Reaction Time Scores Research Articles

Cognitive impairment in asymptomatic cerebral arterial stenosis: a P300 study

BackgroundCerebral arterial stenosis (CAS), in the absence of a structural lesion, can result in cognitive impairment that represents an ongoing contention among studies. Accordingly, we investigated cognitive functions in asymptomatic patients with CAS, using P300 which is a neurophysiological tool. We also compared cognition in intracranial stenosis (ICS) and extracranial stenosis (ECS).MethodsAsymptomatic patients with CAS (≥ 70%) in the absence of structural brain lesions were categorized into ICS and ECS groups of 15 patients each, in addition to 15 normal controls. MRI, MRA, CT angiography, P300 analysis, Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Wechsler Memory Scale Test-Revised (WMST) were performed to all patients.ResultsImpairment on all cognitive scales ranged from 70 up to 100% among CAS group. Prolonged p300 latency and reaction time correlated with worse performance on WMST (p = 0.02), while lower amplitude and decreased accuracy correlated with more errors on WCST (p = 0.01). ICS scores on WCTS were lower than those of ECS group (p = 0.001), while ECS had a longer reaction time (p = 0.02) and lower scores on MMS and WMST than those of ICS group (p = 0.03).ConclusionPatients with asymptomatic CAS had a high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction which places them at risk of higher morbidity. ICS group showed impairment on executive functions, while the ECS group showed predilection to memory and information processing dysfunction.

Post-concussion symptoms and clinical reaction time performance of athletes with a history of concussion.

The symptom presentation after sport-related concussion is highly subjective, while the clinical test of reaction time (RT) has been presented as an objective tool to the effects of sport-related concussion. A multimodal assessment approach supports concussion management; therefore, it is appropriate to explore the relationship between modals. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship of clinical RT and post-concussion symptom (PCS) score, number of experienced concussions, and time since concussion. Based on retrospective concussion history, 53 athletes were selected for this study. Athletes were questioned using a standardized questionnaire to obtain concussion history data, such as number of cumulative concussions and date of most recent concussion. Symptom scores were gathered through Sport Concussion Assessment Tool. A clinical RT test was used to obtain RT data. A significant positive correlation was found between RT and the PCS score. A linear regression revealed that the PCS score but neither the cumulative number of experienced concussions, nor the time post-concussion significantly predicts increased RT. Reaction time positively correlates with the symptoms neck pain, dizziness, balance problems, light sensitivity, feeling slowed down, feeling like in a fog, do not feel right, drowsiness, and irritability. This study presents that the PCS score particularly predicts increased RT after sport-related concussions. Furthermore, a specific set of symptoms significantly impacts the RT of athletes. The results suggest that not a single symptom drives the relationship between PCS score and RT, highlighting the heterogeneity of this injury.

Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise and High-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Inhibitory Function of Overweight and Obese Children.

This study aimed to examine whether a single bout each of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and high-intensity continuous exercise (HICE) could improve inhibitory functions of overweight and obese children, and which mode of exercise was more beneficial. Seventy-two overweight and obese children, with (26.02 ± 1.05 kg/m2), aged 10–14 years (11.56 ± 1.03 years), were randomly assigned to three groups. The HIIE group completed a 30-min treadmill exercise session (5-min warm up, 20-min HIIE, and 5-min cool-down). The HICE group performed 30 min of rope skipping, while the control (CON) group watched a designated cartoon on a tablet computer for the same duration. Reaction time and number of errors in the Stroop test were determined before and after the intervention. The difference between pre- and post-test reaction time scores was higher in the HIIE and HICE groups than in the CON group, while the pre- and post-test difference in the number of errors was similar between groups. Overall, it is likely that both acute HIIE and HICE were similarly efficient in facilitating cognitive and inhibitory functions of children with overweight and obesity conditions, supporting the benefits of acute high-intensity exercise probability for cognitive functions of children in general, as well as of the population with overweight and obesity conditions.

