Supply Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Evaluation on reactivity of fly ash from different sources in alkali activated system-progressing environmentally construction through waste utilization

Fly ash, a byproduct of coal-fired thermal power stations, is among the most intricate artificially produced substances. The challenge of its suitable disposal has emerged as both an ecological issue and a squandering of potentially resources. Fly ash has good pozzolanic activity and contains reactive Al and Si components, it has the potential to dissolve under alkaline conditions to form a dense green gel, i.e. alkali activated binder. But, the widespread implementation of fly ash from different sources in generation of products is constrained by the heterogeneity of raw-material supply. In this work, physical performances, chemical-compositions, microstructures, element distribution, crystal structure, chemical-bonds, glassy content, as well as existence form of glassy-phases of eleven fly ashes sourced from different province in China were investigated via FESEM-EDS, XPS, XRD-Rietveld, FTIR, TEM NMR analysis. Then, a reactivity index of fly ash (R value) that concerned the effects of both initial state, particle morphology, internal composition was proposed. R value has been demonstrated to exhibit high predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.81–0.93) for predicting the strengths development of alkali activated products prepared with different activator modules, especially at early period. A further eleven literature datasets were utilized to validated against the accuracy of the predictions. R value facilitates an effective evaluation of fly ashes' fitness for fabricating high-strength alkali activated composites.

The Untapped Potential of Hairy Root Cultures and Their Multiple Applications

Plants are rich sources of specialized metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, and volatile oils, which provide various health benefits including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, skin-altering, and anti-diabetic properties. However, challenges such as low and inconsistent yields, environment and geographic factors, and species-specific production of some specialized metabolites limit the supply of raw plant material for the food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, biotechnological approaches using plant in vitro systems offer an appealing alternative for the production of biologically active metabolites. Among these, hairy root cultures induced by Rhizobium rhizogenes have firmed up their position as “green cell factories” due to their genotypic and biosynthetic stability. Hairy roots are valuable platforms for producing high-value phytomolecules at a low cost, are amenable to pathway engineering, and can be scaled up in bioreactors, making them attractive for commercialization. This review explores the potential of hairy roots for specialized metabolites biosynthesis focusing on biotechnology tools to enhance their production. Aspects of morphological peculiarities of hairy roots, the diversity of bioreactors design, and process intensification technologies for maximizing biosynthetic capacity, as well as examples of patented plant-derived (green-labeled) products produced through hairy root cultivation at lab and industrial scales, are addressed and discussed.

A Promising Tropical Medicinal Plant: Taiwan as the Production Hub of Japan's Coca Empirer.

Before World War II, Taiwan became the second-largest coca leaf production base in Asia, second only to Java, contributing to Japan's position as the world's largest exporter of cocaine. While Japan's opium empire has been the subject of extensive academic inquiry, its coca empire has received far less attention. This article explores Taiwan's role in Japan's dual empire of opium and coca, focusing on the environmental and historical factors that enabled the island to rapidly expand coca production. It finds that, in addition to Taiwan's favorable climate for coca cultivation, the island's long-established tea industry provided mature techniques for harvesting and drying the coca leaves. Furthermore, the sugar company supplied the necessary equipment and capital for the extraction of cocaine, becoming a key resource in the industry's development. Learning from the limitations of the opium monopoly-where raw materials were increasingly constrained by international markets-the colonial government sought to promote self-sufficiency in coca production. This strategy not only ensured a stable supply of raw materials but also allowed the coca industry to balance for the declining incomes from opium as international controls tightened. From all angles, the coca industry met Japan's expectations as a "promising drug."

Development of Potato Chip Cluster Supply Chain Institutional Model with The Integration of ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling) and ANP (Analytic Network Process)

Increasing the productivity of potato chip in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through the institutional model is significantly strengthening the economy of Batu City, especially as a tourist destination city. The institutional model ensures the smooth operation of supply chain activities due to the interactions between the actors, facilitating coordination, information sharing, and integration from upstream to downstream. This model can be used to improve the performance. To improve the performance, supply chain of potato chip MSMEs cluster faces several challenges including a limited supply of raw materials and finished products, price fluctuations, non-optimal drying processes, and inconsistent quality. Therefore, the study aimed to conduct a holistic evaluation and improvement method on the interconnected constraints to enhance supply chain’s performance. The integration of Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) methods was applied to observe interactions between key elements in development of supply chain institutional potentials and to prioritize development strategies. The results showed that the key elements that influenced development of the organizations related to labor capability, diversity of raw material quality, the potential for collaboration relationships, minimizing the risk of drying during the rainy season, and participation of various actors. Based on the largest WANP weight value (0.230), the primary strategy for supply chain development in the SME cluster was the implementation of digital-based marketing. Furthermore, improving the institutional performance model of potato chip MSMEs cluster supply chain included the participation of internal and external quality assurance organizations in the product quality audit process. Ensuring product quality consistency through these audits would support digital-based marketing and help mitigate issues related to product quality and supply consistency.

