TiZrHfNbMo refractory high-entropy alloy has poor plasticity and a relatively high density at room temperature, which limits its wide industrial application. To develop RHEAs featuring a simple structure, low density, and excellent overall performance. In this study, three refractory high-entropy alloys of Ti22Zr25Hf(35−x)Nb18Mox (x = 10, 15, 20) were preliminarily designed, and the effects of different Mo contents on their microstructure and properties were investigated. All three components are of a single-phase BCC structure. Room-temperature and high-temperature compression and friction wear tests show that, with the increase in Mo, the solid solution strengthening effect is enhanced. The room temperature yield strength increases by 35.1%, the high-temperature yield strength increases by 222.6%, and the wear rate decreases by 60.5%. However, the room temperature fracture strain of Mo20 is reduced to 24%. Therefore, Y was introduced into the Mo20 refractory high-entropy alloy at mass fractions of 0.1% and 0.2% to further enhance its plasticity. The experimental results show that the addition of Y, through grain refinement and solid solution strengthening, simultaneously enhances room-temperature plasticity (from 24% to 323%) and wear resistance. The findings furnish a theoretical framework for rational element selection in RHEAs design.

The Path of Education: A Stroll of the Soul Interwoven with Poetic and Rational Elements——A Review of Wandering Awareness

Background: Organisational leadership (OL) as a construct faces challenges in being universally defined, especially in South Africa, because of its contextual diverse nature (historically, politically, socially and culturally). This is amplified by the limited availability of contextual (South African) leadership research, and an overreliance on international and universal leadership models. Aim: This study aimed to conceptualise OL from an emic perspective. Setting: The study was based on the South African workforce. Method: An exploratory qualitative design was employed. Interactive qualitative analysis (IQA), a systematic qualitative research methodology, was used. The inductive nature of IQA, combined with deductive analysis techniques (axial and theoretical coding), facilitated the identification of the elements of OL, as well as its inter-relational nature. Based on the participants’ lived experiences, this is established from a pragmatist and social constructivism perspective. Results: The outcome of the study is a system influence diagram (SID), indicating the relationship between the various elements of OL. The primary driver was the leader’s emotional awareness, with the secondary drivers including leadership style, characteristics, culture, communication and vision. These drivers resulted in secondary outcomes of leader support and team dynamics, ultimately culminating in the primary outcome of delivering strategy. Conclusion: Organisational leadership has relational, emotional and rational elements that should be navigated to reach the primary outcome, namely organisational success through strategy implementation. Contribution: Conceptualising OL is valuable as it advances our understanding, highlights the social and cultural dynamics that influence leadership effectiveness, and offers a foundation for future research and leadership development.

One's decision to buy is influenced by both emotional and rational factors. Emotional or rational elements influence the person's decision to buy the products. When physically near a desired object, highly impulsive buyers are more likely to react to spur-of-the-moment buying cues and are more receptive to unexpected buying ideas(Beatty & Ferrell 1998).When making purchases, the majority of customers exhibit impulsive buying behavior. Numerous variables may have contributed to this. Numerous academics have studied impulsive buying behavior and all the aspects that lead to impulsive action. The main factors influencing for impulse buying in offline and online mode are external stimuli, in-store stimuli, consumer demographic variables, sensation cues, emotions, extrinsic and intrinsic factors, situational variables, social factors, social medias etc. Here an effort is made to know the findings of different research related to impulse buying behavior since 1950. The literature analysis of various research works were classified under the heads, impulse buying behavior, and factors and cues which influence impulse buying. The result shows that the consumers were attracted by external stimuli, in-store stimuli, intrinsic cues, extrinsic cues, sensation cues, and social medias for impulse buying. This paper may help marketers, especially retailers who are in need to know the consumer's impulsive behavior.

This article investigates epistemic hybridity in the perception and engagement with cultural heritage using the case of the Arkaim museum-reserve. Based on a sociological survey of 926 visitors conducted during the 2023-2024 seasons, the author demonstrates that even respondents with clearly stated motivations (scientific, spiritual, natural, or social) display behavioral and cognitive patterns that transcend a single epistemic framework. The findings reveal a persistent plurality of interpretative modes combining rational, sacred, embodied, and emotional elements into a coherent experiential structure rather than a site of epistemic conflict. Particular attention is given to the role of media competence among science communicators - researchers, museum staff, and guides - operating within post-secular and epistemologically plural societies. The author argues that successful science communication requires not only subject-matter expertise but also the ability to adapt to culturally diverse audiences. The most satisfied group included those who participated in museum tours while also endorsing Arkaim’s status as a sacred site. The Arkaim case illustrates the potential of inclusive strategies to foster public trust and broaden the scope of meaningful engagement with science.