Lexical access in brain-damaged individuals: Evidence from anomic aphasia

Facilitation and inhibition are the two mechanisms of lexical activation. If one word in the lexical facilitates the activation of the other word, it is termed facilitation. On the other hand, if one word/lexical item impedes the activation of the other word in the lexicon, it is called inhibition. Many experimental tasks like naming and priming tasks can be used to tap these two mechanisms of lexical activation. The current study aimed to test these two patterns of lexical activation in persons with anomic aphasia. Ten persons with anomic aphasia and ten neurologically healthy individuals designated as group 1 and group 2 served as participants. The blocked naming task was administered to the participants. The semantically related blocks comprised pictures belonging to the same lexical category, while semantically unrelated blocks comprised pictures belonging to different lexical categories. For group 1, vocal reaction time and accuracy scores were better for unrelated blocks than related ones. For group 2, there was no evident difference between the vocal reaction time and accuracy scores for related and unrelated blocks. The difference between the vocal reaction time for semantically related and unrelated blocks was significant statistically only for group 1, indicating that the mechanism of lexical activation was different for the two groups. Better vocal reaction time for unrelated blocks indicated inhibition in persons with anomic aphasia.

A-39 Baseline And Initial Post-Injury Presentation Of Athletes With Self-Reported Neurodevelopmental Disorders As Measured By ImPACT

Abstract Purpose: To compare neurocognitive profiles of high school athletes with self-reported LD and/or ADHD neurodevelopmental disorders (ND) to controls at baseline (BL) and during initial post-injury (PI) testing with ImPACT. Methods: A sample of 155 (112 males, 43 females) high school athletes who completed BL and PI testing with ImPACT from 2019 to present was analyzed. Students who self-reported ND (n = 36) were compared to those who did not. ImPACT composites Verbal Memory (VM), Visual Memory (VisM), Visual Motor Speed (VMS), Reaction Time (RT), Impulse Control (IC), and Total Symptom Score (TSS) were measured as dependent variables. Data was analyzed using multiple one-way ANOVA’s accounting for gender and presence of ND as fixed factors. Results: One-way ANOVA (CI = 95%) revealed a five-point difference on BL-VMS between NDs and controls (p < 0.001). ND students’ performance declined more after injury on VMS (p = 0.042). Analysis also showed ND PI-IC score about two points higher than controls (p = 0.014). With respect to gender, females reported greater symptoms on PI and more symptom increase than their male counterparts (p < 0.001, p = 0.01; respectively). Lastly, ND males performed eight points lower on BL-VM than ND females (p = 0.031). Conclusions: The present study confirms that performance differences on ImPACT VMS may be expected between student-athletes with self-reported ND and their counterparts. Gender appears to contribute to performance on some measures of ImPACT; females endorse more symptoms than males PI, and ND males perform worse on BL-VM than ND females.

Relationship Between Age and Lexical Access

Lexical access refers to the retrieval of the word considered to be appropriate from the lexicon. The related lexical items are assumed to be arranged in a specific pattern. When the related items are presented in succession, it may evoke facilitation or inhibition. When one lexical item facilitates the activation of other lexical items, the term facilitation is used. On the other hand, if one lexical item impedes the lexical activation of the other lexical items, the term inhibition is used. The study aimed to explore lexical-semantic activation patterns in younger and older adults. Continuous naming paradigm was employed to probe the lexical-semantic activation. 40 participants in the age range of 18-25 years; 40 individuals in the age range of 55-70 years served as participants after informed consent. The participants were divided into two groups based on age and they were asked to name pictures. A total of 120 pictures were used (60 related pictures and 60 unrelated pictures were used.). The stimulus was presented in 6 blocks. Each block had 10 semantically related pictures and 10 semantically unrelated pictures. The reaction time and accuracy of scores for related and unrelated pictures did not show statistically significant differences for younger individuals. A statistically significant difference between related and unrelated pictures was seen for older individuals, the reaction time was slower and accuracy was poorer for semantically related pictures. Greater reaction time and poor accuracy scores on semantically related pictures in this group suggested inhibition.