Methods of Balancing Technological Systems of Multiproduct Production

The functioning of the machine-building industry has its specifics, particularly periodic changes in the range (size, configuration, and others) of manufactured products. In addition, it is essential to consider the need to reduce the time spent on the production of each unit. Almost continuous changes in technology, failures in the supply of raw materials, uncoordinated logistics, and many other factors often cause significant and unproductive costs, leading to an increase in the technological stage. The most promising direction to reduce the technological time of manufacturing products by multiproduct enterprises is to reduce the waiting time owing to the uniform distribution of each technological transition according to the state of the available workshop equipment (plant, production area, enterprise). This study proposes a novel model of technological systems that enables the adaptation of technological processes for part manufacturing and comprises data structures that define their technical capabilities. The proposed algorithm facilitates a reduction in downtime and an increase in equipment utilization factor. It is possible to optimize the technological processes that change the structure of each production operation to adapt to the existing technology. Testing this methodology demonstrated a significant increase of 8% in the process utilization rate of machinery.

Comprehensive Method for Supplier Selection in the Indonesian Leather Industry Considering Sustainable Development Goals Criteria

Objective: This pivotal research aims to rank raw material suppliers at an Indonesian leather company using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). It is based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) criteria selected by many decision-makers through the Delphi method, with a compromise criteria weight between Methods based on Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC) and Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) II. Theoretical Framework: The global and national commitments of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to improving society's welfare, including the sustainable use of resources, are not just theoretical concepts. They are practically applied in this research to guide supplier selection in the leather industry. These criteria are then weighted using objective weighting (MEREC) and subjective weighting (SWARA) II, and the results are compromised to form the basis for evaluating suppliers using TOPSIS. Method: The proposed method in this research consists of three stages. The first stage is selecting the SDGs criteria using the Delphi method, a structured communication technique involving experts. The second stage is weighting the criteria using MEREC for objective weighting and SWARA II for subjective weighting. The third stage is supplier evaluation using TOPSIS based on the weight of the compromised criteria. Results and Discussion: The ranking of leather raw material suppliers for Indonesian leather companies is Kediri, Rembang, Jombang, Cirebon, Wonogiri, Lumajang, Cianjur, and Sidoarjo. This ranking is based on the SDGs criteria. Responsible leather sourcing, eco-friendly tanning processes, water use audits, and waste management are the SDGs' criteria for selecting suppliers in the Indonesian leather industry. Responsible leather sourcing is the only sustainability criterion more important than the price criterion. This criterion directly affects the quality of the animal skin, which is why it is rejected. Research Implications: The manager should prioritize the SDGs criteria, such as the product's significance to the organization's survival over cost and other factors, which have become secondary due to high demand. Apart from rejecting and delivery factors, management also considers responsible leather sourcing. This means that good animal care impacts the reject factor, and management prioritizes this factor. The rejection criterion must be prioritized for the production process to operate efficiently. Originality/Value: It is imperative to establish a technique for managers in the Indonesian leather sector to choose sustainability suppliers incorporating Delphi, MEREC, SWARA II, and TOPSIS.

URBAN SATURATION IN ALGERIAN CITIES: FACTORS AND TREATMENT METHODS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF URBAN SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE CITY OF TÉBESSA

Throughout history, cities have undergone transformations due to social, urban, environmental, and economic changes, which have contributed to altering their shape, and growth patterns. This evolution has led to continuous urban expansion in response to the increasing needs of the population, resulting in boundless urban sprawl. The constant effort to provide urban services has driven the integration of new land areas within the framework of urban expansion, often at the expense of the surrounding rural areas, which serve as the city's main life source. These rural areas are the primary base for urban expansion and simultaneously the main supplier of labor and raw materials. Currently, urban expansion in Algerian cities, in general, and in Tebessa in particular, poses challenges in urban development and planning. This situation calls for exploring alternative approaches when natural or human barriers prevent the optimal use of urban land in alignment with the city’s needs, leading to urban saturation. These approaches should consider the principles of sustainable urban development and rely on tools focused on protecting natural resources within and around the city, as cities are not only the main threat to the natural environment but also the first victims of its degradation.

