Real-time Visualization Research Articles

Real-Time Visualization of the Gastrointestinal Tract during Nasogastric Tube Placement: Pilot study of a New Video-Assisted System

Background and aims: Nasogastric tubes are commonly inserted blindly, leading to complications. Existing NG tube placement assisting systems faced safety and cost-effectiveness issues. This study aims to evaluate a new assisting system using a camera probe inserted into the nasogastric tube to provide real-time visualization. Patients and methods: Thirty patients requiring nasogastric tube placement were prospectively included. The primary objective was to determine the success rate of nasogastric tube placement, while the secondary objectives included the assessment of the usability and safety of this system. Results: Our findings revealed a high success rate of 96.7%. The median time to complete nasogastric tube placement was 3.8 min. No serious complications were observed during the 7-day follow-up period. Operator’s feedback indicated this system helps facilitate nasogastric tube placement, identify the gastric mucosa and safety landmark, and ease of camera wire removal. However, image visibility received a slightly lower score due to gastrointestinal secretions entering the nasogastric tube through the side hole. To address this, air insufflation was used to enhance visibility in 13 patients. Conclusions: This video-assisted system provides real-time visualization of the gastrointestinal tract during tube insertion and has been shown to enhance the safety and effectiveness of nasogastric tube placement.

STIM1 and lipid interactions at ER-PM contact sites

Store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) represents a major route of Ca2+ permeation across the plasma membrane (PM) in non-excitable cells, which plays an indispensable role in maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. This process is orchestrated through the dynamic coupling between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and the PM-resident ORAI1 channel. Upon depletion of ER Ca2+ stores, STIM1 undergoes conformational rearrangements and oligomerization, leading to translocation of STIM1-containing ER membrane towards the PM. This movement is facilitated by the physical interaction between positively charged cytosolic domains within STIM1 and negatively charged phospholipids embedded in the PM, ultimately enabling its binding to and activation of the PM-embedded ORAI1 channel. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of STIM1-mediated Ca2+ signaling at ER-PM contact sites, highlighting the regulatory roles of phospholipids in the inner leaflet and sphingolipids in the outer leaflet of the PM. We also discuss the development of molecular tools that enable real-time visualization and manipulation of membrane contact sites (MCSs) at ER-PM junctions. Lastly, we highlight recent progress in developing targeted therapies for human diseases linked to STIM1 mutations and dysregulated Ca2+ signaling at ER-PM MCSs.

Two-photon visualization of lysosomes-specific ferroptosis by a dual-functional fluorescent probe

Ferroptosis is an iron-driven programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, and lysosomes are organelles abundant with iron species and highly associated with ferroptosis, thus it is of great significance to study the lysosomes-specific ferroptosis process. In this work, a novel dual-functional two-photon fluorescent probe Lyso-FNN with lysosomes-locating property is presented. By virtue of the dual intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) systems as well as the indole moiety as a pH response site in the structure, the probe can simultaneously respond to polarity and pH variations. Lyso-FNN was used successfully to monitor the fluctuations in lysosomal polarity and pH under two-photon excitation. Moreover, real-time two-photon fluorescence visualization of lysosomes-specific ferroptosis was realized through the dual-channel imaging of Lyso-FNN, and our findings revealed that the ferroptosis induced by erastin/RSL3 in HeLa cells was accompanied by an increase of lysosomal polarity and acidity. Notably, the capability of artesunate to induce the lysosomes-specific ferroptosis was evaluated by dual-color imaging of Lyso-FNN as well as the results of western blot. This study provides us a powerful tool to study the interrelation between ferroptosis and lysosomes, and to gain deeper understanding of lysosomes-specific ferroptosis process.

Portable real-time polarimeter for partially and fully polarized light.

We present a portable polarimeter capable of real-time visualization of partial and fully polarized light over a broad band of wavelengths. Our system utilizes a Raspberry Pi computer with a low-cost data acquisition "HAT" and an integrated photodetection circuit. Wide bandwidth operation is achieved through digital calibration of an arbitrary retardance waveplate presented herein. All mechanical, electrical, and software components are open source and available on a GitHub repository. This completely integrated approach provides an efficient tool for modern optics research laboratories and is well-suited for educational demonstrations.

