Reactive Schizophrenia Research Articles

Stress-induced depression and reactive schizophrenia

ABSTRACTA number of concepts exist which reveal an interaction between endogenous and psychogenic factors in stress-induced disorders in patients with schizophrenia. These concepts relate to psychological, pathophysiological, and sociological aspects of the problem. In this study we look at the respective states described within the clinical concept of reactive schizophrenia.Materials: Fifty clinical cases were included: 32 females and 18 males, mean age 38.6 ± 12.5. Thirty-three patients (66%) had a diagnosis of ‘schizophrenia’, 17 patients (34%) were diagnosed with ‘schizotypal personality disorder’ according to DSM-5 criteria. The performed examination included a clinical interview, analysis of the current clinical state, analysis of the medical history.Results: From the perspective of concept of ‘reactive schizophrenia’, the subjects of our study can be split into two groups based on their mechanism of development and psychogenic vs. endogenous contributions. These two groups may be characterized as ‘...

Psychogenic depression and endogenous process (to the problem of reactive schizophrenia)

To conduct clinical differentiation of stress-induced conditions in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders according to the concept of so-called "Reactive schizophrenia" (J. Berze). A sample consisted of 40 patients (14 male, 26 female, mean age 38.6±12.5. 17 years), including 17 (42%) patients with schizophrenia, 16 (40%) patients with ICD-10 schizotypal disorder and 7 (18%) patients with DSM-V schizotypal personality disorder. All clinical cases were divided into two groups according to the discrepancy of endogenous/psychogenic factor interaction, clinical aspects and disease course. In the first group, the onset of stress-induced depression is due to psychogenic provocations of endogenous (schizophreniform) disorders. In the second group, the development of depression is based on the endogenous provocation of psychogenias (an increased affinity to stressful factors associated with the exacerbation of the endogenous process).

Ego Development and Psychopathology

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewFull AccessEgo Development and PsychopathologyDaniel D. Storch,, M.D.Daniel D. Storch,Search for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Jun 1998https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.49.6.844AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail This is a hard book to read. The nearly 300 pages are densely written, with no relief offered by case studies or illustrations, and only three tables. However, the author, as he promises, presents a "coherent, self-consistent, and comprehensive" theory of psychopathology and relates it to the current descriptive classification of psychiatric diagnoses. His is a developmental theory with ego preeminent. The central thesis of the book is that "the most significant and critical factors predisposing persons to various mental disorders are critical developmental defects . . . that arise at critical phases of ego development."The book is divided into two main sections. The first part, Ego Development, expounds the theory. The normal progression is that the ego becomes omnipotent in the infant. In solving "the crisis of ego devaluation," the ego of the child "satellizes" (subordinates itself) to the parents and then others in authority, such as teachers. Then the ego must "desatellize" in preadolescence and adolescence in response to the individual's need for "emancipation from the home and preparation to assume the role of a volitionally independent adult in society."The second part, Clinical Applications, is a bit easier to read. The author proceeds to discuss each of the "major"DSM-IVpsychiatric diagnoses within the context of his theory. Anxiety states fit best. Neurotic anxiety, the prototypical disorder, is "a form of developmental anxiety (occurring usually in a nonsatellizing individual with a history of failure in ego devaluation) in which the essential source of the threat to self-esteem arises from a severely impaired sense of adequacy." Other diagnoses follow. For example, depression, mania, reactive (as opposed to process) schizophrenia (schizophreniform disorder), and delusional disorders are the "four basic kinds of 'psychotic' complications" of neurotic anxiety.Ego Development and Psychopathologyincludes interesting clinical points and observations. The need for moral values is repeated. Parents and therapists should lead the way. Parents should not be "overpermissive"; therapists cannot ignore the question of moral judgment. "Behavior and ethics are inextricably bound together." Delinquency is a "moral problem."The author is not afraid of controversy. For example, he takes our culture to task for not providing children with opportunity for socially responsible participation and for discrepancies between "the professed (official) moral ideology" and "the simultaneous overvaluation of aggressiveness, prestige, and success at any price."The book jacket identifies David Ausubel as distinguished professor emeritus at the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York, evaluating psychiatrist for the Catholic Archdiocese of New York, and also in private practice. The book "is addressed chiefly to . . . the primary diagnosticians and therapists of mentally ill individuals." The author also hopes other intellectuals will be interested.I admit I am a pragmatic eclectic in my approach and concrete in my thinking. In reading a book such as this, I find my own psychological-mindedness exercised and stretched and, correspondingly, my work with patients showing more insight, with better results and mutual satisfaction. In summary, the book was hard to read, requiring time and serious study, but worth the effort.Dr. Storch is clinical associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore and medical director of the Riverwood Center of the Howard County Health Department in Columbia, Maryland.by David P. Ausubel; New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Publishers, 1996, 301 pages, $49.95 FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 49Issue 6 June 1998Pages 844-844 Metrics History Published online 1 June 1998 Published in print 1 June 1998

