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Ray Tracing Method Research Articles

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3066 Articles

Published in last 50 years

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Articles published on Ray Tracing Method

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Different Responses of O‐Mode and X‐Mode in Ionograms to Medium Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances: Observations and Simulations

AbstractU‐shaped structures (or transient cusp‐shaped features) are special phenomena in ionograms, related to the electron density perturbations in the ionospheric F region. However, the mechanisms that trigger distinct shape structures, such as U‐shaped and hook‐shaped ones, are not fully understood yet. In this study, the ray tracing method is utilized to simulate the synthesized ionograms over Sanya under the medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) whose propagation parameters are extracted from total electron content observations of BeiDou geostationary (GEO) satellites. It was illustrated that the simulated ionograms are generally consistent with the observations from Sanya ionosonde. Interestingly, X‐mode radio waves exhibited stronger responses to MSTIDs, especially at lower frequencies. It was found that the multiple reflection of ionosonde radio wave among different MSTID wavefronts could be the primary cause of the U‐shaped structures. The different responses between O‐mode and X‐mode are influenced by the angles between the geomagnetic field and the MSTID propagation direction. The O‐mode (X‐mode) traces become more prominent when the geomagnetic field is parallel (perpendicular) to the MSTID propagation direction. Additionally, the MSTID parameters can significantly influence the morphology of MSTID‐induced structures in ionograms. For instance, an increase in relative amplitude of MSTID can cause the echo trace structures in ionograms to transform from U‐shaped to hook‐shaped. Moreover, the downward movement durations of these structures are modulated by the periods and vertical wavelengths of MSTID.

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  • Journal IconJournal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
  • Publication Date IconMay 27, 2025
  • Author Icon Qi Jiang + 3
Just Published Icon Just Published
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Estimation of 28 GHz Band Wave Propagation using Machine Learning

This paper presents estimation of 28 GHz band wave propagation using machine learning. Electromagnetic waves in millimeter wave (mmWave) band, such as 28 and 39 GHz, are used for 5G communications. Because electromagnetic waves in the mmWave band are affected by obstructions, estimation of radio propagation is necessary. In this study, we use machine learning to estimate the wave propagation of electromagnetic waves in the 28 GHz band in order to estimate the effect of obstacles. The analytical model and results obtained by the ray tracing method was used as the training data for the machine learning. The results obtained by the convolutional neural network yielded good estimates. Its coefficient of determination was 0.91.

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  • Journal IconInternational Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics
  • Publication Date IconMay 25, 2025
  • Author Icon Yuta Watanabe + 1
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Alignment algorithm for reflective telescopes based on nodal aberration theory and the real-ray-tracing method

Nodal aberration theory (NAT) serves as a potent tool for investigating the misalignment of reflective telescopes and is commonly employed in alignment algorithms. A vital parameter in NAT is the sigma vector. The traditional method of calculating this vector is based on paraxial ray tracing, which is relatively complicated and faces the challenge in extending NAT to multi-mirror reflective telescopes. A method for calculating the sigma vector based on real-ray-tracing data provides a convenient solution for locating the aberration field center in a misaligned system. In this paper, we propose an aberration field simulation procedure and alignment algorithm for reflective telescopes. The proposed method combines NAT with real-ray-tracing data and a numerical iteration algorithm that overcomes the limitations of traditional methods, successfully extending this approach to address misalignment issues in multi-mirror systems. The algorithm was applied to a co-axis four-mirror reflective telescope with misalignments, demonstrating its capability to address alignment challenges in multi-mirror systems while significantly reducing computational complexity. The simulation results validate the feasibility of the proposed method, offering flexibility for integrating alignment algorithms with ray data from commercial software or other ray-tracing methods.

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  • Journal IconApplied Optics
  • Publication Date IconMay 12, 2025
  • Author Icon Yan Mo + 5
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Laser Transmission Characteristics of Seawater for Underwater Wireless Optical Communication.