New Findings on Reduced Solidification Brittle Temperature Range in Epitaxially Grown CMSX-4 Superalloy Welds via Varestraint Testing

This study examines the solidification brittle temperature range (BTR) of CMSX-4 superalloy welds. Based on the BTR evaluation results, we quantitatively suggest the minimum BTR value for the solidification crack-free welding of the alloy. For the BTR evaluation, a transverse-Varestraint test correlated with real-time visualization of the molten pool temperature was applied. The BTR was evaluated to be 28K for the 10A-linear condition, 109K for the 20A-linear, and 336K for the 30A-linear. With the application of oscillation, the BTR expanded to 434K (0.6Hz-oscillated). The wide variation in BTR according to the welding conditions was investigated through the characteristics of the crystal growth behavior at the solidification cracking regions. For the 10A-linear condition with the narrowest BTR of 28K, the entire weld metal, including the solidification cracking region, exhibited perfectly epitaxial growth identical to the base metal's crystal orientation. As the BTR expanded, controversially, the solidification cracking region showed polycrystalline behavior. Consequently, the BTR in the CMSX-4 superalloy welds can be reduced, and weldability can be improved by enhancing the degree of single crystallization during welding fabrication. This improvement is attributed to the reduction of dendrite coalescence undercooling.

Structural color heart-on-a-chip for evaluating the myocardial protection effects of traditional Chinese medicine

Many Chinese medicines have shown protective effects on the heart, while their specific effects and modes of action are still lacking of intuitive studies. In this paper, we propose a structural color heart-on-a-chip from layer assembly for evaluating the myocardial protection effects of traditional Chinese medicine. The structural color scaffolds are imparted with a striped microstructure on one side for inducing the alignment of cardiomyocytes, and an inverse opal nanostructure on the other side for optical sensing. Because the scaffold could generate obvious color changes upon cardiomyocyte contraction, its integration into a microfluidic chip provides a simple screening platform to study the pre-protective effects of Chinese medicine against cardiac injury. We have demonstrated that with the induction of doxorubicin, the injured cardiomyocytes presented abnormal morphology, disappeared sarcomere and depressed beating behaviors that could be reflected by reduced structural color changes. On the contrary, traditional Chinese medicine pre-protection can increase the vitality of cardiomyocytes, reduce reactive oxygen species production, and improve the contractile function of cardiomyocytes, which is highly consistent with the known conclusion. These results indicated that our structural color heart-on-a-chip with real-time visualization characteristics could provide an ideal platform for traditional Chinese medicine development and drug screening.

One arrow two eagles: multifunctional nano-system for macrophage reprogramming and osteoclastogenesis inhibition against inflammatory osteolysis

Inflammatory osteolysis poses a significant worldwide threat to public health. However, current monotherapies, which target either the prevention of the inflammatory response or the attenuation of osteoclast (OC) formation, have limited efficacy due to the complexity of the bone immune system being overlooked. Herein, by means of modifying salmon calcitonin (sCT), a multifunctional nano-system (AuNDs-sCT) was designed to synergistically inhibit OC differentiation and reverse the inflammatory microenvironment against inflammatory osteolysis. On the one hand, AuNDs-sCT effectively restrained OC differentiation by binding to the calcitonin receptors on the surface of OC precursors, resulting in the down-regulation of OC-specific genes and proteins. The targeted capacity of AuNDs-sCT provided a more durable and precise therapeutic effect. On the other hand, AuNDs-sCT exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which regulated the polarization “switch” from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in macrophages by the inhibition of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, thereby effectively reversed the local inflammatory microenvironment. Additionally, AuNDs-sCT served as a promising fluorescent probe, enabling real-time visualization of the therapeutic process. This capability is expected to optimize drug administration and evaluate therapeutic effects. In summary, by inhibiting OC differentiation and reprogramming macrophages, AuNDs-sCT successfully realized drug repurposing and achieved the “one arrow two eagles” therapeutic strategy, which offers a synergistic and effective treatment option for the clinical management of inflammatory osteolysis.

