Gelatin biopolymer is well known as a food additive such as food thickener. Main sources of gelatin biopolymer are from cattle such as pig and cow. Fish bone, which is currently seen as food waste, is an alternative source of gelatin biopolymer. In Indonesia, short mackerel ( Rastrelliger brachysoma ) is one of the popular sea fish for consumption. Mackerel bone as food waste, had potential to utilize for gelatin biopolymer source. Besides for food industry, gelatin biopolymer that can be applied as a material for pharmaceutical (for drug delivery system) and biomaterial (scaffolds for bone and tissue regeneration). In this study, gelatin biopolymer is extracted from mackerel bones using a citric acid solution in the demineralization process. Citric acid is used since it is food grade. The extraction process is divided into four stages from raw material preparation, demineralization, hydrolysis, and drying. The concentration of citric acid for demineralization and demineralization (immersion) time are being optimized to obtain the optimum results for yield, water content and heavy metal (Pb) concentration. The gelatin biopolymer in this result has the pH value of 4, which is fulfilled the national standard in Indonesia (SNI). The citric acid concentration of 11% with 48-hour immersion time shows an optimum result. In this condition, it shows the highest extraction yield of 2.1 weight %, with the water content of 11.33 weight% and heavy metal (Pb) concentration of 1.93 weight%.

In fulfilling its pigment material needs for industrial purposes, Indonesia still relies on imports, whose value continues to rise. This shows that the abundance of local raw materials has not been utilized optimally. Iron, as one of the pigment materials, can be obtained from the refining of metal waste. One of the metal wastes with a high Fe content (up to 97.11% w/w) is used in the manufacture of dishwashing wire. The manufacture of pigments from metal waste has the potential for sales value and commercial-scale development. The pigments synthesized are Prussian blue (iron (III) ferrocyanide or Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 ) and oxide red (iron (III) oxide or Fe 2 O 3 ). Iron recovery is carried out using the leaching method with acids, specifically HCl and H 2 SO 4 . After the iron is dissolved in the acid and the dregs are filtered, the process continues with the oxidation stage, using H 2 O 2 as the oxidizing agent. The precipitation stage is carried out using NaOH and K 3 Fe(CN) 6 . After undergoing filtration and washing, the pigment is heated in an oven until a crystalline powder is obtained. Prussian blue and oxide red pigments were successfully synthesized, with coloring tending towards a Prussian blue hue. This is because the synthesized Prussian blue is more easily dispersed in CMC solution than the oxide red pigment. Several samples were found to change their tendency to oxidize red after sieving >90 mesh, indicating the influence of grain size on pigment mixing. FTIR testing revealed the presence of CN, Fe-O, and Fe-CN functional groups, confirming the presence of these groups in the pigment. This finding was reinforced by EDX testing, which showed the presence of Fe, C, N, and O atoms. From the SEM test of the pigment sieving >90 mesh, irregular angular crystal particles were produced with a size of 0.9-23.6 µm.

This study describes a single-laboratory validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) method for the determination of key compounds like hericenones, hericenes, erinacines, and ergosterol in Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus, Lion’s Mane) raw materials and finished products. The expanding market for Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) has increased the need for practical, routine-ready analytical methods that can quantify characteristic marker compounds and strengthen quality control across both raw materials and finished products. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) separation method was developed for the determination of hericenones, hericenes, erinacines, and ergosterol in Hericium erinaceus raw materials and finished products. Under the optimized conditions, the major target analytes—hericenones, hericenes, erinacine A, and ergosterol—were fully resolved (Rs > 1.5) within 38 min using an HSS T3 column at 30 °C. All the peaks in the LC chromatogram of Hericium erinaceus samples and standard solutions were structurally confirmed by LC–UV-MS/MS based on the possible mass spectra. The quantitative calibration curves were linear, covering a range of 10–300 μg/mL for hericenone C, D and E, and hericene A, D and C; 3–100 μg/mL for deacylhericenone and deacylhericene; 1–50 μg/mL for erinacine A, and 5–200 μg/mL for ergosterol. Limits of quantification (LOQs) for hericenone C, D, and E and for hericene A, D, and C were approximately 9.263, 4.545, 4.650, 1.854, 10.72, and 11.18 µg/mL, respectively, while LOQs for deacylhericenone and deacylhericene were 1.083 and 2.109 µg/mL. Erinacine A and ergosterol showed LOQs of 0.642 and 8.352 µg/mL, respectively. The recovery of ergosterol was evaluated for the method at two different levels: 91.6~93.9% for 0.2% spiking and 93.0~102.6% for 0.08% spiking. The method was successfully validated, demonstrating inter-day Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values between 1.1% and 5.7% for detected analytes across diverse matrices. This validated method provides a consistent quantification of hericenones, hericenes, erinacine A, and ergosterol across a range of commercial products and raw Hericium erinaceus materials, providing a sensitive and reliable tool for product characterization and quality control. This method provides QC laboratories with a robust, UV-based tool for standardized product characterization without requiring mass spectrometry.