RELIGIO-EGOCENTRICITY IN REACTIVE SCHIZOPHRENIA

Contending that a religious impulse exists in the unconscious, this paper emphasizes the role of the ego in shaping that impulse in Reactive Schizophrenia. After describing religiosity in the adolescent neurotic and schizoidal personalities, the core of the paper shows how the "fractured ego" in Reactive Schizophrenia can range far and wide in building religious systems which, though bizarre, are often impressive in their complexity. The paper concludes with a comparison between religiosity in the religious thinker and in the Reactive Schizophrenic.

Multiple personalities, related disorders and hypnosis.

Abstract The central mechanism in cases of multiple personalities appears to be spontaneous self-hypnosis. Furthermore, spontaneous self-hypnosis contributes to many cases of hysteria (Briquet's syndrome), borderline shizophrenia, reactive schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, sociopathy, and cases with many other diagnostic designations. In turn, cases of multiple personalities offer insights into the nature of hypnosis.

Reactive schizophrenia and perceptual sensitization.

The perceptual behavior of process and reactive schizophrenics under neutral and stress conditions suggests an hypothesis that the former employ a repressive ego defensive mode in these conditions while reactives employ a sensitization mode. The Repression-Sensitization scale of the MMPI was administered to a sample of hospitalized process and reactive schizophrenics to test the hypothesis. Scores of the process group did not indicate modal repression. Reactives' scores were, however, well toward the sensitization pole and significantly higher than those of the process group. Results support the concept of a sensitization defensive mode as a characteristic dimension in the etiology of reactive schizophrenia.

Prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration under two different levels of event uncertainty in process and reactive schizophrenia.

Process and reactive schizophrenic Ss judged stimulus durations of .50 and .55 seconds. Stimulus was 1, 3 or 5 dark dots and was preceded by variable foreperiod duration of 1, 3 or 5 seconds. Judgment of stimulus duration was found to be a monotonically increasing function of foreperiod duration. When pitch of the auditory warning signal was correlated with foreperiod duration so that it functioned as prior time information, such monotonic function was eliminated for process schizophrenics only when the numerosity of dots was constant from trial to trial. The effect of prior time information that concerned foreperiod duration was negligible for both process and reactive schizophrenics when the numerosity of dots was variable from trial to trial. Uniqueness of process schizophrenia was shown to be associated with prior time uncertainty reduction of foreperiod duration in the context of minimal event uncertainty of stimulus.

The B-Mitten EEG Pattern in Process and Reactive Schizophrenia and Affective States

The B-Mitten EEG Pattern in Process and Reactive Schizophrenia and Affective States

B-Mitten EEG pattern and process and reactive schizophrenia. A replication.

Based on degree of premorbid asociality, hospitalized schizophrenics were divided into process and reactive subgroups which are statistically equated on the variables of intelligence, chronicity, degree of drug-free state at time of EEG, and total amount of sleep EEG recording obtained. The B-mitten EEG pattern is significantly related to reactive schizophrenia for all subjects combined and for males and females considered separately. Among nonschizophrenic patients the relationship of mitten patterns to reactive premorbid history did not occur. There were no differences between reactive and process schizophrenics in terms of abnormal EEGs when mitten patterns were omitted from consideration. Reliability of diagnosis, process-reactive categorization, and interpretation of the mitten pattern was assessed and found to be highly significant.