Proactive monitoring and security in cloud infrastructure: leveraging tools like Prometheus, Grafana, and HashiCorp Vault for Robust DevOps Practices

This study investigates proactive monitoring and security within cloud infrastructure, focusing on implementing tools like Prometheus, Grafana, and HashiCorp Vault to enhance operational resilience and data security. As cloud adoption grows, so does the complexity of maintaining secure systems amidst ever-evolving threats and regulatory pressures. By integrating these tools within DevOps workflows, organizations can achieve real-time monitoring, visualization, and secure access management, significantly strengthening their cloud environments. A systematic literature review was conducted, examining each tool's unique capabilities, the limitations they address, and the potential for combined functionality to offer a layered security approach. The findings reveal that while these tools are invaluable for preemptively detecting threats and managing access, they require continuous refinement to meet scalability, compatibility, and compliance demands. This study concludes that a proactive, integrative approach utilizing Prometheus for data collection and alerting, Grafana for visualization, and HashiCorp Vault for secret management fosters robust cloud security practices. Recommended strategies include adopting zero-trust architectures, utilizing automated compliance tools, and integrating sustainability principles in cloud management to ensure both security and operational efficiency. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the need for adaptive security frameworks that evolve alongside technological advancements, positioning organizations to safeguard their digital assets and respond to emerging threats with agility and confidence.

Near-infrared fluorescent probe for visualization of nitroxyl in the plant response to stress

BackgroundNitroxyl (HNO) is an emerging signaling molecule that plays a significant regulatory role in various aspects of plant biology, including stress responses and developmental processes. However, understanding the precise actions of HNO in plants has been challenging due to the absence of highly sensitive and real-time in situ monitoring tools. Consequently, it is crucial to develop effective and accurate detection methods for HNO. Establishing such methodologies will enable researchers to elucidate the functional roles of HNO in plant physiological processes, thereby advancing our knowledge of plant resilience and adaptation under environmental stressors. ResultHerein, we successfully constructed a near-infrared fluorescent probe, DCIF-HNO, based on the dicyanoisophorone platform as fluorophore and 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate as HNO recognition site for identifying HNO in plants. Probe DCIF-HNO exhibited rapid response, excellent selectivity, and high sensitivity to HNO in vitro spectroscopic tests, while also demonstrating low toxicity and biocompatibility. A rapid and portable smartphone sensing platform for HNO in actual samples was successfully constructed based on probe DCIF-HNO and color recognition application. Moreover, probe DCIF-HNO was successfully applied to plant cells and tissues, enabling real-time visualization and detection of HNO and revealing the complex network of HNO interactions during H2S/NO crosstalk in plants. Furthermore, the increase in HNO levels in plants response to high salt and Cr stress was observed using probe DCIF-HNO. Transcriptome sequencing and differential metabolites analysis were employed to gain insight into the mechanism of HNO production under Cr stress. SignificanceDue to the optical properties and high-resolution imaging capabilities of DCIF-HNO, this study offers a novel framework for elucidating the signaling role of HNO in plant stress responses. The precise visualization of HNO dynamics enhances our understanding of the complex molecular pathways involved in plant adaptation to abiotic stressors. This research not only advances plant physiology but also has significant implications for developing strategies to enhance agricultural resilience in challenging environmental conditions.

An IoT-based Fuel Monitoring and Tracking System with Real-time Fuel Level Detection using Accelerometer

In the transportation sector, effective fuel management is essential due to increasing environmental and economic concerns. However, traditional fuel level indicators often lack the necessary precision for optimizing fuel consumption. This paper introduces a novel IoT-based fuel monitoring and tracking system designed to overcome these challenges. By combining an accelerometer for real-time fuel level detection with GPS for location tracking and mileage calculation, the system provides comprehensive monitoring capabilities. Additionally, cloud-based data processing and a user-friendly mobile application enable real-time data visualization and analysis. This integrated approach empowers fleet managers and vehicle owners to make informed, data-driven decisions that enhance fuel efficiency, lower operational costs, and reduce environmental impact.

Sonography-Guided Endovascular Retrieval of Fractured Angiocatheter in Brachial Artery: A Case Report.