Innumerous new materials have been studied regarding their compositions and functionality, exerting their safe aspects into the production and design of new products and materials for the industry. This review paper will investigate the cosmetic market, their trends and regulatory status. This is a review article designed to show the bioingredients application in the cosmetic industry, their market outlook and regulatory status focused on available public information and regulatory databases. The study was carried out in the Department of Chemical Engineering from SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, between June 2025 and January 2026. Many opportunities could be reached when we start studying new raw materials. Joint the opportunities that use the compounds in the chemical composition in the new raw materials to the process to make their achievable tailoring and design the composition and functionality of industrialized products. Natural cosmetic products are identified as products containing natural ingredients of animal, vegetable or mineral derivation, meaning that they derive from raw materials rather than synthetic ones, whereas an organic cosmetic product is identified as containing ingredients that derive from organic agriculture and/or farms. Nanocelluloses and other extractable natural substances are considered bioingredient that can potentially be safely used in many areas, such as cosmetics, special coatings and biomedicine. Thus, cosmetics encompass a vast range of products, this classe of products are defined considering the range of regulated categories for each regulatory agency as FDA, ANVISA and EU. Finally, it is clear observe that many cosmetic categories and ingredient functions are unique regulated in accordance with the local laws established by the agencies. Even with all existent differences throughout each regulatory agencies, new bioingredients derivate from worldwide sustainable sources, as cellulose, has attract a unique attention considering the cosmetic industry.

Polyester is easily flammable, generating melting droplets and dense smoke, resulting in secondary hazards. In this article, utilizing phosphoric acid, pentaerythritol, phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), and ethanolamine as raw materials, a novel nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardant is synthesized for the flame retardant treatment of polyester fibers. The flame-retardant polyester treated is characterized in terms of performance by means of TG-DSC, SEM, Limiting Oxygen Index testing, vertical burning testing, and tensile testing. With a flame retardant additive amount of 100 g/L, the damage length of the polyester sample strand is merely 4 cm, exhibiting no continuous burning or afterglow time, with an LOI value reaching 30.3%. This value surpasses that of untreated polyester by 11.2%. Furthermore, even after undergoing 50 cycles of water washing treatment, the LOI value remains above 30.0%. The polyester treated with the nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardant demonstrates reduced smoke, nearly no melting droplets, and flame retardancy characterized by both gas-phase and condensed-phase mechanisms.

Liquid smoke derived from sago processing solid waste can be utilized in various applications, depending on the raw materials and pyrolysis conditions. This study aimed to identify the chemical compounds present in liquid smoke from sago processing waste and to evaluate their effects on the growth of ironwood (Intsia bijuga) seedlings. Liquid smoke was produced through a slow pyrolysis process with an average temperature increase of 1.5–1.8 °C/min. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the liquid smoke. The liquid smoke was applied to ironwood seedlings using three treatments: without liquid smoke (AC 0), a mixture of liquid smoke and water at a ratio of 1:20 (AC 1), and 1:200 (AC 2). Observations focused on seedling height, stem diameter, and number of leaves. The results showed that liquid smoke from sago processing waste contained various organic compounds, including acids, ketones, phenolics, furans, ethers, and other related compounds, with acetic acid being the dominant component. However, the application of liquid smoke did not significantly affect the growth parameters of ironwood seedlings.

