Feed Raw Materials Research Articles

Chemical contamination of feed, containing animal raw materials

Raw feed materials of animal origin intended to produce feed for livestock and “companion animals may contain undesired chemical substances able to be carried-“over in the final produce: toxic elements and veterinary drug residues “(antimicrobials, coccidiostats, antiprotozoal and sedative drugs). The carry-over of “contaminant from raw materials to ready feed is determined by it’s structure and “chemical properties, resistance to environmental conditions and processing. “Elevated levels of toxic elements in the environment are often a result of industrial “and agricultural activities (e.g. use pesticides containing toxic elements, use of “manure as fertilizers and industrial wastewaters), however in some cases “contamination may have natural geological sources. Organic forms of cadmium “and mercury may be more toxic than their inorganic forms due to higher biological “activity. Rise of anthropogenic load leads to t elevated levels of raw feed materials “contamination and susbsequently of feed contamination, posing the risk to animal “health. Literature analysis showed that monitoring of cadmium, lead, mercury and “arsenic should be focused at raw feed materials of mineral and marine origin, “especially at the fishmeal, which contains large amounts of arsenic. The main “source of companion animals feed contamination by antimicrobials are raw “materials, and for livestock cross-contamination is an important factor. Control of “cross-contamination is possible only if good manufacturing practices are applied.“

Corn Supply Chain in Central Java Province: Marketing Channel Efficiency and Chain Institutional Performance Approach

Increasing corn production requires a supply chain to channel production from farmers to consumers. The supply chain of corn as a raw material for animal feed in Central Java Province is not yet well managed, because each farmer or business is still carried out individually. The aim of the study was to analyze the supply chain picture based on the Food Supply Chain Network and the efficiency of the corn agribusiness supply chain in Central Java. Sampling techniques from farmers using proportional random sampling and snowball sampling methods will lead researchers to the next informant or to related institutions to the final consumer. Data analysis uses the FSCN, Marketing Margin, Farmer's Share and DEA methods. There are 5 corn agribusiness marketing channels in Central Java Province. Marketing margin and farmer's share with Farmer-Cooperative-Consumer chain being the most efficient. Farmer-Village Trader-SubDistrict Trader-District Trader-Consumer marketing channel being the least efficient. Technical efficiency at the farmer level was 2%, at the village trader level 40%, at the subdistrict and district trader levels 37.5%, at the cooperative level 66.67%, at the animal feed company level 40% and at the poultry farmer level 25%.

Impact elements of feed grinder: a review

The article deals with the issue concerning the working bodies of technological equipment designed for grinding pieces and particles of feed raw materials. The most profiTable feed raw materials are by-products and waste materials of animal origin, which have a valuable high-protein content. An alternative way of mandatory waste disposal is their processing, including mechanical grinding to obtain feed products. In the process of grinding, particular importance is given to the working bodies, with the help of which the raw material is directly divided into parts. In this case, the destruction of the feed material often occurs by means of impact. Impact phenomena have proven to be highly effective in the process of intense cracking and chipping, which leads to the desired separation of the crushed particles into smaller ones. However, it is found that crushers have insufficient efficiency of impact elements. The work analyzes the processes of impact grinding from the standpoint of a number of scientific hypotheses, theories, modeling, simulation, experience and approbation, presented in various scientific publications. When studying and improving the theory of impact, attention is paid to nonlinear problems, cracking, modernization of the theory of brittle fracture, diagrams of force changes during impact force, impact equations, wave theory of impact, peridynamic theory. It should be noted that the main scientific results are directly reflected in the improvement of the design features of hammers. It has been revealed that the main improvement in the design of impact elements is in the direction of increasing the efficiency of working surfaces and developing the combination of impact with cutting, abrasion and crushing

Evaluation of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system-genetic algorithm in the prediction and optimization of NOx emission in cement precalcining kiln.