The results of this study show that Andalusian literature constituted a fundamental pillar in the development of Arabic literature, characterized by innovation and creativity as a result of the cultural diversity and intellectual interaction that Andalusia witnessed throughout its various eras. Andalusia was a cultural crossroads that brought together Muslims, Jews, and Christians, contributing to the formulation of diverse literary and intellectual styles. Andalusian literature was influenced by Persian, Indian, and Greek literatures, which helped in developing various literary genres, most notably philosophical prose and narrative literature (Siraj, 2011).The study also revealed the impact of cultural interaction between Arabs, Jews, and Christians on Andalusian literary thought, reflected in the diversity of literary texts. Andalusian literature included multiple styles such as emotional, philosophical, and narrative poetry, and was distinguished by the use of new poetic forms like muwashshah, which blended Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin, giving Andalusian literature a unique character distinct from traditional Arabic literature (Peroz, 2016).Intellectually, the study showed that the works of philosophers like Ibn Rushd and Ibn Zaydun are rich in rational elements influenced by Persian and Indian thought, where they developed. Ibn Rushd developed the ideas of Ibn Sina, contributing to the enrichment of Islamic philosophy and expanding its influence on Western philosophy in the Middle Ages (Mahmoud, 2008).Graphical Analysis (First Curve):The graphical curve indicated that the influence of Andalusian literature on Arabic poetry began to rise in the 9th century AD, peaking during the Abbasid and Mamluk periods (13th-14th centuries), before gradually declining while still maintaining its literary impact. As for the influence on Persian poetry, it was slow at first but then clearly increased with the onset of the Safavid era (16th century), reaching its peak in the 17th and 18th centuries. The curve also shows that the influence of Andalusian literature on classical Spanish literature peaked in the 16th-17th centuries, as seen in the works of Cervantes, before declining in the 18th-19th centuries, only to witness renewed interest in the 20th century.

The paper examines paintings by Siberian artists created in the second half of the 20th — early 21st centuries in the context of modern methods of studying fine art works, covering stylistic, semiotic, cognitive and technological aspects. It is proved that these directions enrich the methodology of analysis, making it possible to consider paintings from different points of view taking into account their historical setting. This approach is examined in terms of how useful it can be for studying easel paintings with an emphasis on the aesthetic aspects and socio-cultural, historical and philosophical foundations of the artworks. The works of B.Ya. Ryauzov, A.M. Znak and A.I. Volokitin are treated as a reflection of the author's reality and a reaction to the surrounding world. The creativity of these artists is analyzed through the prism of philosophical, logical and emotional perception of reality. It is established that these works contain both logical rational and emotional-figurative elements, and the portraits demonstrate the unity of individual and typical features reflecting the social status of the subjects. The work of a portraitist itself is assumed to be a way to understand reality. The above approach is recognized as one of the methods for analyzing artworks from the standpoint of the humanities and natural sciences.

Resistance to cognitive biases is a crucial element of rationality that influences judgement and decision-making. Here we synthesized the effects of debiasing training in educational settings. Our systematic review found 54 randomized controlled trials consisting of 383 effect sizes and 10,941 participants. Our meta-analysis of educational interventions showed a small, yet significant, improvement in reducing the likelihood of committing biases compared with control conditions (g = 0.26, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 0.39), 160 effects from 41 studies, P < 0.001). Most studies focused on reducing the likelihood of committing biases (for example, confirmation bias) using cognitive strategies. Some biases seemed difficult to overcome (for example, representativeness heuristic), and questions remain about the depth and transferability of learning beyond classroom settings. All studies had unclear or high risk of bias and there was some risk of publication bias. While evidence suggests that educational interventions can reduce bias on targeted tasks, more research is needed to determine whether these improvements translate to meaningful changes in real-world decision-making and to identify which paedagogical approaches are most effective for reducing the influence of cognitive biases.

In the world of economics, fraud is a problem that is still inherent and growing in the global community to this day. Fraud can be found not only in small organizations but also in large companies are not immune to fraud within them. Pentagon fraud is the result of the development of previously discovered fraud theories. Starting from the fraud triangle theory with the elements of pressure, rationalization, and opportunity which then continued to develop into the fraud pentagon. The purpose of this study is to determine whether pressure, opportunity, rationalization, ability and arrogance influence cash theft. This type of research is quantitative research. The data source used is primary data. The data collection technique used a questionnaire. The population in this study were employees of Bank BPRS Bhakti Sumekar Sumenep. Sampling in this study used a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used are Validity Test, Reliability Test, Descriptive Statistics, Classical Assumption Test, Multiple Linear Analysis, Coefficient of Determination Test, T-Test, F-Test. Data management used the SPSS program. The results of this study indicate that partially pressure has an effect on cash theft, opportunity has an effect on cash theft, rationalization has no effect on cash theft, ability has an effect on cash theft, arrogance has an effect on cash theft.