Mantra yoga as a probable measure in improving sleep and reaction time among commercial drivers: An exploratory pilot study

Problem consideredRoad accidents are a growing concern in developing countries that needs immediate attention. The present study evaluated the role of Maha Mrityunjaya mantra (MMM), a vedic practice in reducing reaction time, burnout and improving sleep among commercial drivers. MethodsFifty commercial drivers (Age 39.92 ± 8.64) were enrolled for a 2 months MMM chanting session (21 rounds, 15 min daily, 5 sessions/week). The effects were measured at the baseline and at the end of 2 months using ruler drop test (RDT), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Oldenburg burnout inventory (OLBI). ResultsThe average work experience and duration of working hours per day were 15.1 ± 7.75 years and for 8.7 ± 1.7 h respectively. We observed significant changes in PSQI scores (Pre- 7.44 ± 3.9, Post- 4.82 ± 2.32; p < 0.01), OLBQI (Pre-38.24 ± 3.22, Post-34.24 ± 2.64; p < 0.01, effect size 1.000) and RDT scores (Pre-16 ± 3.9, Post-10.28 ± 2.79; p < 0.01). Spearman's correlation revealed a weak positive association between improvement in sleep with reaction time (rs = 0.247) and burnout scores (rs = 0.097). ConclusionThe present study concludes MMM chanting may be beneficial in improving the reaction time among drivers, which may be useful as a strategy in preventing road traffic accidents. However, robust randomized control trials are warranted before making generalized recommendations.

The Matrix Matters: Beverage Carbonation Impacts the Timing of Caffeine Effects on Sustained Attention.

Both caffeine and the perception of refreshment delivered by cooling, tingling, and mouth-watering flavors have individually been shown to positively impact cognitive performance and mood, though presently there is limited evidence on their possible combined effects. This study explored the contribution of refreshing compounds in beverages, namely, carbon dioxide and citric acid, on the acute effects of caffeine on sustained attention and self-rated physical and mental energy. A randomized, controlled crossover trial was conducted by testing three products: a carbonated caffeinated beverage; a comparator caffeinated beverage; and a flavor-matched control beverage. Findings from 24 healthy adults revealed product-dependent variations in cognitive performance during a 60-min visual sustained-attention task, suggesting that the carbonated-caffeinated beverage led to faster, greater and more consistent levels of accuracy, compared to the control beverage. Specifically, significant differences were found between: (1) the carbonated-caffeinated beverage and the caffeinated beverage, and (2) between the caffeinated beverage and the control beverage for number of hits, reaction time and false alarm scores. Both caffeinated beverages led to higher physical and mental energy, and lower physical and mental fatigue 60-min post-consumption. These findings suggest beneficial effects on sustained attention through the combination of caffeine with refreshing compounds.

Evaluation of visual reaction time in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) has previously been linked to cognitive dysfunction. The aim of this study was to compare visual reaction time (RT) between FMS patients and healthy subjects. The relationship was examined between RT and clinical parameters in FMS patients, and it was aimed to evaluate the effect of drugs used in the treatment of FMS on RT. A total of 112 FMS patients and 110 healthy volunteers were included in this cross-sectional research. Cognitive performance was evaluated with visual RT measurements. FMS patients were assessed using the Fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The drugs used in the treatment of FMS were recorded. Significantly prolonged visual RT measurements were detected in FMS patients (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in RT measurements between the patients who did not use drugs and those who were treated with serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, gabapentinoid and combination therapy (p > 0.05). RT was significantly correlated with FIQ, BDI and PSQI scores in FMS patients (rho: 0.290, p = 0.002 for FIQ; rho: 0.253, p = 0.007 for BDI and rho: 0.312, p = 0.001 for PSQI). No significant correlation was detected between RT scores and FSS values (p > 0.05). Visual RT measurements were seen to be deteriorated in FMS patients. As the disease severity, depression level, and sleep disturbance increased, so the impairment in visual RT values became more prominent. The drugs used in the FMS treatment did not influence the RT scores. Cognitive performance tests should be incorporated in the physical examination and follow-up courses of FMS patients.