The increasing demand for cement due to urbanization growth in Africa countries may result in an upsurge of pollutants associated with its production. One major air pollutant in cement production is nitrogen oxides (NOx) and reported to cause serious damage to human health and the ecosystem. The operation of a cement rotary kiln NOx emission was studied with plant data using the ASPEN Plus software. It is essential to understand the effects of calciner temperature, tertiary air pressure, fuel gas, raw feed material, and fan damper on NOx emissions from a precalcining kiln. In addition, the performance capability of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems and genetic algorithms (ANFIS-GA) to predict and optimize NOx emissions from a precalcining cement kiln is evaluated. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results, with root mean square error of 2.05, variance account (VAF) of 96.0%, average absolute deviation (AAE) of 0.4097, and correlation coefficient of 0.963. Further, the optimal NOx emission was 273.0mg/m3, with the parameters as determined by the algorithm were calciner temperature at 845°C, tertiary air pressure - 4.50mbar, fuel gas of 8550 m3/h, raw feed material 200 t/h, and damper opening of 60%. Consequently, it is recommended that ANFIS should be combined with GA for effective prediction, and optimization of NOx emission in cement plants.

Determination of the average size of preliminary grinded wet feed particles in hammer grinders

In the conditions of farms, it becomes necessary to grind feed that has a different degree of moisture. Therefore, the choice of universal working bodies is the object of research, and the theoretical determination of the average size of pre-crushed feed particles is of great scientific and practical importance and is a problem that needs to be solved. Proceeding from this, a constructive-technological scheme of a grinder with a universal grinding working body is proposed. The grinding apparatus is equipped with a hammer working body which has cutting edges. In this case, hammers with cutting edges crush the wet mass, and also create an air flow and work as flow accelerators at high speed. As a result of theoretical studies, the steps for arranging these working bodies were determined. Analytical expressions are obtained for determining the average length of pre-crushed feed particles depending on the distance between the faces of replaceable knife working bodies, i.e. from the step of arranging them in rows. At the same time, the calculation results showed that with a distance between the faces of replaceable hammers of 20 mm, the value of the average length of the grinded particles was 38.38 mm. The average size of pre-crushed particles from feed raw materials intended for farm animals was 37.64 mm, i. e. the difference between theoretical and actual value is only 2.0 %. This proves the reliability of the obtained analytical expression, which provides the determination of the main parameter of the grinding working body, i. e. spacing of radial knives in rows. The proposed method of determining the average length of crushed particles allows theoretically finding and planning the required particle size

BUDIDAYA MAGGOT BSF UNTUK PAKAN TERNAK SKALA RUMAHTANGGA DI JALAN RINDUNG, KELURAHAN BANE, PEMATANG SIANTAR

The increase in the price of animal feed makes it difficult for households as farmers by utilizing household waste to feed their livestock. The increase in feed prices also encourages food farmers to switch to corn because corn is a raw material for animal feed. So that household farmers also have difficulty buying corn. Maggot BSF is an alternative feed that is very high in protein to encourage livestock growth. BSF maggots are larvae that can be used as alternative feed. Cultivation of BSF maggot is also relatively easy and can utilize household waste or food scraps as BSF maggot food. In this community service, training activities for maggot cultivation as an alternative to animal feed are carried out in Bane Village. The implementation method is carried out by means of lectures, discussions and practice. The result of this service is to grow the participants' desire to cultivate BSF maggot as animal feed. The result was that the participants were very responsive to this activity, as evidenced by the active participation of the community in the activity from beginning to end and the large number of active participants in the discussion and question and answer sessions. So it can be concluded that the maggot cultivation training in Bane Village was successful and the participants' understanding and attitudes increased about the importance of waste treatment for maggot cultivation as an alternative to animal feed

Filamentous fungi for sustainable remediation of pharmaceutical compounds, heavy metal and oil hydrocarbons.

This review presents a comprehensive summary of the latest research in the field of bioremediation with filamentous fungi. The main focus is on the issue of recent progress in remediation of pharmaceutical compounds, heavy metal treatment and oil hydrocarbons mycoremediation that are usually insufficiently represented in other reviews. It encompasses a variety of cellular mechanisms involved in bioremediation used by filamentous fungi, including bio-adsorption, bio-surfactant production, bio-mineralization, bio-precipitation, as well as extracellular and intracellular enzymatic processes. Processes for wastewater treatment accomplished through physical, biological, and chemical processes are briefly described. The species diversity of filamentous fungi used in pollutant removal, including widely studied species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Verticillium, Phanerochaete and other species of Basidiomycota and Zygomycota are summarized. The removal efficiency of filamentous fungi and time of elimination of a wide variety of pollutant compounds and their easy handling make them excellent tools for the bioremediation of emerging contaminants. Various types of beneficial byproducts made by filamentous fungi, such as raw material for feed and food production, chitosan, ethanol, lignocellulolytic enzymes, organic acids, as well as nanoparticles, are discussed. Finally, challenges faced, future prospects, and how innovative technologies can be used to further exploit and enhance the abilities of fungi in wastewater remediation, are mentioned.