The role of the construction industry in the recovery of processing enterprises during the crisis

The article discusses the consequences of the crisis period for the work of processing enterprises in Ukraine. It is established that hostilities on the territory of our state and general instability lead to a decrease in production and force processing enterprises to cease their activities. Many enterprises are experiencing serious financial difficulties due to work restrictions, problems with the supply of raw materials, and the loss of industrial facilities. In the summer of 2022, the percentage of companies that closed or were in the process of ceasing operations was 46.8 %. A significant consequence of the war for the Ukrainian economy at the moment is the rapid changes in the territorial location and the change in the symmetry of the processing industry of Ukraine. The war also affected the sectoral structure of the processing industry, producing significant shifts and changes in the volume of products sold. The current political situation in Ukraine and the severance of business chains with the temporarily occupied territories require processing enterprises to search for new markets for products, sources of supply of raw materials, change logistics links, increase the production of raw materials and their own products. During the study, it was found that certain key aspects of the impact on the activities of processing enterprises were previously insufficiently studied. It is determined that the construction industry is of critical importance for the processing industry of the State during the crisis, which is designed to contribute to the recovery of this industry: to develop infrastructure, to build and modernize production facilities, which allows to introduce new technologies and optimize production processes, to improve the conditions of production itself, to build energy facilities to provide processing enterprises with stable and affordable energy supply, to apply modern construction technologies that will create environmentally friendly and energy-efficient production. For the restoration and development of the processing industry of Ukraine, taking into account the impact of the construction industry, we propose to apply the following measures: widespread implementation of the enterprise relocation program with the expansion of state support; the use of state programs for the reconstruction of property and lending, the development of international communications and the European vector for the recovery of the post-war industry based on the ESG concept and the principles of building back better, compliance with the principles of energy efficiency and energy saving, and the application of decarbonization measures. These tools are designed to provide stimulating processes in the processing industry to achieve and exceed the prewar level of the volume of competitive and high-quality products. The development of the construction industry plays an important role in the restoration of processing enterprises in Ukraine, so it is important to create favorable conditions for their cooperation, to develop comprehensive development strategies aimed at ensuring sustainable economic growth and support.

Review on the Effect of Seed Rate and Improved Varieties on Grain Yield of Bread Wheat (Tritium Aestivum L.) in Ethiopia

Wheat is one of the strategic crops in Ethiopia, because of its role for food security, import Substitution and supply of raw material for agro-processing industry. Wheat Produced by 4.6 million smallholder farmers on 1.8 million hectares of land with an estimated annual production of 5.0 million tons at an average productivity of 2.9 t/ha which has been consistently increasing for the last 25 years, but much lower than the world average 3.3 t/ha. The lowest yield is attributed to many factors, such as the wheat variety, seed rate, seed source, unavailability of quality seed, use of poor quality seeds and inappropriate seed size are some of the factors. Seed rate are the most important management factor affected the agronomic characteristics of wheat. Seeding rate can impact on wheat tillering, grain yield and protein quality. Hence, achieving higher agronomic performance and better end-use quality requires optimizing and periodically reviewing management practices such as seeding rates. However, in varieties that produce fewer tillers, higher seeding rates compensated for reduced tiller. In a dense wheat population, grain yield decreased due to competition between plants that induced self-regulation. So optimum seed rate is recommended depending on the growth habit of the varieties and soil fertility level for increasing wheat production and productivity.

Financing the capital-constrained farmer under random yield and investment information asymmetry: bank credit versus trade credit

