’s and Edmund Burke’s sublime, it differs in that it denies the objective distance and foundation of reason required by Kant and Burke to allow the subject to gain pleasure from the experience. Considering two musical responses to “The Music of Erich Zann” by composers Raymond Wilding-White and Alexey Voytenko, this paper finds a similar distinction between musical expressions of the sublime and cosmic horror. Both compositions use some techniques from the musical topics of ombra and tempesta that scholar Clive McClelland describes as musical emanations of the sublime; however, both also present techniques beyond these topics that deny the listener a foundation in familiarity and any single musical frame. As a result, this paper argues that these compositions exemplify a musical topic of cosmic horror that is similar to but distinct from the topics of musical sublimity. This ‘music of contingency,’ titled in reference to philosopher Quentin Meillassoux’s work, emerged to express the new anxieties and pluralities of the twentieth century.

ANCIENT ORIGINS OF THE METHODOLOGY OF MODERN EVIDENCE LAW

The course towards Ukraine's European integration provides for the harmonisation of national and European law, starting with the cultural and traditional foundations of the latter, laid down in the era of antiquity. In addition, according to the analysis of current issues in the field of modern evidence law, the main sources of methodological contradictions in approaches to its solution go back to their historical roots in this particular era. Accordingly, it seems appropriate to study the ancient origins of both the methodology of legal argumentation itself and the modern technique of its effective application. Moreover, these issues are still insufficiently investigated. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify those logical foundations of evidentiary reasoning that are the property of ancient thought and can be effectively used in the development of modern methods of legal evidence. Hermeneutical and comparative analysis methods were used to critically evaluate classical and modern methodological concepts in the field of evidence law, and to identify fundamental differences in the interpretation of goals, means, and methodological approaches to the construction of evidentiary procedures. When searching for ways to resolve contradictions between alternative methodological paradigms, each of which reveals both its own constructive points and some functional limitations, the method of dialectical synthesis is applied, which provides for rational integration of oppositely oriented approaches based on the principles of their relevant involvement and complementarity. Methods of deductive and logical analysis, as well as inductive generalisation, probabilistic and statistical estimates, and analogy were used to substantiate the results and formulate the conclusions of the study. Scientific originality. It is proved that the appeal to the logical and methodological foundations of rational thinking, formulated and systematised by ancient Greek scholars and technically used in the system of Roman law, opens up wide opportunities in terms of solving a number of topical problems of modern theory and practice of legal evidence. To solve the actual problems of the modern methodology of evidence law, it is advisable to retrospectively analyse its previous historical development, since this makes possible, first, to find out the essential causes of such problems from their very origins. Second, the proposed approach, being aimed at studying the logical and methodological foundations of the theory of legal argumentation, provides for the search for solutions to these problems at a fundamental level. In particular, turning to ancient sources of proof methodology will help solve many debatable issues of its modern development, among which the dilemma of the deductivist or probabilistic and statistical paradigm, the problem of criteria for the sufficiency of evidence, etc., are distinguished. The use of argumentative strategies based on basic logical criteria of rationality and evidence will help increase the degree of objectivity in the practice of making legal decisions, being an effective means of countering subjectivism in the course of their development

Uncertainty in post-anaesthesia nursing clinical reasoning: An integrative review in the light of the model of uncertainty in complex health care settings

Problem identification: Post-anaesthesia nursing plays an important role in the early detection and treatment of clinical deterioration after surgery and/or anaesthesia. Concomitantly, the effectiveness of post-operative care is highly dependent on the accurate analysis, synthesis of patient data and quality of diagnostic decisions through clinical reasoning. Given the dynamic processes required to come to a diagnosis, uncertainty is common in clinical reasoning and expected during practice. Nevertheless, uncertainty may permeate the foundations of clinical reasoning, which can jeopardise diagnostic accuracy and consequently the quality and safety of health care. Literature search: The objectives of this review are to identify available evidence related to uncertainty in post-anaesthesia nursing clinical reasoning and to analyse the results from the perspective of the Model of Uncertainty in Complex Healthcare Settings (MUCH-S). A comprehensive search strategy using CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Library (EBSCO), Medline (PubMed), ProQuest and Google Scholar databases was used to find published and unpublished relevant studies. Studies published in English and Portuguese were included. There was no temporal restriction, nor geographical or cultural limitation for the studies included. Data evaluation synthesis: All papers were reviewed by the authors to extract key information about purpose, sample and setting, research design and method, key findings and limitations. The literature search identified a total of 248 studies, 22 of which were retrieved for full reading. A total of four articles were included in this review. Implications for practice: Three main themes were identified: nurses’ intuition to reason, feelings of uncertainty related to lack of nursing knowledge and clinical (in)experience to deal with uncertainty. These findings are encompassed within the MUCH-S taxonomy: personal, scientific and practical. This review offers post-anaesthesia nurses’ greater levels of understanding of this phenomenon and may support more informed and reflexive clinical reasoning.

Identifying mental actions for abstracting the logic of conditional statements

In this paper, we provide a theoretical development of the mental actions that underlie reasoning about logic. Building explicitly on Piaget’s epistemology, we propose populating, inferring, expanding, and negating as four mental actions that, upon becoming reversible and composable, can give rise to the logic of universally quantified conditional statements. We adopt the view that logic is a metacognitive activity in which people abstract content-general relationships by reflecting across their content-specific reasoning activity. We explore how these four actions become reversible and composable in mathematics, suggesting that logic can be built psychologically upon the foundation of mathematical reasoning. Further, by exploring what it means for these actions to be reversible and composable, we propose how students may need to engage in these actions to refine and reflect on them so as to afford logical abstraction (in the manner we envision).