Investigation of possible associations of the BDNF, SNAP-25 and SYN III genes with the neurocognitive measures: BDNF and SNAP-25 genes might be involved in attention domain, SYN III gene in executive function

Objectives Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) might be a second inattention disorder that might be even affected by different attention pathways. SCT is characterized by daydreaming, mental confusion, staring blankly and hypoactivity. In the present study, we evaluated 5 common variants (rs6265, rs3746544, rs1051312, rs133946 and rs133945) located in 3 candidate genes (BDNF, SNAP25 and SYN III) that are known to take part in synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter transmission. Methods We tested the effects of these variants on neuropsychological findings assessed by a computer-based neuropsychological test battery in children with inattention symptoms (SCT and/or ADHD). Results BDNF (rs6265), SNAP25 (rs3746544 and rs1051312) and SYN III (rs133946 and rs133945) polymorphisms were associated with variable cognitive measures. BDNF gene (rs6265) polymorphism Met allele carriers and SNAP25 gene (rs3746544) T allele carriers had an association with the attention domain. SNAP25 gene (rs1051312) C allele carriers were only associated with reaction time scores. Cognitive flexibility, which is one of the key components of executive function evaluation and shifting attention test scores were associated with BDNF (rs6265) Met allele and SYN III (rs133946) gene G allele. SYN III (rs133945) gene C allele carriers had an association with verbal memory correct hit scores. Conclusions As a conclusion, BDNF, SNAP25 and SYN III genes were associated with specific neurocognitive outcomes in children with inattention symptoms. It is important to note that exploring genotyping effects on neurocognitive functions instead of a heterogeneous psychiatric diagnosis can improve our understanding of psychopathologies.

Effects of Binaural Beats on EEG and Reaction Time While Driving

Speed and accuracy are important in the cognition, judgment, and action processes of drivers while driving. The better these processes are performed, the lesser are the chances of accidents occurring. The purpose of this study is to propose the use of binaural beats (BBs) to shorten the reaction time (RT) (cognition, judgment, and action) while driving. The hypotheses of this study are as follows. First, the higher the appearance of β-waves during concentration and awakening, the shorter is the RT. Second, β-waves can be increased using BBs. To test these hypotheses, physiological responses were observed during driving without BBs and driving with BBs. The electroencephalogram of six female drivers was measured using a graphic driving simulator, and frequency and spectrum analyses were conducted. The results showed that the β-power was more predominant and the RT score was higher when driving with BBs (6 and 18 Hz) than when driving without BBs. Therefore, the use of BBs can be effective in avoiding traffic accidents by reducing the RT (cognition, judgment, and response) while driving.

Prior Prognostic Expectations as a Potential Predictor in Neurofeedback Training

The present study evaluated whether subjects’ expectations and neurofeedback training performance predict neurofeedback efficacy in cognitive training by controlling both factors as statistical variables. Twenty-two psychology students underwent neurofeedback training, employing beta/theta protocol to enhance beta1 power (13–21 Hz) and suppress theta (4–7 Hz) power. Neurofeedback efficacy was evaluated by behavioral components measured on pre-tests and post-tests employing a visual continuous performance task. The results revealed a significant interaction term between change in reaction time from pre-test to post-test and expectancy effect, indicating that participants with high prognostic expectations showed better improvement in reaction time scores. The data did not reveal that actual neurofeedback performance influenced the post-test measurements of the visual continuous performance task. No significant differences were found for reaction time variability, omission, or commission errors. Possible factors contributing to the results are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.

Mapping Sleep Spindle Characteristics to Vigilance Outcomes in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder associated with reduced vigilance. Vigilance status is often measured using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). This paper investigates modelling strategies to map sleep spindle (Sp) characteristics to PVT metrics in patients with OSA. Sleep spindles (n=2305) were manually detected across blocks of sleep for 20 patients randomly selected from a cohort of 190 undergoing Polysomnography (PSG) for suspected OSA. Novel Sp metrics based on runs or "bursts" of Sps were used to model Sp characteristics to standardized (z) Lapse and Median Reaction Time (MdRT) scores, and to Groups based on zLapse and zMdRT scores. A model employing Sp Burst characteristics mapped to MdRT Group membership with an accuracy of 91.9%, (95% C.I. 90.8-93.0). The model had a sensitivity of 88.9%, (95% C.I. 87.5-89.0) and specificity of 89.1% (95% C.I. 87.3-90.5) for detecting patients with the lowest MdRTs in our cohort.Clinical Relevance- Based on these results it may be possible to use Sp data collected during overnight diagnostic PSG for OSA to detect patients at risk for attention deficits. This would improve triage for OSA therapy by identifying at risk patients at the time of OSA diagnosis and would remove the need to employ additional testing to assess vigilance status.