Channel modeling of seawater is essential for understanding the transmission process of underwater laser light and optimizing the system design of underwater wireless laser communication. This study systematically examined the transmission characteristics of underwater blue-green laser communication, such as the angle of arrival, beam spreading, and channel loss, based on the Monte Carlo ray tracing method, across three different waters. The statistical analysis has led to the following definitive conclusions: (a) The differences in average AOA are profound in clear water and at short attenuation lengths in coastal and turbid harbor waters and are small at long attenuation lengths. The differences in average AOA between the offsets of 0 m and 10 m are about 62.3° and 12.9° at the attenuation lengths of 1 and 25 in clear water. The differences between offsets of 0 m and 10 m in average AOAs are about 74.4° and 5.8° in coastal water and 67.2° and 12.2° in turbid harbor water at the attenuation lengths of 1, 20, and 35, respectively. (b) The beam diameters are 0.1 m at the attenuation length of 25 in clear water and 83.8 m and 25.3 m when the attenuation length is 35 in coastal and turbid harbor waters. It manifests that the beam spreading is indistinctive in clear water while prominent in coastal and turbid harbor waters. (c) The difference in the received power at the various offsets decreases with increasing attenuation length but with distinct patterns. Take the offsets of 0 m and 10 m as examples. The absolute difference in the power loss reduces from 88.0 dB·m-2 to 46.8 dB·m-2 when the attenuation length reaches 25 in clear water. At the attenuation lengths of 1 and 35, the power losses are 94.9 dB·m-2 and 4.3 dB·m-2 in coastal water and 117.4 dB·m-2 and 12.6 dB·m-2 in turbid harbor water. Moreover, the minimum underestimation of power loss by applying Beer's Law could be almost 2 dB·m-2 in turbid harbor waters. To achieve a high receiving gain, the weighted average angles of arrival at different offsets indicate that a small field of view is advantageous in clear water and at short transmission distances in coastal and turbid harbor waters. In contrast, a larger field of view is effective at long transmission distances in coastal and turbid harbor waters. Additionally, the absolute differences in channel losses at various offsets suggest that alignment between the transmitter and the receiver is crucial in clear water and at short transmission distances in coastal and turbid harbor waters. In contrast, misalignment may not lead to significant channel loss at longer transmission distances in turbid harbor water. The results of this study underscore the importance of considering water type, transmission distance, and offsets relative to the beam center when selecting receiver parameters.

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  • Journal IconSensors (Basel, Switzerland)
  • Publication Date IconMay 12, 2025
  • Author Icon Ruiman Yuan + 4
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Observational features of thin accretion disk around rotating regular black hole

Rotating regular black hole, as a promising extension beyond general relativity, offer a phenomenological model that resolves spacetime singularities. In this study, we investigate the observational features of thin accretion disk around a well-known rotating regular black hole, which introduce an exponential converge factor e-k/r to the black hole mass M, where k is the regular parameter. By studying the effects of the regular parameter on key quantities such as energy, angular momentum, and the innermost stable circular orbits of a test particle, we are able to analyze the radiative flux, temperature, and differential luminosity of the thin accretion disk in this rotation regular black hole spacetime. By using the ray-tracing method, we also obtain the bolometric images of thin accretion disk around this rotating regular black hole, with various black hole spins and inclination angels. Our results show that the regular parameter significantly impacts the observables, enhancing the radiation efficiency of thin accretion disk and contracting the lensing bands of black hole image, compared to Kerr black hole. These effects become more pronounced for rapidly rotating regular black hole and large inclination angels, making them more detectable in astrophysical observations.

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  • Journal IconThe European Physical Journal C
  • Publication Date IconMay 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Zhen Li
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Quasi-ray Tracing Method for Coulomb Interaction Estimation in Charged Particle Systems.