Enhancement of Rabbit Meat Functionality by Replacing Traditional Feed Raw Materials with Alternative and More Sustainable Freshwater Cladophora glomerata Macroalgal Biomass in Their Diets.

Today's challenges in the animal husbandry sector, with customers' demand for more beneficial products, encourage the development of strategies that not only provide more sustainable production from the field to the table but also ensure final product functionality. Thus, the current research was aimed at replacing some traditional feed raw materials in rabbit diets with C. glomerata biomass to improve the functionality of meat. For this purpose, thirty weaned (52-d-old) Californian rabbits were assigned to 3 dietary treatments: standard compound diet (SCD), SCD + 4% C. glomerata (CG4), and SCD + 8% C. glomerata (CG8). At the end of the feeding trial, 122-d-old rabbits were slaughtered, longissimus dorsi (LD) and hind leg (HL) muscles were dissected post-mortem, and moisture, protein, and lipid profiles were determined. Results revealed that CG4 treatment can increase protein (22.17 g/kg), total (192.16 g/kg) and essential (threonine, valine, methionine, lysine, and isoleucine) amino acid levels in rabbit muscles. Both inclusions gradually reduced fat accumulation in muscles (CG8 < CG4 < SCD) but improved the lipid profile's nutritional value by decreasing saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). As the dose of C. glomerata increased, the level of lipid oxidation decreased. Biomass supplementation enhanced PUFA/SFA and h/H levels while decreasing thrombogenicity index (TI) and atherogenic index (AI) levels in rabbit muscles, potentially contributing to the prevention of heart disease. Overall, dietary supplementation with C. glomerata biomass may be a more beneficial and sustainable nutritional approach to functionally enhancing rabbit meat.

ZmTCP14, a TCP transcription factor, modulates drought stress response in Zea mays L

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop and a source of high-quality feed and essential industrial raw materials. Drought, as one of the factors inhibiting plant growth, seriously impacts agricultural production and ecological construction. TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) is a family of plant-specific transcription factors that contain the bHLH domain and can regulate plant cell development and abiotic stress. In this study, a TCP transcription factor gene, ZmTCP14, was identified from maize. The results of fluorescence quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked adsorption method, and GUS histochemical staining showed that the ZmTCP14 gene might play a negative feedback role in regulating plant response to drought stress. Furthermore, subcellular localization showed that the gene was localized in the nucleus. ZmTCP14 transgenic maize plants were used to further study its role in drought stress response. Under drought stress, overexpression of the ZmTCP14 gene inhibited seed germination and root growth, and the plants appeared wilted, and the drought resistance was significantly reduced. Interestingly, we also found that introducing the ZmTCP14 gene positively regulated the accumulation of ROS in plants to reduce drought resistance under drought stress. Importantly, under drought conditions in the field, the ZmTCP14 gene-edited plants exhibited higher drought tolerance during the reproductive phase of growth and higher grain yield than the overexpressed plants and non-transgenic controls. All results indicate that ZmTCP14 may affect drought resistance of plants by regulating ROS accumulation in plants.