Impact of Psychiatric Illnesses and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Medications on Baseline Neurocognitive Testing.

Neurocognitive tests are an integral component of sport-related concussion (SRC) workup. A history of psychiatric illness (HPI) is common among young athletes. Investigations of factors that influence athletes' baseline neurocognitive function are crucial for an accurate assessment of SRC. In this study, we aim to elucidate the effect of HPI and selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication use on baseline neurocognitive performance in young athletes. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing assessments. A total of 268 athletes with HPI and a control group of 6,364 athletes were included. The outcomes were total symptom score based on post-concussion symptom scale, verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor, reaction time, and impulse control scores with self-reported HPI status and SSRI use. Athletes with HPI had an elevated symptom score in both univariate analysis (p < .0001) and multivariate analysis (p < .0001). HPI influence on visual memory score was not robust to multivariate analysis (p = .24). Athletes with HPI who reported SSRI medication use had the same baseline neurocognitive performance as other athletes with HPI. HPI influences athletes' baseline neurocognitive performance by elevating symptom scores. HPI does not alter any of the objective neurocognitive composite scores in contrast to previous work. Clinicians should consider the impact of HPI on baseline neurocognitive performance during the assessment of a suspected SRC. Additional research is required to bolster our findings on SSRI use and ascertain the effects of other drug classes on baseline neurocognitive performance.

A Study of Personality Structure of Schizophrenia Patients on Rorschach Psychodiagnostic Test

Background : TheRorschach test is a most widely used psycho-diagnostic tool by researchers and clinicians in the field of mental health. It is a very useful projective test to assess the structure of personality with particular emphasis on how individuals construct their experiences and meaning assigned to their perception. Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder in which thought and perceptual disturbances are quite common. A sudden change in personality and behaviour occurs when patients with schizophrenia lose touch with reality Aim : This study was designed with the aim to asses and compare Rorschach response pattern in the cases with schizophrenia and normal controls. Method : The sample consisted of 30patients with schizophrenia and 30 normal subjects selected by using purposive sampling technique. Rorschach Inkblot Test was administered on patients and normal subjects to assess the structure of the personality. General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ) was administered as a screening tool in the group of normal control subjects. Results : Results showed that there is a significant difference between patients with schizophrenia and normal control subjects in terms of variables of Reaction Time, Location, Developmental Quality, Determinants, Contents, Form Quality, Popular Responses and Special Scores. Conclusion : In comparison to normal control subjects, patients with schizophrenia exhibited significant poor performance on Rorschach Psycho-diagnostic Test and on the basis of this poor performance, patients with the schizophrenia could be differentiated from the normal control subjects. Key Words : Rorschach profile, schizophrenia, personality

Tyrosine Supplementation A Nutraceutical Approach to Counter Heat Stress Induced Cognitive Decline

Supplementation of tyrosine, non-essential amino acid, and precursor of catecholamine was found to ameliorate the heat-induced alterations in latencies of event-related potential P300 and contingent negative variation. Here we present the effect of tyrosine supplementation on heat stress (exposure to ambient temperature 45 oC and relative humidity 30 %) induced alterations in behavior (attention, mood) and levels of plasma monoamines. Ten healthy male participants received a placebo food bar or tyrosine-containing food bar (6.5 g in 50 g) 90 min before heat stress exposure of 90 min. Plasma and urine samples were assayed for catecholamine levels, their precursor, and metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography. A computer-based automated test battery was used to assess attention and mood by profile of mood states questionnaire. A significantly higher plasma tyrosine (p&lt;0.001) leading to an increased norepinephrine (p&lt;0.05) levels in the tyrosine supplemented group was observed. Selective (p&lt;0.001) and sustained attention (p&lt;0.02) in the tyrosine group were significantly better compared to the placebo group. Reaction time and anger scores decreased (p&lt;0.001) with tyrosine supplementation. It may be concluded that tyrosine supplementation improves heat stress-induced decrement in attention by maintaining the synthesis and turnover of norepinephrine.