Coulomb interaction (CI) is a crucial factor contributing to the degradation of resolution in charged particle imaging systems. For example, certain inspection applications of scanning electron microscopes (SEM) require high probe current, which exacerbates resolution degradation due to CI. However, current methods for estimating CI, such as direct ray tracing and analytical approaches, struggle to balance speed and accuracy. This limitation significantly impedes the efficient optimization of SEM design parameters. In this study, we propose a quasi-ray tracing method based on perturbation theory, which simulates CI-induced trajectory displacement and the Boersch effect using a Monte Carlo ray tracing approach. Our method eliminates the need for iterative solvers employed in conventional direct ray tracing, thereby increasing simulation speed by over 105 times. Benchmarking against the direct ray tracing method demonstrates an error margin of less than 1% over a broad parameter range covering typical SEM applications. This quasi-ray tracing approach offers a fast, accurate, and general solution for CI estimation in charged particle imaging systems.

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  • Journal IconMicroscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada
  • Publication Date IconMay 9, 2025
  • Author Icon Mingkang Wang + 2
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Shadows and optical appearance of quantum-corrected black holes illuminated by static thin accretions

Recently, two new quantum-corrected black hole models satisfying covariance have been proposed within the framework of effective quantum gravity. In this paper, we study how the quantum parameter ζ affects the optical properties of two quantum-corrected black hole models. We first analyze the photon sphere, critical impact parameter, and innermost stable circular orbit as ζ varies, and constrain ζ using Event Horizon Telescope data. Additionally, by employing the ray-tracing method to study photon trajectories near the two quantum-corrected black holes, we find that ζ can reduce the range of impact parameters corresponding to the photon ring and lensed ring. We then examine the optical appearance of these black holes with thin accretion disks, showing ζ significantly brightens the first model’s image but has little effect on the second. Meanwhile, we demonstrate the contributions of the transfer functions to the observed intensity of direct and lensed ring in the observer’s field of view, which has rarely been separately illustrated in previous studies. Finally, we study the optical appearance of both quantum-corrected black holes under a static spherical accretion model, with results consistent with the above. Therefore, we conclude that the second quantum-corrected black hole is almost indistinguishable from the Schwarzschild black hole, while the first quantum-corrected black hole can be distinguished from the Schwarzschild black hole through its optical appearance.

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  • Journal IconThe European Physical Journal C
  • Publication Date IconMay 9, 2025
  • Author Icon Jiawei Chen + 1
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Analytic imaging formation analysis for Dark Matter halos: geometric ray tracing and caustics using the gravitational refraction law

Abstract One of the most challenging open questions in physics today is discovering the nature of dark matter. In this work we study the imaging formation in dark matter (DM) halos due to an external light source using some DM profiles for comparison with astronomical observations. Approaching these models on a small scale, we analyze the images generated on the lens plane by obtaining the analytical scaled surface mass densities Σ*(x) and their corresponding deflection angles α *(x), for later applying a method for ray tracing using the gravitational refraction law. The method is able to locate the positions of the images on the lens plane, by mapping fringes that represent possible sources (such as other galaxies), placed on the source plane. The regions where the strong lensing occurs for each profile, are determined by fixing the λ parameter that establishes the ray tracing process. It is shown that the presence of Einstein rings generated by each profile is directly related with the central branch of the caustic. This method gives us a possible alternative way to distinguish between different DM candidates by observing imaging from external sources.

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  • Journal IconPhysica Scripta
  • Publication Date IconMay 5, 2025
  • Author Icon Omar De J Cabrera-Rosas + 1
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DeepRT: A Hybrid Framework Combining Large Model Architectures and Ray Tracing Principles for 6G Digital Twin Channels

With the growing demand for wireless communication, the sixth-generation (6G) wireless network will be more complex. The digital twin channel (DTC) is envisioned as a promising enabler for 6G, as it can create an online replica of the physical channel characteristics in the digital world, thereby supporting precise and adaptive communication decisions for 6G. In this article, we systematically review and summarize the existing efforts in realizing the DTC, providing a comprehensive analysis of ray tracing (RT), artificial intelligence (AI), and large model approaches. Based on this analysis, we further explore the potential of integrating large models with RT methods. By leveraging the strong generalization, multi-task processing capabilities, and multi-modal fusion capabilities of large models while incorporating physical priors from RT as expert knowledge to guide their training, there is a strong possibility of fulfilling the fast online inference and precise mapping requirements of the DTC. Therefore, we propose a novel DeepRT-enabled DTC (DRT-DTC) framework, which combines physical laws with large models like DeepSeek, offering a new vision for realizing the DTC. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the possibility of this approach, which validate the effectiveness of physical law-based AI methods and large models in generating the DTC.