Intellectual deficit in process and reactive schizophrenia and brain injury.

Intellectual deficit in process and reactive schizophrenia and brain injury.

Internal versus external control in reactive and process schizophrenia.

Internal versus external control in reactive and process schizophrenia.

Autonomic functioning in process and reactive schizophrenia.

Autonomic functioning in process and reactive schizophrenia.

Process and Reactive Schizophrenia: Some Conceptions and Issues*

Process and Reactive Schizophrenia: Some Conceptions and Issues*

Classification and outcome in process-reactive schizophrenia

Summary Three separate means of classifying patients into process and reactive schizophrenia were utilized on 51 consecutive male, drug free, admissions. While there was considerable overlap between them, the premorbid autism as measured on the Phillips scale was the only schema studied that predicted both short- and long-term outcome. Long-term outcome was predicted almost equally well by the long neglected Parts II and III of the Phillips scale. The suggestion is made that further study and explication of premorbid autism as well as greater attention to the presenting signs would prove of value in improving predictions of outcome. Process schizophrenics emerged as patients who tend to show: premorbid autism, an insidious onset, Bleuler's fundamental signs and a poor prognosis. The picture of reactive schizophrenia was just the opposite.

Book Review: Reactive and Process Schizophrenia

Book Review: Reactive and Process Schizophrenia

The relative incidence of the B-mitten EEG pattern in process and reactive schizophrenia

The earlier tenous association between “B-mitten” EEG discharges and schizophrenia is strengthened by greater definition and specification of the nature of this association. Schizophrenics were subdivided according to the process-reactive distinction and the B-mitten sleep pattern was found to occur in a significantly greater proportion of reactive schizophrenics than process schizophrenics.

Reactive and Process Schizophrenia.

The authors are undertaking two tasks in this book. One is to elucidate schizophrenia on a continuum from process to reactive, with the process schizophrenics as the most pathologic and the reactive as the most nearly integrated. The other is to interpret this mental disorder within the context of existentialist theory. They conducted research in which the population sample consisted of 238 "Caucasian" patients in a Veteran's Administration hospital. On their etiological assumption that failure to progress developmentally reflects itself in schizophrenia, and that the schizophrenic continuum breaks down into five stages of severity, their "experiment proposes to distribute the schizophrenics along the five step continuum of social maturity." For their method of study they used the Rorschach inkblots and a health-sickness scale, on which each patient's position was judged from his case history. Two clinically experienced persons did the judging in each case; psychiatric diagnoses were derived

JUDGMENTAL BIAS IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF PROCESS AND REACTIVE SCHIZOPHRENIA.

Abstract : In a previous study the authors found that what little success experienced judges had in differentiating process from reactive schizophrenia on the basis of patients' responses on a vocabulary test was attributable to a preconception that the process schizophrenics would show more confusion in their thinking than would the reactives. The correlation between the tendency of the judges to label the response typical of process schizophrenia and the amount of thought confusion exhibited in it (as established by an independent group of judges) was +.93, although there actually was no significant difference in the mean confusion scores of the two schizophrenic groups. The danger of such biases is obvious and a replication seemed in order using a new group of judges and responses to the Wechsler Bellevue Form I Similarities sub-test instead of vocabulary test materials. Except for the change in test materials the procedure followed exactly that of the original study. The Similarities test responses were obtained from the same carefully selected group of 10 process schizophrenics and 10 reactives. The 15 judges were new to the task, but all had the Ph.D. degree and at least 5 years of clinical experience. The first group of 5 rated each individual response for the amount of confusion exhibited using a 7 point scale. Another 5 were asked to decide whether each item was produced by a process or a reactive patient.

CLINICAL JUDGMENT OF VOCABULARY RESPONSES IN PROCESS AND REACTIVE SCHIZOPHRENIA.

CLINICAL JUDGMENT OF VOCABULARY RESPONSES IN PROCESS AND REACTIVE SCHIZOPHRENIA.

Contradictory results using the mecholyl test to differentiate process and reactive schizophrenia.

Contradictory results using the mecholyl test to differentiate process and reactive schizophrenia.