Eco-enzyme is a fermentation product derived from organic materials that can potentially be produced from various biomass sources, yet the use of wild grasses on vacant land as a primary raw material has not been widely investigated. This study aimed to determine the potential of wild grasses as the main substrate for eco-enzyme production by observing its physical, chemical, and phytochemical characteristics. Eco-enzyme was produced through the fermentation of wild grasses with the addition of lemon peel as an aromatic additive, and the resulting product was analyzed in terms of color, odor, pH, nutrient content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as phytochemical compounds. The results showed that the resulting eco-enzyme had a cloudy brownish color, a fresh and slightly sweet aroma, and a pH value of 3 across all variations, indicating the formation of organic acids during fermentation. Nutrient analysis yielded positive results for N and P, while K was not detected, and phytochemical tests indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins in all samples. Overall, these findings demonstrate that wild grasses have the potential to be utilized as an alternative raw material for eco-enzyme production, providing nutrient content and bioactive compounds formed through the fermentation of natural materials.

Many neglected and underutilized crops species have been incorporated locally in human diets since time immemorial, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and many Asian countries where they greatly contribute to food and nutrition security but have been globally underexploited. Underutilized crops such as amaranth, moringa, orange – fleshed sweet potato, snake tomato and spider plant represent a promising frontier for nutraceutical product development due to their rich nutrient and bioactive profiles. These crops hold significant potential to address nutritional deficiencies, diversify food systems, and enhance global food security. Their high concentration of micronutrients, antioxidants, and health – promoting phytochemicals underscore their value beyond conventional staples. Advances in processing technology – including controlled drying, fermentation, extrusion, and strategic fortification – are critical to transforming these crops into stable, safe, and consumer – ready products. Innovations in product development have yielded functional noodles, nutrient – dense snacks, value – added beverages, and ingredient powders that leverage the intrinsic nutraceutical qualities of the raw materials. However, processing often leads to degradation of sensitive bioactives, necessitating targeted strategies such as optimized temperature protocols, encapsulation, and minimal processing to enhance bioactive retention. Economic and sustainability considerations further strengthen the case for valorizing underutilized crops; by integrating local smallholder producers into value chains, reducing post – harvest losses, and creating novel market opportunities, these crops contribute to resilient food systems and equitable rural development. Consumer acceptance studies are essential to gauge sensory preferences, cultural relevance, and market readiness, ensuring product success and widespread adoption. Future prospects include integration into precision nutrition frameworks and expanded nutraceutical product pipelines. Overall, underutilized crops thus offer a viable and innovative pathwway for developing sustainable, health – oriented food products.

Amid increasing demand for energy efficiency and reduced CO2 emissions in the building sector, natural fibres such as sheep wool are gaining attention as a sustainable raw material for low-impact insulation materials. This review summarises the current state of research on the thermal and acoustic properties of sheep wool-based composites and their applications in low-carbon construction. The fibre structure, thermal conductivity, hygroscopicity, heat storage capacity, and sound absorption coefficient are discussed, highlighting the competitiveness of sheep wool compared to conventional synthetic and mineral materials. The review also addresses the use of wool fibres in cement composites, insulation panels, sound-absorbing materials, and sorption mats, emphasising their potential in humidity regulation, acoustic comfort, and circular economy strategies. A literature analysis indicates that utilising sheep wool waste can reduce environmental impact, lower the carbon footprint of building materials, and enhance local agricultural value. The review provides an overview of current knowledge on sustainable sheep wool-based insulation materials and focuses on an interdisciplinary and quantitative approach to the thermal, acoustic, and environmental performance of composites based on waste sheep wool, combined with an analysis of their applicability in low-carbon construction and circular economy frameworks. Future research should focus on assessing long-term durability, material ageing under real service conditions, and standardised life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies to enable reliable comparison with conventional insulation materials.