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  • Journal IconElectronics
  • Publication Date IconMay 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Mingyue Li + 9
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Fast 3D Breast Imaging With a Transmission-Based Microwave System.

Microwave breast imaging has recently been explored for tumor detection, treatment monitoring, and estimating breast density. Only one prior work has presented quantitative three-dimensional (3D) breast imaging based on a full-wave inverse scattering approach applied to experimental data collected from human subjects; most other works rely on quantitative 2D images or qualitative reconstructions. This paper introduces a fast and efficient 3D quantitative reconstruction approach for microwave breast imaging without the need for prior information or iterative algorithms typically used in solving full-wave equations. The method assumes wave propagation in straight lines, similar to the ray tracing method used in ultrasound imaging, and formulates the algorithm based on this assumption. The algorithm is applied to data collected at multiple antennas over a wideband frequency range with a novel microwave transmission system. This system is designed to be in direct contact with the breast, eliminating the need for a matching medium. We experimentally demonstrate quantitative 3D permittivity reconstruction for graphite phantoms with various sizes and numbers of inclusions, comparing the results with available 3D CT scans of these phantoms. Next, we test this algorithm for 3D quantitative permittivity reconstruction in four healthy participants with different breast density categories and compare the images with their mammograms. Finally, the stability of the 3D permittivity reconstruction over three time points for the participants is demonstrated.

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  • Journal IconIEEE transactions on medical imaging
  • Publication Date IconMay 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Pedram Mojabi + 2
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A fast simulation method for millimeter-wave radiation images of rough sea surface

ABSTRACT Ray tracing method is used to simulate millimeter-wave radiation brightness temperature images. This paper proposes a cache – based non – uniform ray acceleration method to solve the low efficiency of the traditional ray tracing method in simulating millimeter-wave radiation images. Unlike the fast simulation methods proposed by Qi (2016) and Yin (2017), this method reduces the number of scattered rays on a rough surface. It adjusts the scattered ray density according to the reflectivity change rate and introduces a caching mechanism. This enables fast simulation of millimeter – wave radiation images of rough sea surfaces. To validate the correctness of the method, the comparison results of the simulation and measurement are proposed. The results show the correctness and acceleration efficiency of the method.

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  • Journal IconElectromagnetics
  • Publication Date IconApr 16, 2025
  • Author Icon Zhiqi Zhang + 6
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Gravitational lensing and shadows in the toron solution of Einstein’s equations using ray tracing methods

Gravitational lensing and shadows in the toron solution of Einstein’s equations using ray tracing methods

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  • Journal IconPhysical Review D
  • Publication Date IconApr 11, 2025
  • Author Icon E De Leon + 2
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Trident: Three-dimensional ray tracing for modeling high intensity focused ultrasound ablation.

The lack of magnetic resonance (MR)-based thermometry in fat and bone poses significant challenges for temperature control in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation treatment. This paper introduces Trident, a ray tracing method to calculate the spatial heat production during HIFU, handling both longitudinal and shear waves in isotropic solids. Trident is especially advantageous for setups with complex geometries where other numerical methods prove computationally prohibitive. It outperforms current state-of-the-art ray tracing techniques by being at least 20 times faster without sacrificing accuracy. Conversely, when given the same running time, it can achieve 2 orders of magnitude higher accuracy. The improvement is due to the specially developed approach that captures the intensity decrease due to geometrical spreading in an efficient way. Trident was validated against a known reference method and temperature measurements on bovine cortical bone during HIFU sonication. Results indicate a good agreement with experimental temperature measurements. In highly attenuating solid cortical bone, the Trident method was able to model temperature increases within 3 K of peak temperatures measured by optical probes.