Abstract Precast concrete structures have rapidly increased in popularity due to their fast construction, environmental friendliness, and high degree of mechanization. This paper presents a precast concrete frame beam‐column joint integrating high‐performance concrete, high‐strength bars, and L‐shaped steel energy dissipation devices. To validate the seismic behavior of the proposed joints, reverse cyclic loading tests were performed on three full‐scale beam‐column joints: two precast joints and one cast‐in‐place joint. Seismic indicators of the precast joints, including hysteresis performance, skeleton curve, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation capacity, were compared with those of the cast‐in‐place joint. The test results revealed that setting L‐shaped steel at the beam–column junction can not only effectively improve the bearing capacity of the joint but also enhance its energy dissipation capacity. Furthermore, setting L‐shaped steel can also effectively enhance the strength of the beam–column junction to achieve the purpose of moving the plastic hinge away from the beam end. Pouring RPC in the panel zone can effectively improve the bearing capacity of the joint further and ensure that the panel zone will not be damaged under reverse cyclic loading. Based on the experimental results, a rational finite element model of the joint has been successfully established. Subsequently, parametric analysis was conducted utilizing this model to provide a robust theoretical foundation for the joint's design optimization.

Financial statement fraud remains a major challenge in maintaining the integrity of corporate financial information, particularly in the manufacturing sector, which is characterized by high operational complexity. This study aims to detect indications of financial statement fraud by applying the Fraud Hexagon framework, which includes the elements of pressure, opportunity, rationalization, capability, ego, and collusion. Additionally, the study examines the moderating role of the audit committee in this relationship. The research was conducted on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. Using a purposive sampling technique, a total of 119 companies were selected, resulting in 595 financial observations analyzed. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) and the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The results indicate that pressure and opportunity have a significant positive effect on financial statement fraud, whereas rationalization and capability show a significant negative effect. Meanwhile, ego and collusion were found to have no significant effect. The audit committee was shown to strengthen the effects of pressure, rationalization, and capability, and to weaken the effect of opportunity. However, it did not moderate the influence of ego and collusion.

Abstract This paper examines Plato’s moral exemplarism, arguing that admiration plays a central role in his moral philosophy. It does so by linking Plato’s portrayal of Socrates as an object of moral admiration with his account of the psychology of moral imitation—particularly as developed in the depiction of Socrates across the dialogues and in the psychological framework of the Republic. The study responds to the growing interest in exemplarist moral theory by addressing the relative neglect of Plato’s contribution to this tradition. A parallel objective of this paper is to foster dialogue between Plato’s account of moral exemplarism and Linda Zagzebski’s Exemplarist Moral Theory, highlighting points of convergence in their approaches to admiration and moral motivation. The first part of the paper underscores the ambivalence of admiration in Plato’s dialogues, analyzing Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Laches, and Symposium to show how Plato constructs Socrates as a moral exemplar while simultaneously revealing admiration’s limitations as a consistent driver of moral transformation. The second part focuses on the Republic, where Plato provides a systematic psychological framework for admiration, particularly through the analysis of the spirited part of the soul (thymos) and its role in moral education. This analysis helps resolve the tensions present in Plato’s earlier treatment of admiration by arguing that rational reflection can internally refine and enhance admiration, enabling it to fulfill its distinctive role in the development of moral virtue. By integrating emotional and rational elements in moral formation, Plato’s account offers a historically grounded perspective on contemporary debates regarding the role of admiration in morality.

This paper, based on the node insertion algorithm for NURBS curves, explicitly defines the method for calculating the node coordinates and weights of subdivided element, without altering the geometric properties and parameter distribution of the RANCF elements. However, the diversity in the definition of RANCF elements can lead to uncontrollable subdivision in parameter space. To address the distortion in the subdivision process of non-uniformly parameterized elements, this paper introduces a distribution density function for the element parameter points and establishes a calculation method for the parameter space subdivision nodes corresponding to the arc length in physical space. This method enables precise subdivision of differently parameterized arc elements in the physical space. Ultimately, guided by numerical computation results, the subdivision criteria for RANCF elements were determined. The results indicate that local refinement in regions with denser parameter point distribution can both ensure computational accuracy and improve computational efficiency.

Abstract Rationality is a widely accepted assumption in psychology and economics, but there is limited understanding of its elements. This study uses an experimental methodology, the beauty contest game, and extends it to a newly designed cheating contest game to distinguish rationality into optimality and consistency. The experiment consists of seven rounds. We include N = 52 participants. The results show that (1) human rationality is comprised of optimality and consistency, and (2) optimality is the dominant notion. In conclusion, we observe a dualism of rationality. This study provides insight into the elements of rationality and can guide future research in psychology and economic sciences.