A formal foundation for symbolic evaluation with merging

Reusable symbolic evaluators are a key building block of solver-aided verification and synthesis tools. A reusable evaluator reduces the semantics of all paths in a program to logical constraints, and a client tool uses these constraints to formulate a satisfiability query that is discharged with SAT or SMT solvers. The correctness of the evaluator is critical to the soundness of the tool and the domain properties it aims to guarantee. Yet so far, the trust in these evaluators has been based on an ad-hoc foundation of testing and manual reasoning. This paper presents the first formal framework for reasoning about the behavior of reusable symbolic evaluators. We develop a new symbolic semantics for these evaluators that incorporates state merging. Symbolic evaluators use state merging to avoid path explosion and generate compact encodings. To accommodate a wide range of implementations, our semantics is parameterized by a symbolic factory, which abstracts away the details of merging and creation of symbolic values. The semantics targets a rich language that extends Core Scheme with assumptions and assertions, and thus supports branching, loops, and (first-class) procedures. The semantics is designed to support reusability, by guaranteeing two key properties: legality of the generated symbolic states, and the reducibility of symbolic evaluation to concrete evaluation. Legality makes it simpler for client tools to formulate queries, and reducibility enables testing of client tools on concrete inputs. We use the Lean theorem prover to mechanize our symbolic semantics, prove that it is sound and complete with respect to the concrete semantics, and prove that it guarantees legality and reducibility. To demonstrate the generality of our semantics, we develop Leanette, a reference evaluator written in Lean, and Rosette 4, an optimized evaluator written in Racket. We prove Leanette correct with respect to the semantics, and validate Rosette 4 against Leanette via solver-aided differential testing. To demonstrate the practicality of our approach, we port 16 published verification and synthesis tools from Rosette 3 to Rosette 4. Rosette 3 is an existing reusable evaluator that implements the classic merging semantics, adopted from bounded model checking. Rosette 4 replaces the semantic core of Rosette 3 but keeps its optimized symbolic factory. Our results show that Rosette 4 matches the performance of Rosette 3 across a wide range of benchmarks, while providing a cleaner interface that simplifies the implementation of client tools.

A Joint Assessment of Reasoning about General Statements in Mathematics and Biology

This contribution belongs to a larger empirical study that focuses on issues related to the implementation of inquiry-based learning and formative assessment in science and mathematics education, while it also refers to the issue of STEM education. Here, we discuss the two topics from the perspective of professional preparation of primary school teachers. We employ an educational tool called Concept Cartoons and perceive it as a common diagnostic tool for investigating modes of reasoning about general statements in arithmetic, geometry and biology. The presented qualitative exploratory empirical study maps and codes various kinds of reasoning that can be identified with the tool and investigates possibilities of a joint coding procedure. As a result, it provides a conversion table between various modes of reasoning in the three subject domains. The arisen code categories cover the field of generic examples, including the initial stages so that they can be used for scaffolding the process of learning the foundations of deductive reasoning. The joint approach to reasoning in mathematics and biology shows how argumentation and formative assessment can be understood equally and developed simultaneously in both school subjects. It helps us to see how the two school subjects can be integrated didactically.

The Value of Fair Procedure: All’s Well That Ends Well? How Social Psychologists and Legal Theorists Should Sit Down and Talk

This contribution posits that on-going discussions on the value of fair procedure in legal theory would benefit greatly from an exchange with debates in social psychology. Thus far, consideration of empirical data about individual perceptions of procedural fairness has not been systematic in the philosophical strand of legal scholarship. In this contribution, the similarities between both strands of scholarship are uncovered in order to provoke a more complete process of theoretical reflection in which hypotheses can rely on a foundation of logical reasoning as well as empirical evidence. The seminal legal works get tied up in experience-based argumentation as evidence for their either instrumental or intrinsic perspective, despite the fact that empirical evidence is readily available – which could serve as “a prime source of information for legal theory”.

Analysis of social media use by European plastic surgery societies: A missing link for #PlasticSurgery.

PurposeThe field of Plastic Surgery is prominent on social media around the world. Board certified plastic surgeons and societies of plastic surgery play a role in providing accurate, evidence-based information to the public, patients, and colleagues. The aim of this study was to explore the use of social media by European Plastic Surgery Societies.Methods and materialsA retrospective analysis of the presence and activity of European Plastic Surgery Societies on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram was conducted between December 12th 2018 and December 12th 2019. The results have been compared to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.ResultsTwenty, eleven and nine European societies yielded an active account on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram respectively. Only seven European societies had an account on all three platforms and were therefore considered polypresent. The amount of followers of those seven societies was significantly higher than of the others (p-value = 0.02). Their activity yielded significantly more posts on Facebook (p-value = 0.02). The American Society of Plastic Surgeons had more followers on all three platforms than all European societies combined.ConclusionSocial media are still rather unexploited by European Plastic Surgery Societies. A tendency towards increased visibility can be observed, yet a higher penetration is required to further educate and engage through social media. The quantitative data provided serve as reasonable foundation for further studies and a guide for growth of #PlasticSurgery.