PurposeFinancing the capital-constrained farmers to facilitate the production of agri-products is one of the greatest challenges facing the farming supply chain in the developing countries. In this study, we investigate the optimal financing scheme for the farming supply chain under random yield and investment information asymmetry environment to support rural economic development.Design/methodology/approachWe analyze a stylized model of farming supply chain where the capital-constrained farmer produces and sells agri-products through the agribusiness firm, and investigate the optimal financing scheme incorporating the investment information asymmetry and the challenge of yield uncertainty.FindingsThe results show that there is no one financing scheme equilibrium dominates for all situations, the financing scheme equilibrium is affected by the bank’s supervision cost to monitor the farmer’s moral hazard behavior, the variance of random yield and the farmer’s initial capital. The preference of the financing scheme for the agribusiness firm may be different from that for the farmer. The agribusiness firm might suffer from overfinancing problem under trade credit financing when the bank’s supervision cost is larger and the farmer’s own initial capital is lower; the higher variance of random yield will flare up the effect.Practical implicationsThis study sheds light on the choice of financing scheme under random yield and investment information asymmetry environment. This problem is particularly important for developing economies. Financing the capital-constrained farmers not only increases supplies of food and industrial raw materials, but also reduces poverty. The findings provide managerial implications for practitioners for how to leverage different financing scheme to support rural economic development.Originality/valueThis study develops new theoretical model for farming supply chain financing incorporating the challenge of yield uncertainty and investment information asymmetry, the two prominent factors that would impact the financial risk significantly. We analyze the equilibrium under both bank financing and trade credit financing schemes, and the results suggest that the financing scheme equilibrium is affected by the bank’s supervision cost to monitor the farmer’s moral hazard behavior, the variance of random yield and the farmer’s initial capital. The agribusiness firm might suffer from overfinancing problem under trade credit financing.

Toward the bioleaching of bauxite residue by Gluconobacter oxydans.

This project evaluated a biologically mediated strategy to solubilize several rare earth elements and critical raw materials, including scandium, from bauxite residue. This work seeks to expand on previous research on contact leaching with bauxite. In this study, Gluconobacter oxydans was shown to secrete mixed organic acids, including gluconic acid, which was superior to pure gluconic acid in the dissolution of bauxite residue, even at low molarities. In situ contact leaching with G. oxydans significantly promoted the dissolution yield (recovery of metal present in the ore) of yttrium, aluminum, calcium, and titanium (41.18%, 67.79%, 80.16%, and 59.41%, respectively) but allowed for only marginal dissolution yield of scandium, lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium (13.40%, 14.74%, 24.41%, and 10.67%, respectively) at relatively low pulp densities. In addition, the dissolution yields of rare earth elements were reduced further with time, presumably as the oxides of these elements fell out of solution. This work builds on previous research that seeks to extract rare earth elements and critical raw materials from bauxite residue through contact leaching with organic acids. Some elements such as yttrium, aluminum, calcium, and titanium could be effectively solubilized; however some elements showed reduced solubility, possibly due to tight association with the iron phase of the residue. However, the relative ease and speed of leaching, and improved solubilization, suggest that this could be a viable method for securing critical raw material supplies.

Основные направления и инструменты политики низкоуглеродного развития Бразилии

Brazil has a strong potential to achieve national climate goals and can also be an important decarbonization partner for other countries, especially in the supply of green hydrogen and critical raw materials for the production of new climate- neutral technologies. This article highlights the main tools and policies for Brazilʼs decarbonization and identifies potential areas in which the country can not only achieve its nationally determined contributions (NDCs), but also ensure innovative green economic growth. Low carbon intensity energy sources can ensure a low carbon footprint for industrial products, which can make goods more attractive in the face of increasing requirements and the introduction of measures such as the European Unionʼs (EU) carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM). Extensive deployment of renewable energy creates opportunities for the country to produce sustainable hydrogen, which will be in demand both domestically and globally. The main challenge for Brazilʼs decarbonization is its extensive agriculture, as well as widespread deforestation, the rate of which increased under the Bolsonaro administration. For agricultural products,which make up a large share of exports, deforestation regulations like those adopted in the EU would be a real barrier and could close European and other markets. The min- ing and processing of critical raw materials could be a potential breakthrough for the countryʼs economic growth due to the widespread decarbonization of the global economy. The low carbon intensity of the countryʼs industry, including mining, due to renewable energy sources appears to be a significant advantage. Lulaʼs return has given the international community hope that, at least in forestry and agriculture, significant efforts can be expected from Brazil, including international support, financing, and auditing.

The Effect of Lean Manufacturing on Production / Operation for the Small and Medium Enterprise in Malaysia

At the start of 2022, the government announced its focus on supporting the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to improve living standards following the COVID-19 pandemic. SMEs contribute significantly to the national economy, with the clothing industry playing a major role. This research applies lean manufacturing techniques to enhance the performance of SMEs in the clothing sector, specifically in T-shirt printing. Therefore the first objective was to collect, analyze processing times and recording of all issues encountered during production. The second objective involved using value stream mapping (VSM) to analyze the T-shirt printing process from raw material supply to finished product packaging. We also employed a why-why analysis to pinpoint the underlying causes of inefficiencies and devise specific solutions. The last objective focused on process improvement using VSM, along with the Kanban system, 5S and Make to Stock (MTS) to optimize block preparation and T-shirt printing. We selected Flexsilk Printshop as the case study. The findings showed a 66.59 % reduction in waiting time, a 30.77 % improvement in lead time, an increase in overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) from 93.3 to 97.45 % and a 50.41 % increase in efficiency.