Introduction: The increasing dominance of social media has positioned live streaming and viral marketing as influential strategies in shaping customer purchase intention. Methods: This study examines the combined effects of these strategies through the lens of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), which distinguished between central and peripheral routes of persuasion. While prior research has explored these approach individually, their joint impact remains underexamined. To address this gap, a quantitative approach was employed by collecting data from a survey of 100 Generation Z TikTok users. Results: Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that live streaming content, associated with central route processing, has a stronger positive effect on purchase intention (ß=0.621;p&lt;0.001) compared to viral marketing which operates via peripheral cues (ß=0.285;p=0.002). These findings suggest that marketers targeting Generation Z should strategically integrate rational message elements and emotionally engaging content to optimize user engagement and drive conversion. The study contributes to the broader discourse on digital marketing literature and offers strategic implications for enhancing conversion in social media-driven environments. Keywords: Digital marketing, live streaming, purchase intention, viral marketing

This study aimed to determine the emotional and cognitive attitudes of Senior High School (SHS) graduates from non–Information and Communications Technology (ICT) strands—Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS), General Academic Strand (GAS), and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)—in their decision to pursue ICT-based college courses. Despite the academic alignment suggested by the Philippine K–12 curriculum, a notable shift is observed as students from non-ICT strands opt for ICT-related programs, indicating that other influencing factors are at play. Data were collected from 65 respondents using a validated Likert-scale survey, and a descriptive-correlational research design was employed. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were utilized to analyze the data. Results revealed strong emotional motivations, including passion for technology and curiosity, as well as significant cognitive factors such as perceived job opportunities, global relevance, and logical career growth. A moderately strong positive correlation (r = 0.72) between emotional and cognitive attitudes suggests that both affective and rational elements jointly influence student course selection. The study concludes that a balanced approach to academic advising, one that acknowledges both emotional engagement and logical career evaluation, is essential in supporting cross-strand transitions into ICT programs.

Box-sectioned beam structures offer significant potential in various engineering fields, and can be tailored to specific design criteria by adjusting the size parameters. In engineering practice, box-sectioned beam structures are often available in standard or discrete thicknesses, considering manufacturing constraints and cost efficiency. This article proposes an improved method to optimize the discrete size of box-sectioned beam structures using size-weighted coefficients. The method integrates the rational Timoshenko beam element with an improved bi-value coding parameterization scheme to optimize the weighted coefficients associated with each discrete size. During optimization, design domains are narrowed down before filtering to obtain the discrete thickness of box-sectioned beam structures. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in achieving high solving efficiency and overcoming convergence difficulties. In the optimization of the bus frame, the mass is reduced by 25.44%, and torsional stiffness, which serves as a constraint, is only 0.08% higher than the set lower limit.

Construction of layered micro-/nano-structured MoNiCo-S cathode and broad bean shell derived carbon anode for hybrid supercapacitors.

This study aims to examine the transformation of Royongan Omah, a communal house-building tradition in Ngasinan Village, amid modernization and socio-economic changes. Traditionally, community participation in this practice was rooted in voluntary collective labor, driven by social solidarity and mutual aid. However, over time, participation has become increasingly selective and economically motivated. Employing a qualitative case study approach, this research collected data through passive participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis, which were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s framework within Max Weber’s social action theory. The findings indicate that rationalization and shifting economic perspectives have significantly reshaped community participation in Royongan Omah. While participation was previously dominated by traditional, affective, and value-rational actions, it has now transitioned towards value-rational and instrumental-rational actions. Full community engagement—including labor, cognitive involvement, and material contributions—has declined, giving way to a more pragmatic approach that prioritizes skilled, paid labor for complex construction tasks. Despite the growing dominance of instrumental rationality, elements of traditional and affective rationality persist, demonstrating an ongoing negotiation between modern efficiency and cultural heritage. This study contributes to sociological discourse on modernization and cultural adaptation, highlighting how traditional cooperative labor systems evolve in response to socio-economic transformations.

The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate, through a historical-economic research approach, that the intellectual legacy of the prominent Soviet Russian economist L.N. Kritsman must be recognized as one of the foundational sources of the national idea in Soviet state economic ideology. Special attention is given to the innovative theoretical, methodological, and reformist aspects of Kritsman’s political-economic works, which embody both rational and irrational elements of the Soviet national idea, centered on state economic ideology. The findings of this research allow for two key conclusions. First, Kritsman’s “Bolshevik” political-economic writings promoted ideologically driven constructs, rooted exclusively in class-based Marxist-Leninist economic reasoning. Second, his ideas on the “organization of the national economy of Soviet Russia” — aimed at the universal replacement of capitalist enterprise management with workers' control — remained dominant for over seven decades within the framework of the “proletarian” economic ideology at the national level.