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  • Journal IconThe Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
  • Publication Date IconApr 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Boris J T Breuer + 9
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Container applications for the development and integration of virtual imaging platforms.

Virtual imaging trials (VIT) have made significant advancements through the development of realistic human anatomy models, scanner-specific simulations, and virtual image interpretation. To promote VIT widespread adoption in the medical imaging community, it is important to develop methods that unify and facilitate the use of VITs, ensuring their reliable application across various imaging studies. PURPOSE: We developed a containerized environment to enhance collaboration and interoperability across VIT platforms. This environment integrates key components of two well-established breast imaging platforms (OpenVCT and VICTRE), enabling direct comparison between specific modules for simulating anthropomorphic phantoms, lesions, and x-ray images. Wrappers were developed to simplify the setup and execution of OpenVCT and VICTRE platforms and ensure compatibility and interoperability across different software components. These wrappers can streamline the installation of necessary packages, data formatting, and pipeline execution. The containerized environment was built using Docker images to provide resources for cross-platform integration. The breast anatomy generated by VICTRE was augmented using a simplex-based method from OpenVCT, providing additional texture modeling of breast parenchyma. Power spectra (PS) were calculated to assess the texture complexity of the simulated breast tissue and compare the outcomes. Lesion simulations were performed using breast models with calcifications and masses, allowing for a comparison of Monte Carlo (VICTRE) and raytracing (OpenVCT) imaging techniques. Key differences in x-ray attenuation models and image reconstruction methods were analyzed to evaluate the differences in the reconstructed images and overall image quality. The containerized approach simplified the setup and execution of the simulation platforms, embedding all the necessary packages and dependencies into the Docker images. These containerized environments supported the simulation of anthropomorphic breast models and x-ray images using both Monte Carlo (VICTRE) and raytracing (OpenVCT) methods. The breast images generated using the conventional VICTRE and the integrated simplex-based method from OpenVCT were visually comparable. The estimates from the PS for both approaches were close to 3, as expected for mammographic images, with only minor differences observed in the high-frequency components of the spectra (a difference of 0.2). These differences were particularly evident in areas of high tissue density and the regions of interest containing lesions; variations in the acquisition geometry affected the lesion visualization, demonstrating slight differences in the MC and raytracing simulations. Despite these differences, the overall performance of both methods in simulating images was similar, and the integrated environment provided a robust platform for comparing and optimizing imaging simulations. Containerized environments enable cross-platform comparisons and hybrid approaches. In this work, Docker images provided all the resources to simulate and compare the outcomes in breast phantom and x-ray image simulations, ensuring their robustness and reproducibility. The integration of VICTRE and OpenVCT methods allowed for data augmentation and provided resources for selection of imaging methods. The work lays a foundation for future VIT advancements, ensuring that these resources remain credible, reproducible, and accessible to the researchcommunity.

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  • Journal IconMedical physics
  • Publication Date IconMar 23, 2025
  • Author Icon Bruno Barufaldi + 3
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The shadow and observational images of the non-singular rotating black holes in loop quantum gravity

By considering the celestial light source and the thin disk source, we employ the backward ray-tracing method to carefully study the shadow, inner shadow and observational images of the non-singular rotating black holes in loop quantum gravity. The results show that the increase of quantum parameter λ causes the shadow to shrink, while increases the deviation from circularity. And, the shadow’s angular diameter of M87* impose stronger constraints on the observed properties of the no-singulgar rotating black holes by comparing with SgrA*. For a celestial light source, the parameter λ indeed influences the distortion of light around black hole shadow, but this effect is relatively small and only becomes noticeable when extremely close to the shadow. When a thin accretion disk around black hole, it turns out that for an observer at any position, the parameter λ has little effect on the shape of the inner shadow. However, it decreases the size of the inner shadow, reduces the observed light intensity, and narrows the redshifted shadow images, regardless of whether the accretion disk is prograde or retrograde. Meanwhile, it is true that the thin disk images of black hole cannot effectively reflect the internal structure of black hole. Finally, we can conclude that a key observational feature of these non-singular rotating black holes is that the larger the black hole’s spin parameter, the smaller the upper limit of λ’s effect. And, the parameter λ decreases the gravitational field’s strength, thereby weakens the observed images. This could provide a possible way to constraining black hole parameters, identifying quantum gravity effects, and distinguishing loop quantum gravity black holes, even if it cannot be used to distinguish the non-singular properties of black hole.