Penerapan Metode Just In Time dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Efisiensi Biaya Produksi Optimal pada UD. Rambak Dudung di Desa Ambal Ambil

A trading business is a business that is engaged in buying and selling products. Trading businesses can engage in various types of products that are sold for consumer, business, or government purposes. One of them is UD. Rambak Dudung is trying to buy raw materials in large quantities to keep in store if the supply runs out and demand in the market increases. With the excess of raw materials, it can cause storage costs, which can reduce UD's profits. aforementioned. So this shows that the supply of raw materials is a fairly big problem. This study aims to determine the application of the Just in time method to UD. Rambak Dudung and knew the role of the Just in time method in improving production cost efficiency in UD. Rambak Dudung. The type of research used is a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. Data collection was carried out by interviews, internet searches and library studies. The data processed is the purchase and use of raw materials. The calculation technique used is to calculate the total production cost based on company policies, the EOQ method, and the JIT/EOQ method. Based on the results of the calculation, it was concluded that the inventory policy carried out by the company has not been maximally seen from the total production costs incurred of Rp.5,853,500,- compared to the JIT/EOQ method of Rp.2,588,436,- so that the total cost saved is Rp.3,265,064.

The Strategy of Agroindustry Development of Teng-Teng Apel (A Case Study on Hilwa Nusantara Shop in Batu City)

This study is conducted by purpose of identifying company environment and analyzing the strategy for agroindustry development of Teng-Teng Apel (cake made from apple fruit) in Hilwa Nusantara Shop in Batu City. The methods of data analysis used in this study are internal and external company analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix, External Factor Evaluation (EFE), SWOT analysis, and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) analysis. The results of the study have showed that SWOT analysis indicates IFAS score 2.84 and EFAS value 2.94. Moreover, agroindustry position of Teng-Teng Apel of Hilwa Nusantara Shop is at Quadrant One (I). Based on company position, there are three alternative strategies, 1. To increase production capacity and quality using technology, 2. To extend market in developing sales volume, and 3. To maintain relationship and trust with raw material suppliers. First becomes first priority for Hilwa Nusantara with TAS value 5.49.

Crispy squid product development (Case Study: PT. Cupa-Cupa Snack) Pangandaran Regency

PT Cupa-Cupa Snack is a company in Pangandaran that processes fishery products into snack products, one of which is crispy squid. The number of crispy squid producers in Indonesia is a challenge for companies to develop products to produce innovations that suit market needs and maintain competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to analyze the product development carried out by the cupa-cupa snack company. The study was conducted from August to October 2024. The research method used was the survey method, with interview techniques and observations of crispy squid products that were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that the company has developed in various aspects, such as the addition of raw material suppliers from various regions, the use of faster and more modern production equipment and processes, changing the formulation of non-msg additives that are safe for consumption, using quality aluminum foil packaging, increasing flavor variants, and business-to-business marketing that maintains good and consistent digital presence techniques on various social media, such as Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok, to increase market share and company competitiveness.

Recovery of Barium, Nickel, and Titanium Powders from Waste MLCC

The development of the electronics industry has led to an increased demand for the manufacture of MLCC (Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors), which in turn is expected to result in a rise in MLCC waste. The MLCC contains various metals, notably barium, titanium, and nickel, whose disposal is anticipated to increase correspondingly. Recently, recycling technologies for electronic waste have garnered attention as they address waste management and raw material supply challenges. This paper investigates the recovery of barium, nickel, and titanium from the MLCC by a hydrometallurgical process. Using citric acid, which is an organic acid, the metal inside the MLCC was leached. Additionally, metal materials were recovered through precipitation and complexing processes. As a result, barium and titanium were recovered from the leachate of the waste MLCC, and 93% of the nickel-based powder was recovered. Furthermore, the optimal recovery process conditions for recycling these metal elements were investigated.