This article discusses possible approaches to recycling electronic waste, with a focus on the main components of a personal computer (PC) system unit (SU). The study makes a significant contribution to solving the problem of natural resource depletion and environmental pollution. The article evaluates the possibility of commercial extraction of valuable metals without the use of reagents, complex processes, and equipment, as well as the utilization of plastic electronic waste (e-waste) in the construction industry. The proposed scheme for recycling the main components of printed circuit boards (PCBs) allows aluminum and copper alloys to be extracted from metal elements. Recycled PCBs provide raw materials containing more than 35.5% copper and other valuable metals. The plastic used in the production of control printed circuit boards is proposed to be used as an additive for construction concrete. When 40–50% of plastic is added to the mass of sand, concrete samples of grades M250–M200 can be obtained. And with a plastic content of 10–20% of the sand mass, concrete grades M350–M300 are obtained, which can be used for foundations and monolithic construction of low-rise buildings. A preliminary assessment of the toxicity of concrete has shown that it is safe. A preliminary assessment of the concrete’s toxicity revealed that it is safe. An initial evaluation of the commercial feasibility of processing the main components of the SU PC revealed the possibility of obtaining funds of approximately $3183.7 per 1000 SUs, without the use of complex processing schemes. The use of secondary metals will significantly reduce CO2 emissions. The need for this study is driven by the high relevance of the issue of electronic waste disposal. Despite numerous studies in this area, the amount of waste worldwide is growing, which indicates the low effectiveness of existing methods.

This study presents a systematic and critical review of global scientific research on lithium extraction from 2004 to 2025. Using a mixed-method approach bibliometric analysis, keyword co-occurrence mapping, and qualitative content evaluation, 383 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed following PRISMA protocols. Three major thematic clusters emerged: (a) direct lithium extraction (DLE) from brines using advanced membranes and electrochemical systems; (b) environmental and social impacts of extraction in sensitive regions and (c) integrated extraction strategies combining chemical, electrochemical and thermal methods. The review highlights a shift from basic materials research to hybrid technologies aligned with circular economy principles. Based on trend and citation analysis, four research priorities are proposed: improving membrane selectivity in high Mg 2 + /Li + brines, integrating waste valorisation, developing geothermal–solar hybrid systems and applying AI for process optimisation. These priorities support sustainable, efficient and socially responsible lithium extraction, addressing key challenges in the global energy transition.

Improving carbon productivity is essential for simultaneously achieving sustainable development goals and tackling climate change. While the Global Value Chains (GVCs) division enhances productive efficiency, its impact on carbon productivity remains elusive. Here we integrated the GVCs theory with the Environmental Expanded Input-output model to investigate the highly globalized automotive manufacturing industry. We found that CO2 emissions intensity, the inverse of carbon productivity, fluctuated between 0.37 and 0.47 kg/USD in automotive manufacturing GVCs during 2001-2021. Notably, developing economies nearly doubled their CO2 emissions intensity during this period, whereas developed economies almost halved theirs. The global distribution of CO2 emissions and value added is becoming increasingly unequal in industrial production and service segments. Lower production levels and energy efficiency in developing economies, coupled with their upstream roles in GVCs (raw materials and industrial parts suppliers), exacerbate these disparities. Our findings indicate that merely global labor division is insufficient to create low-carbon automotive manufacturing GVCs. Formulating emission reduction targets that consider the diverse roles of economies within GVCs, and supporting developing economies in boosting energy productivity, labor value added efficiency, and skill can help narrow the distribution gaps and enhance the carbon productivity of the entire automotive manufacturing GVCs.

