Ready-made Components Research Articles

Concept for an innovative screw coupling system production process

The article presents the concept of an innovative approach to the production of a screw coupling system, a key element in rail vehicles. The use of ready-made components from various subsuppliers, combined with new quality control methods, offers an opportunity for a significant reduction in cost and production time while increasing the efficiency and flexibility of the process. Key stages of the production process are highlighted, from the selection of semifinished products, through quality control, to the final assembly and validation. The applied strategies can minimise waste, increase material efficiency, and have a positive impact on the environment. This study constitutes a significant contribution to the development of sustainable production in the railway industry, with an emphasis on organisational, process, and product innovations.

Development of Adaptive Site based on NetCat Content Management System

Content management system NetCat 6 provides the development of adaptive websites with CSS3 layout for desktops and mobile devices. Websites are created in no-code mode based on ready-made components; a programming developer is provided with an API for creating components with new functionality. The possibilities provided by NetCat 6 are discussed on the example of a catalog of reconstructed houses with a geoinformation function. The development method consists in creating an interactive prototype of the site by a designer, with subsequent refinement of its automatically generated codes by a programmer. The site was created within the waterfall model of software development that turns project management to an unimprovable simplicity. The practical significance of the work lies in the application of the most predictable software development model in terms of time and cost to create a site with non-standard functionality and adaptive design. An improvement of the NetCat toolkit is proposed to increase the efficiency of the proposed approach.

АРХІТЕКТУРА ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ БАЗОВИХ КОМПОНЕНТІВ СИСТЕМИ НЕЙРОМЕРЕЖЕВОГО ЗАХИСТУ І КОДУВАННЯ ПЕРЕДАЧІ ДАНИХ

The development of basic components of the neural network protection system, data transmission coding based on an integrated approach, which includes an improved method of neural network encryption (decryption) and the method of adaptive barker-like coding (decoding) of data, which focuses on modern element base. The principles of specialization and adaptation of hardware and software to the structure of algorithms for neuro-like encryption (decryption) of data, neural network architecture, and barker-like code are used to develop the system. The architecture of the system is proposed, which takes into account the variable composition of the equipment and modularity. The method of neural network encryption (decryption) of data has been improved. The time of neural network encryption and decryption of data depends on the size of the tables of macroparticle products. The size of the tables of pre-calculated macroparticle products is based on the provision of encryption and decryption of data in real-time. A method of adaptive barker-like encoding (decoding) has been developed, which, due to the signal-to-noise ratio, provides high noise immunity and reduces data transmission time. The hardware of the system, which was created using the developed basic components of neural network protection and barker-like data encoding, is described. When creating hardware, ready-made components and modules of industrial production are used as much as possible, and the availability of appropriate means of software code development is taken into account. Means of neural network cryptographic encryption (decryption) of data of the mobile part of the system are implemented using a microcomputer-based on SoC. Not the most powerful microcomputer of the NanoPi Duo type from FriendlyElec has been especially used to test the means of neural network cryptographic encryption (decryption) of data. Using the created system, it is determined that the performance of neural network cryptographic encryption (decryption) of data blocks based on a microcomputer is carried out in close to real-time. The time of formation and training of the neural network is about 200 ms, and the implementation of encryption and decryption procedures is about 35 ms and 30 ms, respectively, and does not depend significantly on the chosen configuration of the neural network.

Computational methods for airspace sectorisation

A problem of combining elementary sectors of an airspace region is considered, in which a minimum number of combined sectors must be obtained with restrictions on their load and feasibility of combinations such as the requirement of the space connectivity or the membership of a given set of permissible combinations. Computational methods are proposed and tested to be used for solution of general problems of airspace sectorization. In particular, two types of combinatorial algorithms are proposed for constructing partitions of a finite set with specified element weights and graph-theoretical relationships between the elements. Partitions are constructed by use of a branch and bound method to minimize the number of subsets in the final partition, while limiting the total weight of elements in the subset. In the first type algorithm, ready-made components of the final partition are formed in each node of the branch and bound tree. The remaining part of the original set is further divided at the lower nodes. In the second type algorithm, the entire current partition is formed in each node, the components of which are supplemented at the lower nodes. When comparing algorithms performance, the problems are divided into two groups, one of which contains a connectivity requirement, and the other does not. Several integer programming formulations are also presented. Computational complexity of two problem variants is established: a bin packing type problem with restrictions on feasible combinations, and covering type problem.