Post-exercise cognitive testing to assess persisting alterations in athletes with a history of concussion

ABSTRACT Primary Objective: To determine whether a physical exercise protocol could reveal persistent cognitive alterations in university athletes with a history of concussion (HOC). Thirty-four HOC and 34 controls participated in this study. Research Design: Cross-sectional. Methods and Procedures: The exercise protocol consisted of a 20-min bout on a stationary bike at 80% of the theoretical maximal heart rate. Before and after the exercise, participants performed a computerized switch task designed specifically to recruit executive functions. Group × Condition (pre- and post-exercise) repeated measures of ANCOVAs for accuracy, reaction time, and inverse efficiency score on the switch task were conducted. Chi-square tests were run to determine if the proportion of HOC and controls who underperformed (at least 2SD lower than the control group’s average score) at rest and post-exercise were similar. Whilst no interaction or main effects were found with ANCOVAs, significantly more HOC athletes (21%) underperformed following exercise than at rest (3%) on the switch task, p = .02. The current results indicate that an acute bout of exercise can reveal persistent alterations that are not present at rest in the protracted phase of concussion. They also highlight the importance of considering inter-individual differences in recovery trajectories.

ANXIETY, FEAR, AND MOVEMENT FOLLOWING SPORTS-RELATED CONCUSSION: HOW DOES KINESIOPHOBIA CORRELATE TO SYMPTOMS AND REACTION TIME?

Background:Fear of pain with movement, also known as kinesiophobia, has been widely studied in various musculoskeletal injuries, yet little is known about its relationship to concussion. Given that concussion can negatively affect neuromuscular control and anxiety, re-integration into sports following a concussion may be associated with kinesiophobia.Hypothesis/Purpose:Our primary purpose was to examine kinesiophobia, among youth athletes with concussion compared to uninjured controls. Secondarily, we sought to examine correlations between kinesiophobia with concussion symptom severity and reaction time. We hypothesized adolescents with concussion would demonstrate greater kinesiophobia compared to controls. Additionally, we hypothesized that greater kinesiophobia would be correlated with higher symptom severity and slower reaction times.Methods:We conducted a repeated measures study of 48 youth athletes. Participants were evaluated at two time points. The concussion group was assessed within 14 days of injury and once cleared for return to play (RTP) by physician. The control group was tested initially and again approximately 28 days later. Participants completed Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI), and clinical reaction time (CRT) assessments. We compared mean group differences and assessed the correlation of TSK with PCSI and CRT, at each assessment.Results:We included 26 participants with a concussion and 16 controls (Table 1). The concussion group reported significantly greater TSK scores at the initial assessment (38.0±5.6 vs. 29.3±6.9; p<0.001; Figure 1) and a significantly greater proportion of “high” TSK scores (>36) compared to controls (69% vs. 19%; p = 0.004; Table 1). At the follow-up assessment, there were no significant between group differences in TSK scores (32.8±7.0 vs. 30.4±7.5; p=0.35; Figure 1), or the proportion of “high” TSK scores (38% vs. 25%; p=0.51; Figure 1). TSK scores were significantly and moderately correlated with PCSI for the concussion group at both assessments (r=0.53; p=0.006 at visit 1, r=0.47; p=0.01 at visit 2; Figure 2), but not for controls (Figure 2). Furthermore, TSK scores were significantly and moderately correlated with CRT for the concussion group (r=0.50; p=0.01; Figure 2), but not controls (r= -0.26; p=0.37; Figure 2) at the follow-up assessment.Conclusion:Adolescents recovering from concussion commonly reported high kinesiophobia at initial concussion assessment, while many no longer reported high kinesiophobia when given RTP clearance. Furthermore, kinesiophobia was significantly correlated with self-reported concussion symptoms and clinical reaction time scores. The correlation between kinesiophobia and reaction time suggests a perception-behavior relationship with post-concussion movement deficits may exist.Tables/Figures:Figure 1.Individual data points describing the distribution of TSK scores for concussion and control groups at the initial and follow-up (return-to-play) assessments. The line within the plot defines the median value for each group.Figure 2.Scatterplots and lines of best fit describing the relationship between fear of movement (TSK) ratings with concussion symptom severity (A and B), and with clinical reaction time (C and D).