SUBSTITUTION OF FERMENTED DUCKWEED MEAL (Lemna Sp.) AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN SOURCE SOYBEAN MEAL IN SUPPORTING THE GROWTH OF TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater fish commodity that has high economic value, is widely cultivated and has high demand. However, the obstacle that is often experienced by farmers is the high price of feed caused by the high price of imported feed raw materials. Overcoming this can be done by looking for alternative raw materials that can replace soybean meal flour such as fermented lemna flour. This research was conducted to study the growth performance of tilapia fed a test feed using fermented lemna flour (Lemna sp.) substitution. The total treatment used was 5 treatments and 3 replications, with a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment A (0% TLF), B (25% TLF), C (50% TLF), D (75% TLF), and treatment E (100% TLF). Parameters observed were absolute weight gain, daily growth rate, protein retention, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, survival rate, and water quality. The results showed that treatment B (25% TLF) gave the best results compared to other treatments, where the absolute weight growth rate reached 7.11 g, the daily growth rate (SGR) was 3.39%, feed conversion (FCR) was 2.22 and protein retention 36.08%.

Efficiency of wheat use in organic animal husbandry

Conceptual justification of the basic feed raw materials list which is promising for the implementation of organic technologies in Siberia is a necessary step to solve the problem of organic production of regional livestock and the creation of an appropriate feed base. The results of the validity of the use of wheat in the organic production of livestock products are presented. The ways of transforming wheat to improve the efficiency of its use in animal feed are proposed. The objectives of the research included studying the agronomic possibilities of wheat cultivation in Siberia according to the rules of organic production, assessing the scale of its use for fodder purposes, determining the amino acid composition of regional wheat varieties, justifying the effectiveness of obtaining a feed additive from it, assessing the possibility of using the new additive in the diets of animals kept according to the rules of organic production. The yield of spring wheat cultivated in Siberia on fallow and organic production norms is 62.5% on average of the yield of wheat cultivated on conventional intensive technology. The loss of 38% of the yield due to organic technology can be compensated by increasing the area of its crops. The average values of the content of normalized amino acids in wheat of the studied 82 released varieties of Siberian breeding are less than the reference values. An experimental feed additive with a lysine content of about 20 g/kg in terms of dry matter was obtained from wheat. This is comparable with the lysine content in meat and bone meal, sunflower oil meal - traditional protein ingredients of Siberian feed for monogastric animals, but not included in the list of raw materials permitted for use in organic animal husbandry. Using the obtained additive full-fat mixed fodder for young pigs and poultry were composed. Positive effect of the obtained wheat additive on the productivity of experimental animals kept under the rules of organic production was experimentally established.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory mechanism of tetraspore formation in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis

With the expansion of seaweed culture and changes in the global climate, large quantities of new seaweed germplasm are urgently needed. It is important to elucidate the process of reproductive development and its regulatory mechanism in seaweed. Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) has an essential economic and ecological value, for example, as a raw material for agar extraction and abalone feed. Here, four phases (I to IV) of G. lemaneiformis tetrasporophyte development were analyzed using physiological assays and transcriptome technologies. The results showed that photosynthetic capacity increased during the period from tetraspore formation to the release (Phase II, III and IV). According to transcriptome results, the expression levels of genes associated with light harvesting, photosynthesis, and carbon fixation pathways were significantly upregulated during tetraspore formation and release. Meanwhile, the expression levels of genes encoding starch and trehalose synthesis enzymes in starch and sucrose metabolism were enhanced during tetraspore formation and release, suggesting that G. lemaneiformis requires more energy supply during reproductive development, and that trehalose-6-phosphate may also act as a signaling molecule to induce tetraspore formation. In addition, genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (APX, TRX, GR, TR, PRX, and CAT) were significantly upregulated during tetraspore formation. These results may help us to understand the transition from nutritional to reproductive development and the molecular mechanism of G. lemaneiformis tetrasporogenesis, which is vital for the development of new germplasm and promoting the growth of the seaweed culture industry.

Detection and counting of pigment glands in cotton leaves using improved U-Net.