A Circular Tape Magnetic Circuit with an Elliptical Cross Section

A new class of magnetic circuits is presented, circular tape magnetic circuits with an elliptical cross section. They contain a rectangular part and two opposite half-circular parts. The parametric formula of the shaped cutting of the initial constant tape width is derived to obtain a sweep the winding of which on the mandrel allows making a circular magnetic circuit with an elliptical cross section of target dimensions. The tape is exposed to shape cutting and the magnetic circuit wound simultaneously in one device. The composite magnetic circuit design is considered that allows assembling magnetic circuits of varied size from standard ready-made components. The proposed class of magnetic circuits has a limit coil window filling coefficient equal to 1.

A Visual Epistemology of Readymade

The enunciation of the words “All” “Ready” “Made” auditory forms the adverb “Already” that actually defines the essence of a readymade. This article presents several intertextual recontextualisations of this notion are proposed through a re-narrativization of readymade (wordy) components. This collection has no other intention that unloading the concept of readymade by using art to think about art and acknowledging therefore the art’s capacity for self-reflection and auto-theorizing in line with recent call for the development of an artistic research.

Разработка языка: OOP or not OOP or better OOP

As part of the process of improving the application development ecosystem for various Huawei devices the company is working on a new programming language. The principal feature of the new language is the support of component-oriented programming (COP), by which we understand the possibility of assembling (an essential part) of the program from ready-made components. One of the steps in the direction of COP is, from our point of view, the right choice of OOP features. In the current work, we do not consider COP directly, focusing on the OO paradigm implementation. Currently, the situation with the OO paradigm is quite confusing. In fact, there is no consensus in the IT community on what OOP is. Suffice it to note that OOP in Go and Rust is fundamentally different from OOP in C++ and Java. Languages with object orientation based on classes and implementation inheritance (CLOP languages, where CLOP – Class-Oriented Porgramming) are criticized for the lack of flexibility and for the problems of developing reusable components. As component’s reusing is important for us, we propose OOP features that are non-CLOP and allows one to implement objects that can be extended (by adding methods) without the need to make changes to the source code of the object and with minimal recompilation of clients.

Fretting in orthodontics and its test methods

Purpose: A review of the literature regarding the occurrence of fretting wear in orthodontics and its test methods have been presented. Design/methodology/approach: The influence of micro-movements occurring in the oral cavity on the occurrence of fretting wear in a fixed orthodontic appliance is discussed. The fretting test methods were analysed, taking into account the shape of the samples and the amplitude of the movements, calculated according to the Hertz contact problem. Fretting-corrosion tests on the wear of materials are included. Findings: Fretting occurs between the bracket and the orthodontic archwire in a fixed appliance. The test of the amount of wear material mainly uses samples created for the needs of the device. The test of ready-made components of a fixed appliance usually relate to the value of the coefficient of friction. The use of coatings increases the coefficient with the simultaneous reduction of the amount of wear material. Fretting-corrosion occurring in the oral environment has a negative impact on the wear of materials. The value of the total area of abraded material after fretting is unknown. Research limitations/implications: Particles of fretting wear get through to the organism from the elements of a fixed orthodontic appliance and they may cause hypersensitivity of surrounding tissues. The amount of wear material and its total area should be tested. Originality/value: Presented are the methods of fretting wear testing in a fixed orthodontic appliance, taking into account the cognitive gap in the knowledge of the amount of abraded material from ready-made components and the value of their total area.

New guidance published on safe installation of off-site-manufactured floor slabs

Design for manufacture and assembly offers many benefits including improved site safety – but installing large ready-made components on-site is not without risk. Nick Gorst of British Precast introduces a new code of practice for installing floor slabs.

AIRCRAFT POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS AS AN AUTOMATION OBJECT