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  • Journal IconThe European Physical Journal C
  • Publication Date IconMar 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Guo-Ping Li + 3
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Skywave Ionosphere Communication Channel Characteristics for Hypersonic Vehicles at a Typical Frequency of 14 MHz

This study starts from the physical perspective of electromagnetic wave propagation in ionosphere media, and the skywave OTH (over-the-horizon) ionosphere channel model is established for hypersonic vehicles based on the ray-tracing method, and this study identifies the key parameters influencing channel characteristics. Secondly, using the re-entry trajectory of the RAM C-II flight experiment as an example, dynamic multipath channel characteristic parameters—such as loss, delay, and Doppler shift—are analyzed in multiple seasons during the noon and midnight periods at a communication frequency of 14 MHz. The results indicate that the settling effect of the ionosphere at midnight makes the changes in the channel more complex, with the irregular sudden appearance and disappearance of multipath numbers. In addition, channel loss is greater in low-elevation propagation mode than in high-elevation propagation mode, indicating that the channel multipath exhibits high loss and low delay characteristics. The skywave communication channel model for hypersonic vehicles, and the dynamic multipath channel characteristic parameters presented in this study offer valuable support for the design, development, and evaluation of long-distance TT&C (Tracking, Telemetering, and Command) communication systems.

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  • Journal IconRemote Sensing
  • Publication Date IconMar 5, 2025
  • Author Icon Zongyuan Liu + 6
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Towards precision in bifacial photovoltaic system simulation: a model selection approach with validation

As global reliance on sustainable energy solutions intensifies, there is a growing need to optimise and accurately predict renewable energy outputs. Bifacial photovoltaic systems, which are capable of capturing irradiance on both their front and rear sides, represent a significant advancement over traditional monofacial systems, yielding higher energy per area. The accuracy of simulation models for these systems has a direct impact on their financial viability, necessitating the use of comprehensive and reliable simulation frameworks. This research validates BifacialSimu, an open-source simulation tool designed to enhance the prediction of bifacial PV system energy outputs by incorporating multiple simulation models. The practical validation of BifacialSimu is based on empirical data from three diverse geographic locations. The locations of Golden, United States; Heggelbach, Germany; and Florianópolis, Brazil, provide insights into the performance of bifacial PV systems across a range of environmental conditions and installation configurations. These findings underscore the practical applicability of BifacialSimu, with recommendations for simulation model selection and methodological advancements, paving the way for more precise and efficient bifacial PV system simulations across diverse scenarios. This study employs a number of validation metrics, including relative error, coefficient of determination and Normalized Root Mean Square Error, to assess the accuracy of the simulations. The findings indicate that the Ray tracing method is the most accurate of the irradiance simulation modes for most scenarios. The validation results highlight that the Ray Tracing method achieves superior accuracy in irradiance simulations, particularly under varied environmental conditions, while Variable Albedo models further enhance predictive precision by accounting for dynamic factors such as snow cover.