The insertion of an angiocatheter into a peripheral artery for continuous hemodynamic monitoring is a widely employed clinical practice. Fracture of a angiocatheter retained in an artery, though infrequent, presents a challenge in clinical management, particularly in critically ill patients. Surgical exploration for retrieval is generally required, as fluoroscopy-guided endovascular methods are precluded due to the radiolucency of catheters. This case report demonstrates the successful retrieval of a fractured catheter from the brachial artery of an 85-year-old critically ill patient through the utilization of endovascular techniques guided by sonography. Key considerations include selecting an appropriate snare system diameter and ensuring real-time sonographic visualization to prevent displacement of the fractured segment. This case illustrates the feasibility and safety of sonography-guided endovascular retrieval as an alternative to surgical intervention for fractured angiocatheters. The proposed strategy demonstrates its applicability in similar clinical scenarios.

Design and Implementation of SCADA Architecture Based on MATLAB App Designer for a Hybrid Power System

Hybrid renewable power systems (HRPS) are now considered reliable solutions for power generation under various conditions. A critical challenge for deploying HRPS involves the design and implementation of an effective supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, which is essential for real-time monitoring and control. The SCADA system plays a vital role in remote monitoring and control by enabling real-time data management, early fault detection, and timely troubleshooting. This study presents the design and implementation of a SCADA architecture based on a MATLAB App Designer for an HRPS consisting of wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, diesel generators, and batteries. The system utilizes Arduino Mega 2560 as remote terminal units (RTUs) to interface with actuators and measure critical system parameters such as voltage and current. Arduino boards can be controlled directly from MATLAB® via the MATLAB® Support Package for Arduino® Hardware. A laptop is the main terminal unit (MTU), communicating with the Arduino via the Firmata protocol. MATLAB App Designer is the central monitoring interface, providing real-time data acquisition, processing, and visualization. In addition, a relay module is used to control the operation of the diesel generator. The relay module acts as an intermediary between the control system and the diesel generator, allowing for automated control of the generator's operation. It receives commands from the SCADA system to either start or stop the generator based on the energy demands and the availability of renewable resources. By managing the diesel generator's activity, the relay module helps ensure that the HRPS maintains a balanced and efficient power supply, minimizing reliance on non-renewable sources when renewable energy is sufficient. Based on experimental results, the proposed SCADA system effectively monitors and controls HRPS under different conditions.

PlantView: Integrating deep learning with 3D modeling for indoor plant augmentation

Indoor plant recognition poses significant challenges due to the variability in lighting conditions, plant species, and growth stages. Despite the growing interest in applying deep learning techniques to plant data, there still needs to be more research focused on the automatic recognition of indoor plant species, highlighting the need for real-time, automated solutions. To address this gap, this study introduces a novel approach for real-time identification and visualization of indoor plants using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based model called PlantView, integrated with Augmented Reality (AR) for enhanced user interaction. The proposed PlantView model not only accurately classifies the plant species but also visualizes them in a 3D AR environment, allowing users to interact with virtual plant models seamlessly integrated into their real-world surroundings. We developed a custom dataset comprising over 28,000 images of 48 different plant species at various growth stages, captured under diverse lighting conditions and camera settings. Our proposed approach achieves an impressive accuracy of 98.20 %. To validate the effectiveness of PlantView model, we conduct extensive experiments and compared its performance against state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating its superior accuracy and processing speed. The results indicate that our method is not only highly effective for real-time indoor plant recognition but also offers practical applications for enhancing indoor plant care and visualization. This research offers a comprehensive solution for indoor plant enthusiasts and professionals, combining advanced computer vision techniques with immersive AR visualization to revolutionize the way indoor plants are identified, visualized, and integrated into living spaces.

Microfocused Ultrasound With Visualization Induces Remodeling of Collagen and Elastin Within the Skin.