The process of designing aviation electrical power systems (EPS) is related to the need to fulfill a number of requirements of normative and technical documents and to conduct a large number of calculations. Experience has shown that it is not possible to obtain reliable initial data on the nature and magnitude of electricity consumption by electricity receivers (end users) at the early stages of design. The composition of the electric power receivers and the power consumption of electricity during the design process are repeatedly changed. This leads to the need to repeatedly perform tasks related to the synthesis of primary and secondary systems of generation and calculation. The desire to improve the efficiency of EPS led to the emergence of new standardized types of electrical energy - 270 V DC and 380 V three-phase AC of stable and unstable frequency. It follows that it is possible to implement a rather large number of options for EPS structures, and there may be several secondary EPS or, in general, EPS of a third or higher level. The lack of ready-made aviation energy converters implies the impossibility of using ready-made components, and the development of specific devices should be coordinated with the development of EPS. In this case, one of the results of EPS design will be a set of requirements for the devices and units of the EPS projected. In any case, the design process for EPS aircraft requires a lot of iterations that take into account the change in both the raw data and the constraints on the EPS elements and the design process itself. The traditional approach to the design of EPS aircraft, assuming the knowledge of the designer of dozens of GOSTs (State All-Union standards) and OSTs (All-Union standarts) regulating the design stages of EPS, as well as the existence of standard EPS structures, from which a specific choice is made, is practically impossible at present. The only way to consciously approach the problem of designing EPS aircraft and take into account all the requirements of the customer and the regulatory and technical documentation is its automation. Automation of the design of EPS aircraft as an optimization task involves the formalization of the object of optimization, as well as the choice of the criterion of efficiency and control actions. Under the object of optimization in this case we mean the design process of the EPS, the formalization of which includes formalization and the design object – the aircraft power supply system.

Rapid prototyping of distributed embedded systems as a part of Internet of Things

As the fastest growing field of information technologies, Internet of Things is the important question for embedded systems developers. The number of embedded systems in the IoT increases steadily and specialists should be able to implement it faster, without losing any quality level. Current research introduces a way to develop a system using ready-made components, configuring and integrating them among themselves, via high level API. These components represent different parts of distributed embedded system, such as control programs, communication nodes, web applications etc. Our approach presents the easy-to-understand development process, used to support students in learning of embedded systems as a part of IoT.

Function and process modeling for integrated product and manufacturing system platforms

Manufacturing companies face increasingly tougher individual customer requirements that force them to revise conceptual solutions for the redesigning of products. This situation limits the reuse of ready-made components and requires physical changes to the manufacturing system. In these settings, platforms must be prepared with greater flexibility to allow development over time. The corresponding platform models need to include conceptual considerations for products and manufacturing systems. The literature advocates functional modeling to capture these considerations but applies it separately to either the product domain or to the manufacturing domain. Further, its relationship to manufacturing processes is not expounded. Thus, functional modeling falls short of its potential to facilitate the integrated development of products and manufacturing systems.This paper puts forth an integrated platform model using functional modeling to capture the conceptual considerations for products and manufacturing systems together with the manufacturing processes. The model is tested for consistency and then illustrated by studying a real case example from the automotive industry modeled according to the approach suggested. The example shows that the model facilitates an understanding of the design of products and their manufacturing systems, including functions shared across domains and across lifecycle phases. Thus, the model is proposed for the conceptual phase of designing, aimed at reusing and redesigning components, machinery, manufacturing processes and design solutions.

Linear Software Models: Standard Modularity Highlights Residual Coupling

Modularity — the decoupling of software units — is essential for composition of real software systems from ready-made components. But for a long time one lacked a formal theory of modularity. Recently we have been developing Linear Software Models as rigorous theoretical modularity standards based upon plain Linear Algebra. By these models, decoupling means just linear independence, within a modularity matrix. This paper applies Linear Software Models to software systems, obtaining three consequences: (1) besides decoupling, various informal notions of software engineering, such as software modules, cohesion, and single responsibility, have for the first time a well-defined formal counterpart; (2) canonical building blocks like Software Design Patterns strictly obey the Linear Software Models; (3) larger software systems obey bordered Linear Models, allowing precise location and visualization of residual coupling. The latter consequences are demonstrated by case studies of software systems from the literature. The applicability of the Linear Software Models is quantitatively shown to scale well with system size, for the given case studies.

How Much Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) Improve Productivity?

Modern integrated development environments (IDE) such as Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse, and languages, such as Java and .Net, represent a far step ahead from the legacy development environments such as grep and Emacs. One would assume that the productivity of programmers has been dramatically improved. To get a more realistic assessment of improvements, after more than ten years on an investigation on programmer productivity, we recently embarked into an investigation of a group of programmers in a software company using all the modern features of Visual Studio. We found that indeed there were significant improvements. But, at the same time, other side effects made the overall improvement not so clear. The complexity of the development environment and its associated libraries and ready-made components represent a significant new source of loss of productivity that manifests the most in the cost of debugging and learning. A better understanding of the challenges associated with adopting new development technologies may rescue some of the gain in productivity. Index Terms—IDE, Productivity, empirical software engineering.