Recyclable thermosets have emerged as promising candidates to mitigate plastic pollution, yet reconciling high performance with efficient recyclability remains challenging. Here, we report a high-performance, readily recyclable thermoset engineered through a synergistic dynamic covalent and supramolecular network. This design employs a single thiosemicarbazone (TSC) dynamic linkage to intrinsically unify dynamic covalent and noncovalent bonds within one chemical moiety, thereby overcoming conventional performance-recyclability trade-offs. The dual-network architecture endows the TSC-derived polymers (PTSCs) with exceptional thermal stability (glass transition temperature: 217°C), mechanical robustness (tensile strength: 127.1MPa; elongation at break: 16.6%; Young's modulus: 2.1GPa; toughness: 15.1MJ m-3), dimensional stability, and chemical resistance. Critically, the inherent reversibility of TSC bonds enables closed-loop recycling through in situ depolymerization and reconstruction over multiple cycles while retaining performance parity with virgin materials. This efficient recycling route confers genuine circularity, avoiding intermediate purification steps, minimizing solvent consumption, and streamlining the recycling workflow. Furthermore, PTSCs enable selective recovery from complex mixed plastic waste streams and carbon fiber composites without sophisticated separation processes. This work establishes a versatile molecular paradigm for designing readily recyclable thermosets with exceptional performance, advancing sustainable high-performance materials innovation.

Grape pomace represents a major organic solid waste generated by the wine industry, but its application has been largely unexplored. On the other hand, so far, stable and sustainable raw materials for producing stable, edible Pickering emulsifiers suitable for the food industry have been lacking. To solve these problems, this study established a mild but effective co-extraction method to obtain protein–polysaccharide–polyphenol ternary complexes (GPTCs) from grape pomace. Subsequently, these complexes were directly developed into an edible Pickering emulsifier by a pH-controlled method. Results showed that a series of properties related to the Pickering emulsifier, such as particle size, surface charge, wettability, and interfacial adsorption behavior, could be easily controlled by adjusting the solution’s pH. Consequently, the GPTC prepared at pH 7.0 exhibited optimal emulsifying performance. The resulting particles had an average particle size of approximately 111 nm, and stabilized Pickering emulsions with a volume-weighted mean oil droplet diameter (D [4,3]) of 9.49 μm, indicating high emulsion stability. Collectively, this study provided an actionable approach for the green, high-value utilization of wine byproducts by establishing a pH-responsive design framework for edible Pickering emulsifiers.

This research examines the development of brand identity strategies for RM. Laksana, a traditional Sundanese restaurant in Kuningan, West Java, that has been operating for more than 50 years. In the context of the food and beverage (F&B) industry that continues to grow in Indonesia, especially in West Java with a growth of 15.53% (y-o-y) in the third quarter of 2025, RM. Laksana faces challenges in building a strong brand identity in the midst of increasingly fierce competition. This research uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interview methods with restaurant owners and managers, direct observation, and document analysis. The findings of the study show that RM. Laksana has strategic assets in the form of a 50-year heritage of hereditary recipes, a commitment to quality raw materials (live fish and homemade spices), and strong family values. However, the restaurant faces the problem of using generic names that causes consumer confusion. The recommended strategy includes developing an authentic brand identity by positioning RM. Laksana as the "Guardian of Heritage", the implementation of a new visual identity that still respects historical heritage, and consistent communication about the restaurant's values and excellence. This research makes a practical contribution to culinary MSMEs in developing a strong and sustainable brand identity.

The work is devoted to a comprehensive technical and economic justification of the use of rubber crumb in road construction as one of the innovative directions of increasing the durability and quality of roads. The work considers modern approaches to the use of secondary rubber raw materials obtained by recycling worn-out automobile tires, which is currently an important component of European and global sustainable development practice. Based on the generalization of the technical characteristics of modified asphalt concrete mixtures, the influence of rubber crumb on the physical and mechanical properties of the road surface is analyzed, in particular on increasing elasticity, resistance to cracking, rutting resistance and improving wheel adhesion to the road surface. Special attention is paid to reducing traffic noise and increasing the comfort of movement in urban environments. The article also highlights the environmental benefits of the technology associated with the utilization of waste tires, reducing the load on solid waste landfills and developing the secondary recycling market. Given the need to minimize the negative impact on the environment, the use of rubber crumb is considered an effective tool for the environmental modernization of the road industry. The economic analysis includes a comparison of traditional and modified technologies according to the criteria of construction cost, service life and need for repairs. It is shown that, despite a slight increase in initial costs, road surfaces with rubber crumb provide significant savings over the life cycle of the road due to an increase in service life and a decrease in the frequency of repair work. An assessment of economic efficiency is presented using indicators such as net present value, profitability index and payback period. It is concluded that the use of rubber crumb is a promising direction for the development of road construction in Ukraine, which combines technological, economic and environmental advantages.