The Effects of Whole Body Vibration on the Limits of Stability in Adults With Subacute Ankle Injury.

BackgroundLimited research exists on the effects of both high and low frequency whole body vibration (WBV) on individuals with subacute lateral ankle sprains.Hypothesis/PurposeTo examine the difference in the effects of high and low frequency WBV on limits of stability (LOS) in adults with a subacute ankle sprain. It was hypothesized that WBV would improve effects on outcome variables for LOS as a component of dynamic balance.Study DesignQuasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design.MethodsFifteen participants ages 19-27 years (Mean age 22±2.36) with either a Grade I or Grade II lateral ankle sprain received WBV in bilateral stance under three randomized conditions (high frequency-25 Hz, low frequency-6 Hz, and control, which consisted of bilateral stance with machine off) for six minutes over three sessions (one time per week). The LOS test, consisting of 5 variables, were assessed using the NeuroCom® Balance Manager-SMART EquiTest® (Natus Medical Incorporated, Pleasanton, CA) at baseline and after the intervention period. The participants completed a practice LOS test and then had a six-minute standing rest break. After the rest break, they completed the pre-LOS (baseline) test. Intervention was administered using the Galileo® Med L Chip Research (Novotec Medical GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany) for six minutes for the appropriate condition of either high or low frequency WBV or control. Data analysis was performed using 2-Way (2x3) Repeated Measures ANOVAs with additional post hoc testing as needed.ResultsSignificant interactions were found for reaction time (RT), movement velocity (MVL), and maximal excursion (MXE) composite scores with a decrease in RT of 0.117 seconds (p=0.022) between control and high frequency conditions during the post LOS. For composite MVL, an increase of 0.547 degrees/second (p=0.002) between pre- and post-high frequency WBV occurred. For composite MXE, an increase of 2.13% p=0.031 (when comparing pre- and post-high frequency WBV.ConclusionFindings suggest that a single session of high frequency WBV in individuals with a subacute lateral ankle sprain may result in improvement in several components of postural stability. WBV is a quick intervention that could be implemented in physical therapy clinics, athletic training rooms, and workout facilities to improve an individual’s LOS as a component of dynamic balance one to eight weeks post lateral ankle sprain.Level of Evidence2b

The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Reaction Time Study Among Medical Student in Semarang

Background: Reaction time is a cognitive-motoric connection that is important in making quick decisions. Due to the lack of time, medical student has low physical activity. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a strong and intense exercise interspersed with low intensity exercise that does not require much time. It has been known that can improve cognitive function.Objective: To determine the effect of HIIT on an individual’s reaction time.Methods: Quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test groups design. The research subjects were 29 medical students of Diponegoro University, woman, normal IMT, 18-22 ages, has no neurologic deficit. The control group instructed not to do any physical exercises (n=15) and the experimental group was given an intervention of HIIT exercises that consists of warm-up, core, and cool-down movements for 6 weeks (n=14). Reaction time scores before and after were measured using the Attention Network Test (ANT). The significance of the data was analyzed using the paired sample t-test the independent sample t-test.Results: A significant decrease in reaction time scores (p=0,007) in both the experimental and control groups. A significant difference in reaction time scores (p=0.007) between the experimental group before and after the intervention was 592,07±74,82 to 517,21±56,77 milisecond. A significant difference in reaction time scores (p=0.024) between the control group before and after the intervention was 611,73±78,93 to 574,06±47,06 milisecond.Conclusion: HIIT for 6 weeks has been proved to reduce reaction time scores. Keywords: High Intensity Interval Training, Physical Exercise, Reaction Time, Attention Network Test.