Gossypol, as an important oil and raw material for feed, is mainly produced by cotton pigment gland, and has a wide range of applications in the fields of pharmaceutics, agriculture and industry. Accurate knowledge of the distribution of pigment gland in cotton leaves is important for estimating gossypol content. However, pigment glands are extremely small and densely distributed, manual counting is laborious and time-consuming, and difficult to count quickly and accurately. It is thus necessary to design a fast and accurate gland counting method. In this paper, the machine vision imaging technology is used to establish an image acquisition platform to obtain cotton leaf images, and a network structure is proposed based on deep learning, named as Interpolation-pooling net, to segment the pigment glands in the cotton leaf images. The network adopts the structure of first interpolation and then pooling, which is more conducive to the extraction of pigment gland features. The accuracy of segmentation of the model in cotton leaf image set is 96.7%, and the mIoU (Mean Intersection over Union), Recall, Precision and F1-score is 0.8181, 0.8004, 0.8004 and 0.8004 respectively. In addition, the number of pigment glands in cotton leaves of three different densities was measured. Compared with manual measurements, the square of the correlation coefficient (R 2) of the three density pigment glands reached 0.966, 0.942 and 0.91, respectively. The results show that the proposed semantic segmentation network based on deep learning has good performance in the detection and counting of cotton pigment glands, and has important value for evaluating the gossypol content of different cotton varieties. Compared with the traditional chemical reagent determination method, this method is safer and more economical.

Analysis of chemotypes and their markers in leaves of core collections of Eucommia ulmoides using metabolomics.

The leaves of Eucommia ulmoides contain various active compunds and nutritional components, and have successively been included as raw materials in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the Health Food Raw Material Catalogue, and the Feed Raw Material Catalogue. Core collections of E. ulmoides had been constructed from the conserved germplasm resources basing on molecular markers and morphological traits, however, the metabolite diversity and variation in this core population were little understood. Metabolite profiles of E. ulmoides leaves of 193 core collections were comprehensively characterized by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS based non-targeted metabolomics in present study. Totally 1,100 metabolites were identified and that belonged to 18 categories, and contained 120 active ingredients for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and 85 disease-resistant metabolites. Four leaf chemotypes of the core collections were established by integrated uses of unsupervised self-organizing map (SOM), supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and random forest (RF) statistical methods, 30, 23, 43, and 23 chemomarkers were screened corresponding to the four chemotypes, respectively. The morphological markers for the chemotypes were obtained by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) between the chenomarkers and the morphological traits, with leaf length (LL), chlorophyll reference value (CRV), leaf dentate height (LDH), and leaf thickness (LT) corresponding to chemotypes I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Contents of quercetin-3-O-pentosidine, isoquercitrin were closely correlated to LL, leaf area (LA), and leaf perimeter (LP), suggesting the quercetin derivatives might influence the growth and development of E. ulmoides leaf shape.

The content of chemical components in the diets as an objective criterion for the effectiveness of feed

Owners, managers and specialists of enterprises of the feed industry strive to produce feed in demand on the market, which fully satisfy all the needs of animals for nutrients and biologically active substances that ensure maximum genetically determined productivity while maintaining health and reproductive function. In this regard, an objective analysis of the content of components is becoming increasingly important, reflecting all the consumer properties of feed products, both in the production process and during storage and release. Those who are guided in their activities by the Interstate standard 13496.0-2016 “Compound feed, feed raw materials. Sampling methods”, of course remember that this document specifically emphasizes that the samples selected in accordance with it should be representative only in relation to the batch. However, the desired productivity of animals depends on the content of all components provided by the recipe, not in batches, but in diets, which is not the same thing. The purpose of the work was to analyze the content of components in diets as an objective criterion for the effectiveness of feed. Calculations based on a number of properties of the Poisson distribution and our own techniques were carried out. The initial data and the results of calculations were summarized in tables. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that the analysis of the components in the combined samples is in no way representative of the animal diets. They only indicate their presence in batches of standard compound feeds, unlike which highly effective feeds must contain all the ingredients provided by the recipe in all diets.

Farming Analysis for Sorghum Seeding on Acid-Dry Land in South Lampung, Lampung Province