Generative and composition programming: aspects of developing software system families

Abstract. This paper presents new models, methods, and tools developed as a part of a fundamental project in generative programming (GP). They include the theory of object-component programming, theory of interaction of programs, systems, and environments, an original technology of designing variable and high-quality systems and families out of ready-made reusable components, tools for supporting a spectrum of simple technologies for developing separate elements of system families and assembling them, ensuring of the interoperability of programs, systems, and environments, and an instrumental and technical GP complex for e-learning the C# and Java languages and a university course on software engineering.

Microbial Control of Insect Pests in Temperate Orchard Systems: Potential for Incorporation into IPM

Because of their selectivity and safety, microbial control agents (MCAs) appear to be ready-made components of integrated pest management (IPM) systems that do not pose a threat to applicators or the environment and allow other natural enemies to function. Control of several orchard pest insects using MCAs, including viruses, Bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), have been demonstrated in apple, pear, stone fruits, citrus, and several nut crops. B. thuringiensis is the most used MCA for control of lepidopteran orchard pests. Significant use of EPNs in citrus for control of root weevils is also reported. The granulovirus of codling moth is used increasingly in apple and pear by organic growers, with interest also shown by conventional growers. Although some success has been achieved, in most orchard systems MCAs account for a relatively small proportion of the pest control tactics employed, and in some systems they are not used at all. Research toward improving MCA efficacy and economic competitiveness is required to enhance the role of MCAs in IPM.

UbiqStack: a taxonomy for a ubiquitous computing software stack

This paper describes a taxonomy for a ubiquitous computing software stack called UbiqStack. Through the lens of the UbiqStack taxonomy we survey a variety of subsystems designed to be the building blocks from which sophisticated infrastructures for ubiquitous computing are assembled. Our experience shows that many of these building blocks fit neatly into one of the five UbiqStack categories, each containing functionally-equivalent components. Effectively identifying the best-fit “Lego pieces”, which in turn determines the composite functionality of the resulting infrastructure, is critical. The selection process, however, is impeded by the lack of convention for labeling these classes of building blocks. The lack of clarity with respect to what ready-made subsystems are available within each class often results in naive re-implementation of ready-made components, monolithic and clumsy implementations, and implementations that impose non-standard interfaces onto the applications above. This paper describes the UbiqStack classes of subsystems and explores each in light of the experience gained over 2 years of active development of both ubiquitous computing applications and software infrastructures for their deployment.

A New Parallel Skeleton for General Accumulative Computations

Skeletal parallel programming enables programmers to build a parallel program from ready-made components (parallel primitives) for which efficient implementations are known to exist, making both the parallel program development and the parallelization process easier. Constructing efficient parallel programs is often difficult, however, due to difficulties in selecting a proper combination of parallel primitives and in implementing this combination without having unnecessary creations and exchanges of data among parallel primitives and processors. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a powerful and general parallel skeleton, accumulate, which can be used to naturally code efficient solutions to problems as well as be efficiently implemented in parallel using Message Passing InterFace (MPI).

A Simulation Framework for Heterogeneous Agents

We introduce a generic simulation framework suitable for agent-based simulations featuring the support of heterogeneous agents, hierarchical scheduling, and flexible specification of design parameters. One key aspect of this framework is the design specification: we use a format based on the Extendible Markup Language (XML) that is simple-structured yet still enables the design of flexible models. Another issue in agent-based simulations, especially when ready-made components are used, is the heterogeneity arising from both the agents' implementations and the underlying platforms. To tackle such obstacles, we introduce a wrapper technique for mapping the functionality of agents living in an interpreter-based environment to a standardized JAVA interface, thus facilitating the task for any control mechanism (like a simulation manager) because it has to handle only one set of commands for all agents involved. Again, this mapping is made by an XML-based definition format. We demonstrate the technique by applying it to a simple sample simulation of two mass marketing firms operating in an artificial consumer environment.

設計指向型部品の成立要件とその役割に関する考察 : 設計指向型部品に関する研究 その1

This Paper discusses the possibilities and contributions of establishing 'design-oriented components', which provide flexible design for the A/E, and concludes follows. 1. The production system of component manufacturers has enough flexibility to accept special orders from the A/E since they have changed from production for stock to that for order. 2. There is no reason why the A/E selects ready-made components only for his design, nevertheless the idea of open system has been based on such components manufactured by the production system for stock. 3. It is essential to establish design-oriented components with which their information is represented by a means of operating their attribute easily. Such components are expected to gather A/E's needs for new developments by component manufactures.