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  • Journal IconFrontiers in Energy Research
  • Publication Date IconMar 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Eva-Maria Grommes + 4
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Ray-Tracing method for fields of view simulation in agricultural and forestry vehicles

Fatal injuries represent a significant issue in activities involving agricultural machinery. The operator's low visibility is one of the main factors leading to such events. In this paper, a virtual prediction method of the field of view for a tractor is analyzed using a rendering based on the Ray-Tracing algorithm. Its performance is compared with standardized experimental tests based on ISO 5006:2017, presented as the "mirror test" and the "shadows test". This novel method requires the use of a three-dimensional CAD model of the vehicle under investigation, as well as the test surfaces suggested by current standards. The accuracy of the produced simulations is evaluated using several metrics, such as the amplitude, amount, and position of the masking effects. The results show that the proposed method is consistent with physical machine tests, performing better than the mirror test in all cases. Small discrepancies are due to the difficulty in synchronizing the experimental setup with the virtual model. The system accurately estimates masking effects, with an average error of 8.69% when comparing the Ray-Tracing test with the shadows test, and 26.94% with the mirror test. After improvements, the error was reduced to 6.45%.

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  • Journal IconJournal of Agricultural Engineering
  • Publication Date IconMar 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Lorenzo Landi + 4
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Can bipartite graph be effective tool for clustering: A self-organizing map-based automated plant disease detection

An innovative approach for automated plant disease identification has been proposed in this study. The main contribution of this study is the introduction of a bipartite graph-based clustering technique that has been used for image segmentation, a feature extraction methodology using Self-Organizing Map (SOM), and a ray tracing method. Numerous research works have already been done in this area with their respective merits and demerits. But this bipartite graph-based clustering for image segmentation and feature extraction using SOM and ray tracing techniques has not been used in any of these studies as far as we are aware. The core idea behind this clustering technique is to represent similar spatial data points using a bipartite graph and then singular value decomposition has been used on that graph for clustering. It is common to use SOM for clustering. However, in this study, SOM has been used for feature extraction. First, a spatial dependency matrix based on the pixel value of the gray image has been constructed using SOM. Then some statistical features have been computed from this matrix. Using the ray tracing method, the length of the most extended cluster, i.e. the length of the most extended disease-affected patch, and the distribution of the clusters in the image have been computed. The accuracy of our model has been greatly enhanced using these features only. It has been experimented on disease-affected grape leaf images taken from the Plant Village Dataset. This model outperforms state-of-the-art models, which is shown in the experimental findingsresults section. Not only that, the proposed features produce better accuracy rather than using some existing features. This comparison has also been shown in the experimental findings. The result has been validated using K-fold cross-validation. Last, but not the least, these features produce good accuracy using different classifiers also.

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  • Journal IconInternational Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing
  • Publication Date IconFeb 18, 2025
  • Author Icon Aditi Ghosh + 1
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Modeling and Performance Analysis of Uplink Laser Transmission Across Sea Surfaces: A Channel Characterization Study.

Variable marine environmental conditions, particularly at the sea surface, present considerable challenges to cross-media laser transmission. This study simulates uplink laser transmission through a seawater-sea surface-air channel via ray tracing and Monte Carlo methods, with an emphasis on the impacts of the sea surface channel. A spatial model of the sea surface is introduced, which uses a wave spectrum and fast Fourier transform technology, and the results are compared against those of a classical statistical model. The validity and applicability of six representative wind wave spectra are assessed for their effectiveness in characterizing the optical sea surface. Among these spectra, the Elfouhaily spectrum, which is refined for low-wind conditions, can most accurately represent the optical properties of the sea surface. The simulations reveal that the spatial model captures power fluctuations due to dynamic sea surface changes. At shorter underwater transmission distances, the spatial model may induce considerable drift, thereby degrading power estimates, where the difference is about 0.9 dB compared with the statistical model. Deeper underwater transmissions can mitigate beam distortions, resulting in a decrease in normalized peak power from -114 dB to -157 dB. Additionally, the laser centroid distribution tends to be elliptical because of the distribution of the sea surface azimuth. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating spatiotemporal dynamics in modeling sea surfaces and provide insights for optimizing underwater air laser transmission links in complex marine environments.

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  • Journal IconSensors (Basel, Switzerland)
  • Publication Date IconFeb 18, 2025
  • Author Icon Hong Gao + 4
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