EVALUATION OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT IN FURNITURE MANUFACTURING USING THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS

Environmental issues in the furniture industry are of great importance due to the use of natural materials, such as wood and chemical substances like adhesives and paints. These issues encompass environmental conservation and managing the pollution and waste that is generated. This study adopted an integrated AHP-LCA decision model which helped identify several key factors as higher priorities. These factors include the bio-economic aspects, the production process, wood quality, stable supply of raw materials, technical considerations, and the recycling process. A pairwise comparison of 24 sub-criteria revealed that the quality of wood as a raw material, wood supply management and connections, the punching process, user education and trained workforce, and process design are critical criteria. Prioritizing these factors not only helps in the removal of pollutants, but also enhances the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework in the furniture industry. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results using Sima-Pro software indicated that scenario 1, which involves designing recyclable furniture, has a significant impact on water toxicity and CO2 emissions. Additionally, replacing birchwood as an imported raw material (scenario 2) can help mitigate ionizing radiation effects. Finally, using recycled wood in the furniture manufacturing processes (scenario 3) significantly affects land use and emissions.

Overload cascading failure detection algorithm for multi-layer supply chain network considering delay probability factor

At present, the supply chain is multi-layered and complicated, and its failure detection is based solely on the characteristic threshold, which does not lack the ability to describe the complex supply chain. An overload cascading failure detection algorithm for multi-layer supply chain network considering delay probability is proposed. Based on the multi-layer supply chain network including raw material suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers, the overload cascading failure model of the multi-layer supply chain network is constructed through networking, and the overload cascading failure process of the multi-layer supply chain network is described through three aspects: initial load, node capacity and overload node load distribution. By monitoring and analyzing the status update messages of each node in the supply chain network, and considering the delay probability factor, the node and path that may lead to cascading failure are identified by predicting the delay probability of the next message through the historical message delay probability, and the overload cascading failure detection of the multi-layer supply chain network is realized. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively detect the failure of each overloaded enterprise node in the multi-layer supply chain network, which is helpful to enhance the early warning and response ability of the cascade failure of the supply chain network. The algorithm can realize the failure detection of supply chain network under different attack conditions and initial failure ratio of nodes, and measure the anti-risk ability of supply chain network. Under deliberate attack and when the initial attack node is a supplier network layer node, it has a greater impact on the multi-layer supply chain network.

STATE REGULATION OF THE EXTRACTION OF CRITICAL MINERALS AS A DOMINANT COMPONENT OF ACHIEVING THE GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE

The article states that the climate crisis and measures to mitigate it in recent years have significantly changed the energy landscape of the countries of the world and the configuration of the investment portfolio. Long-term investments in fossil fuels have been replaced by investments in environmentally friendly technologies, renewable sources of electricity, and smart systems for its distribution and storage. It is emphasized that even with full support of investments, plans for the decarburization of the electric power industry may remain unattainable, as the global reserves of «critical minerals», which are absolutely necessary for the transition to ecologically clean electric power, are noticeably decreasing and the demand continues to grow relentlessly. The scenarios developed by the International Energy Agency for the further transformation of the electric power sector to a low-carbon economy model were reviewed and briefly characterized: the scenario of declared policy (STEPS), the scenario of declared obligations (APS), and the scenario of net zero emissions by 2050 (NZE). The main aspects of each of the scenarios are outlined: the volume of demand for «critical minerals» their geographical concentration of extraction, and processing. It is emphasized that the world leader in the extraction and processing of «critical minerals» is the PRC, which dictates the «rules of the game» to the majority of the world's countries. Therefore, the issue of supplies of “critical minerals” is quite painful. It was emphasized that critical minerals market participants hope to reduce total dependence through new mining projects in different geographical regions, facilitating cross-investment opportunities between partner countries, and strengthening cooperation through initiatives such as the Mineral Security Partnership and the implementation of financial instruments. The potential of Ukraine's «critical minerals» and its ability to reduce the dependence of EU countries on the People's Republic of China are characterized. The main challenges of the development of the extractive industry in Ukraine are identified, and the main vectors of the Roadmap of the partnership between Ukraine and the EU regarding critical raw materials for 2023-2024 are outlined. It was emphasized that in order for Ukraine not to become only a supplier of raw materials, it is necessary to develop the processing of raw materials and the production of products with added value. It is emphasized that such localization requires much wider efforts of the government than the list of measures in the field of regulating the extraction of «critical minerals» defined by the latest legislative acts. The author emphasizes the need to develop a comprehensive system of incentives and introduce new opportunities for stabilization and sustainable development of Ukraine's economy in order to ensure sustainability and progress towards sustainable resource management and optimization of supply chains for critical raw materials. Proposals have been developed for climate-smart mining of «critical minerals» in Ukraine in the near future.