Kulfi known by variations such as qulfi, kulfa, and kulphy. It is similar to ice cream in appearance and taste but is denser and creamier. Carrot contains high per cent of carotenoids, fiber, vitamins, antioxidants and other essential nutrients. Considering the nutritional importance and health benefits of carrot, it was planned to optimize the process for production of kulfi blended with carrot (Daucus carrota). Initially two different types of carrot viz., Orange and Red carrot was studied and red carrot was selected on the basis of sensory evaluation for further study. Carrot was added in six different forms viz. Raw carrot with core (CF1), Raw carrot without core (CF2), Cooked carrot in water without core (CF3), Steam cooked carrot without core (CF4), Raw carrot shreds (CF5), Carrot juice (CF6). On the basis of sensory evaluation it was found that the kulfi prepared by addition of steam cooked carrot without core (CF4) had obtained maximum scored among other six forms under study and this selected form had scored 8.43, 8.40, 8.70 and 8.51 for colour and appearance, Body and texture, Flavour and overall acceptability respectively.

Peptone is a promising raw material for culturing microorganisms and mammalian cells, but its composition remains unclear. Here, 36 different peptones were comprehensively quantified using five approaches: gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, ion chromatography, post-column detection-high-performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (named multimodal targeting analysis). Seventy-eight chemical compounds/ions were detected among 121 targets, including amino acids, nucleic acids, organic acids, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. The sum of the quantitated component weights exceeded 65% of the total weight in all cases (mean 88%). Principal component and cluster dendrogram analyses revealed clear distinctions between not only peptone brands but also production lots. Plant peptones exhibited greater variety than casein and meat peptones. Partial least squares analysis identified components specific to particular manufacturing processes and peptone sources. Acid-digested peptones contained more free amino acids, including Ala, Cys, Gly, Thr, Ser, Asp, Glu, and Pro, than enzyme-digested types.

Toward high-performance supercapacitors: Electrodes from solvent-fractionated lignin with enhanced activity.

Introduction Cistanche deserticola , a valued medicinal and food homologous material in traditional Chinese medicine, is renowned for enhancing immunity and protecting the mucosal barrier, with polysaccharides considered its primary active components. Raw material requires processing for optimal efficacy, yet most studies focus on unprocessed polysaccharides (RCP). This study investigates how traditional rice-wine processing alters the polysaccharides (WCP) and their immunomodulatory effects. Methods The physicochemical properties of RCP and WCP were characterized using SEM, HPGPC, FT-IR, and GC-MS. Immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) were used as an in vivo model. Immune function was assessed via body weight, organ indices, serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM), cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ), spleen histopathology, and T cell subsets (CD4+/CD8+). Gut microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were measured. Results Wine processing significantly modified the polysaccharides, increasing polysaccharide content, markedly reducing molecular weight, and altering monosaccharide composition in WCP. In CTX-induced mice, WCP administration showed superior immunomodulatory effects: it significantly improved spleen and thymus indices, elevated serum IL-2, IFN-γ, IgA, and IgM levels, and increased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Furthermore, WCP restored CTX-disturbed intestinal SCFA levels and positively modulated gut microbiota by increasing Bacteroidetes and beneficial probiotics, lowering the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and suppressing pathogenic bacteria. Discussion Traditional rice-wine processing optimizes the molecular structure of Cistanche polysaccharides and significantly enhances their immunomodulatory efficacy in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model. The enhanced activity is associated with marked improvements in gut microbiota composition and systemic immune parameters, suggesting involvement of the gut-immune axis. These findings provide a scientific basis for the traditional processing method and support the further development of processed Cistanche as a potential functional food or therapeutic agent.