Sorghum is an alternative food, feed, and industrial raw material. Currently, sorghum is being developed in Indonesia, but it is necessary to know whether it is economically feasible to develop sorghum. This study aims to determine the cost and revenue, income, and feasibility of sorghum seed farming per hectare. The research was conducted in the Taman Sains Pertanian (TSP) of Natar District, South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The data collected is the volume and prices of production inputs and production output prices. Data were analyzed using cost structure analysis, income analysis and R/C ratio. The results showed that the total costs incurred were IDR 22.258.750, - and a total receipt of IDR 110.000.000, - so that a income of IDR 87.741.250, - per hectare. The R/C ratio for the total cost of farming is 4,94, this value is greater than one. Based on the profits obtained and the value of the R/C ratio, sorghum seed farming in dry sour land is feasible.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Barley Landraces from Shanghai Region Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important economic crop for food, feed and industrial raw materials. In the present research, 112 barley landraces from the Shanghai region were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), and the genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed. The results showed that 210,268 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were present in total, and the average poly-morphism information content (PIC) was 0.1642. Genetic diversity and population structure analyses suggested that these barley landraces were differentiated and could be divided into three sub-groups, with morphological traits of row-type and adherence of the hulls the main distinguishing factors between groups. Genotypes with similar or duplicated names were also investigated according to their genetic backgrounds and seed appearances. This study provided valuable information on barley landraces from the Shanghai region, and showed that all these barley landraces should be protected and used for future breeding programs.

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Selection of M2 Sorghum Super 2 Mutant Lines Derived from Irradiation Using Gamma Rays

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a potential plant to be developed as food, feed, and industrial raw materials. In Indonesia, sweet sorghum breeding is needed because only five varieties of sweet sorghum have been released. Genetic variability is essential in breeding. Through mutation induction, breeders can increase genetic variability so that new characters superior to their parents can be obtained. This study aimed to analyze the effect of various doses of gamma-ray irradiation on genetic variability in the agronomic character of the M2 population derived from the sweet sorghum Super 2 mutant and to select potential populations for further selection. The research was carried out at Experimental Garden, ICABIOGRAD, in February-June 2021. The material used was selected M2 mutant seeds from mutant populations resulting from gamma-ray irradiation of sorghum’s shoots of Super 2 variety with doses of 40, 50, 60, and 70 Gy. Variables observed were plant height, stem diameter, panicle length, panicle diameter, sugar content, and fresh and dry panicle weights. The results showed that all radiation doses could increase genetic variability in M2 plants compared to their parents. Significant differences in characters between the original parents and the M2 population with a dose of 40 Gy were seen in the top diameter of the stem, panicle length, and sugar content; at a dose of 50 Gy in panicle diameter, sugar content, and fresh panicle weight; at a dose of 60 Gy on plant height, top stem diameter, sugar content, fresh panicle weight; while at a dose of 70 Gy on bottom stem diameter and middle stem diameter. The potential population for further selection based on fresh weight is the irradiated mutant population with a dose of 70 Gy. In pre-analysis using Cluster Gram and 49 mutant genotypes of the 70Gy M2 population, a group of mutants similar to their parent (Super 2 sorghum variety) and the other group that was completely different from their parent was obtained.

Получение биологически полноценной продукции птицеводства при применении комплексного витаминизированного препарата

The article presents the results of studies of the effect of the complex fortified preparation of domestic production «Nitamin» on broiler chickens and the biological usefulness of the resulting meat. The experimental part of the work was carried out in the vivarium of the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the MGAVMiB-MVA named after K. I. Skryabin. The drug «Nitamin » was given to broiler chickens with drinking water at a dose of 1 ml per 1 liter of drinking water, according to the scheme from 2 days to 5 days and from 15 days to 18 days, the birds were slaughtered on the 42nd day of keeping. The material for the research was the muscle tissue of broiler chickens of the experimental and control groups, the determination of the content of the amino acid composition, as well as trace elements of selenium and iron, was carried out in accordance with GOST R 55569–2013 Feed, compound feed, compound feed raw materials. Determination of proteinogenic amino acids by capillary electrophoresis, GOST 31707–2012 (EN 14627:2005) Food products of trace elements. Determination of total arsenic and selenium by atomic absorption spectrometry with generation of hydrides with preliminary mineralization of the sample under pressure and GOST 30178–96 Raw materials and food products. Atomic absorption method for the determination of toxic elements. The studied meat samples of broiler chickens, which were fed with the drug «Nitamin», have an increased biological value, the amount of essential amino acids increased by 14,38 % compared to the control. When studying the content of trace elements in the muscle tissue of experimental broiler chickens, an increase in the iron content by 81,8 % was noted in relation to the control group.

Вдосконалення конструкції бітерів дозатора кормів порційної дії

Вдосконалення конструкції бітерів дозатора кормів порційної дії