Microfocused ultrasound with real-time visualization (MFU-V) is often used for noninvasive skin lifting, by precisely targeting dermal and subcutaneous tissues to create thermal coagulation points (TCPs). These TCPs denature collagen and initiate a transient inflammatory response, ultimately attracting dermal fibroblasts and inducing efficient neocollagenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, yielding to MFU-V's desired skin-lifting effects. The current study investigates MFU-V's underlying mode of action based on the histological progression of TCPs in the skin, providing new insight into the technology's regenerative effect. Following standard triple-depth MFU-V treatment, invivo skin samples were assessed using histology and immunohistochemistry to evaluate TCPs, heat shock protein (HSP47), and elastin expression in fibroblasts. MFU-V treatment induced elongated, flame-like TCPs with denatured collagen at focal depths of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mm within the skin-each corresponding to its respective transducer depth. Time-dependent progression of TCPs showed significantly increased scores of fibroblasts and mature collagen along with recruitment of HSP47-positive fibroblasts to TCP areas on Day 90. Collagen formation and later maturation were visualized. Newly synthesized elastin significantly increased in the TCP area on Day 90 compared to Day 14. This work provides histological evidence of stimulation and regeneration of newly synthesized elastin fibers after TCP induction. MFU-V-generated TCPs triggered the body's own healing cascade of collagen denaturation, transient inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling, resulting in attraction of HSP47-positive fibroblasts to the TCP sites, and new collagen and elastin fiber regeneration by fibroblasts. Besides the well-described neocollagenesis, this study demonstrates that MFU-V treatment induces elastin neogenesis that may result not only in skin lifting but also in improved skin elasticity, providing an overall regenerative effect.

Digital Storage Oscilloscope with Frequency Control & Real-time Visualization

Project presents a digital storage oscilloscope with real-time visualization capabilities and frequency control. The system is based on the flexible ESP32 microcontroller architecture, which allows for the creation of a wide range of waveforms at tunable frequencies. Quick waveform adaptation is made possible by users' easy control over the oscillator's frequency in real-time through simple input techniques. Additionally, the system has a graphical user interface that allows users to instantly visualize created signals and easily monitor waveform properties. The oscillator is appropriate for a variety of applications in industries like audio synthesis, instrumentation, and telecommunications because it also provides sophisticated control options and signal processing capabilities. This comprehensive solution meets the needs of both enthusiasts and experts in signal production and visualization by providing a practical and versatile tool for those working in

ADVANCING PRECISION

Augmented reality (AR) technology is revolutionizing spine surgery, offering unprecedented intraoperative image guidance and enhancing patient safety, particularly in complex procedures. This presentation explores the expanding applications of AR in spinal surgery, highlighting recent technological advances that have transformed surgical practices. In addition to improving surgical precision and accuracy, AR provides real-time visualization of critical anatomical structures, aiding in navigation and decision-making during intricate spinal procedures. This presentation will delve into the benefits that AR brings compared to classical techniques, including enhanced visualization, improved spatial awareness, and reduced radiation exposure for both patients and surgical teams. By overlaying virtual information onto the surgeon’s view of the patient, AR facilitates a more intuitive understanding of complex spinal anatomy and pathology, leading to optimized surgical outcomes. Furthermore, this session will cover the diverse applications of AR in a range of spinal conditions operated in Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK - including spinal tumors, calcified disc herniation, spinal CSF-venous fistula etc. By showcasing the benefits of AR technology across various pathologies, this presentation aims to underscore its transformative potential in advancing spinal surgical care.

BN SO01 - Fluorescent Precision: Advancing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green ( ICG )

Abstract Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy represents a significant advancement in surgical techniques for gallbladder disease. However, challenges persist in accurately identifying critical structures such as the bile ducts, leading to complications. Indocyanine Green (ICG), a fluorescent dye with unique properties, has emerged as a promising tool to enhance precision and safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Originally developed for infrared photography, ICG's fluorescence capabilities have been harnessed in various medical applications, including ophthalmology and surgical procedures. Its ability to provide real-time visualization of the biliary anatomy facilitates better surgical navigation, reducing the risk of inadvertent injury and improving overall outcomes. Method Comprehensive review of existing literature and research on laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with a focus on the role of Indocyanine Green (ICG) in enhancing surgical precision and safety. Relevant articles, clinical trials, and meta-analyses were identified through databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Search terms included "laparoscopic cholecystectomy," "Indocyanine Green," "fluorescence imaging," and related terms. Results The results of this study highlight the significant role of Indocyanine Green (ICG) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and research, it was found that ICG integration enhances surgical precision and safety by providing real-time visualization of the biliary anatomy. The use of ICG reduces the risk of inadvertent injury and improves overall surgical outcomes. Despite challenges such as technical complexities and safety considerations, the evidence strongly supports the transformative potential of ICG in modern surgery. Conclusion In conclusion, the integration of Indocyanine Green (ICG) into laparoscopic cholecystectomy represents a pivotal advancement in surgical practice. The findings of this study underscore the importance of cautious navigation and collaboration in maximizing the benefits of ICG. By addressing challenges through innovation and evidence-based guidelines, ICG has the potential to revolutionize the landscape of minimally invasive surgery, offering patients safer procedures and better outcomes. As research continues to evolve, the journey of ICG in laparoscopic cholecystectomy holds promise for a future where precision and safety converge, ultimately shaping the standard of surgical excellence.

Noise & mottle suppression methods for cumulative Cherenkov images of radiation therapy delivery

Purpose.Cherenkov imaging during radiotherapy provides a real time visualization of beam delivery on patient tissue, which can be used dynamically for incident detection or to review a summary of the delivered surface signal for treatment verification. Very few photons form the images, and one limitation is that the noise level per frame can be quite high, and mottle in the cumulative processed images can cause mild overall noise. This work focused on removing or suppressing noise via image postprocessing.Approach.Images were analyzed for peak-signal-to-noise and spatial frequencies present, and several established noise/mottle reduction algorithms were chosen based upon these observations. These included total variation minimization (TV-L1), non-local means filter (NLM), block-matching 3D (BM3D), alpha (adaptive) trimmed mean (ATM), and bilateral filtering. Each were applied to images acquired using a BeamSite camera (DoseOptics) imaged signal from 6x photons from a TrueBeam linac delivering dose at 600 MU min-1incident on an anthropomorphic phantom and tissue slab phantom in various configurations and beam angles. The standard denoised images were tested for PSNR, noise power spectrum (NPS) and image sharpness.Results.The average peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) increase was 17.4% for TV-L1. NLM denoising increased the average PSNR by 19.1%, BM3D processing increased it by12.1% and the bilateral filter increased the average PSNR by 19.0%. Lastly, the ATM filter resulted in the lowest average PSNR increase of 10.9%. Of all of these, the NLM and bilateral filters produced improved edge sharpness with, generally, the lowest NPS curve.Conclusion.For cumulative image Cherenkov data, NLM and the bilateral filter yielded optimal denoising with the TV-L1 algorithm giving comparable results. Single video frame Cherenkov images exhibit much higher noise levels compared to cumulative images. Noise suppression algorithms for these frame rates will likely be a different processing pipeline involving these filters incorporated with machine learning.

Advancing Cancer Vaccines with Radionuclide Imaging.

Cancer vaccines are emerged as a beacon of hope in the fight against cancer. However, the lack of effective methods to directly observe their in vivo behavior and monitor therapeutic responses hinders their translation into clinical settings. Radionuclide imaging allows for non-invasive and real-time visualization of vaccine biodistribution and immunological response, offering valuable insights into the effectiveness of cancer vaccines and aiding in patient stratification. In this review, the latest advances and potential applications of radionuclide imaging in cancer vaccines are discussed, with a specific focus on strategies for visualizing the spatiotemporal distribution of vaccines in vivo and monitoring treatment efficacy. The challenges and considerations for implementing these techniques in clinical practice are also highlighted, aiming to inform and guide future research in this field.

Pore-Scale Visualized Transport and Retention of Fibrous and Fragmental Microplastics in Porous Media under Various Surfactant Conditions.

For advancing current knowledge on the transport of microplastics (MPs) in the environment, this study used a real-time pore-scale visualization and quantitative system to examine the motions and mobility of fibrous and fragmental MPs under various surfactant (AEO, CTAC, and AES) and electrolyte conditions. The videos showed that fibrous MPs formed tangles through entanglement, which moved in an axial direction aligned with the flow streamline. Both fibrous and fragmental MPs showed suspended movement as well as surface movement (e.g., sliding, rolling, and saltating) in the porous media. Some deposited fibrous MPs showed flexible deformation due to shear flow. Compared to fragmental MPs, fibrous MPs showed lower mobility due to the tendency to deposit and clog the porous media. The mobility of fragmental MPs was enhanced in the presence of AEO but remained relatively unchanged with AES. In the presence of CTAC, the mobility of fragmental MPs was slightly inhibited under low ionic strength (IS) conditions but remarkably enhanced under high IS conditions. However, the mobility of fibrous MPs was largely unaffected by the surfactants. Both the numerical model and FDLVO calculations effectively described the transport and deposition of MPs in porous media.