Indonesia’s population reached 284.43 million in 2025, with 69.25% in the productive age. However, relatively low domestic income levels have encouraged labor mobility among Indonesian migrant workers. Despite higher earnings abroad, improved welfare remains limited, largely due to inadequate financial literacy and suboptimal financial behavior. This study examines the effect of financial literacy and financial inclusion on investment interest, with financial behavior acting as a mediating variable. A quantitative survey approach was employed, targeting adult respondents with investment potential. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling to assess direct and indirect relationships among variables. This research contributes to the literature by integrating a behavioral finance perspective to explain investment interest formation among Indonesian migrant workers, particularly through testing the mediating role of financial behavior. The findings reveal that financial literacy and financial inclusion significantly influence investment interest both directly and indirectly through financial behavior. The results indicate that knowledge and access to financial services do not automatically translate into investment interest, rather, behavioral mechanisms serve as a crucial linkage. These findings support behavioral finance theory, emphasizing that investment decisions are shaped by behavioral characteristics beyond purely rational considerations.

This systematic literature review explores the motivations, experiences, and societal contexts influencing the decision of married couples to remain childfree. Drawing on eight empirical studies published between 2015 and 2023, the review identifies four central themes: personal and career-driven motivations, lived emotional and relational experiences, cultural and religious contexts, and coping mechanisms shaped by intersectionality. Findings reveal that childfree decisions are often grounded in rational considerations such as autonomy, financial constraints, health concerns, and fear of responsibility. Cultural and religious expectations, particularly in collectivist and pronatalist societies, continue to exert pressure on childfree individuals, leading to social stigma and emotional conflict. However, many report a sense of empowerment and well-being when supported by like-minded communities and partners. The review highlights the limited representation of perspectives from low- and middle-income countries and marginalized groups. It calls for more inclusive and intersectional research to deepen our understanding of reproductive autonomy in diverse global contexts.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance remains a common challenge in treatment of infectious diseases, including ocular ones. Resistance of ocular pathogens can hinder choosing an antimicrobial agent and reduce the effectiveness of prescribed antibacterial therapy. Therefore, constant monitoring of pathogen susceptibility is an important step in tackling increasing antibiotic resistance. AIM: This study aimed to identify causative agents of bacterial infections of the eyelid and conjunctiva and analyze their susceptibility to antibacterial agents in patients aged over 3 years. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 20,607 conjunctival microbiome tests in patients with bacterial infections of the eyelid and conjunctiva who visited an outpatient department of the St. Petersburg Diagnostic Center No. 7 in 2018–2024. Conjunctival swabs were taken from all patients to identify pathogens and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility. Microorganisms were isolated and identified by microscopic, cultural, and biochemical methods. RESULTS: Bacterial infections of the anterior segment were caused by Gram-positive microorganisms in 46% of cases, mainly by Staphylococcus epidermidis with a detection rate of 32.5%–37.9%, followed by Gram-negative microorganisms identified in 34% of cases, of which Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common with a detection rate of 16%–23.5%. Mixed Gram-positive and Gram-negative flora was identified in the remaining 20% of cases. Data analysis revealed high resistance of all pathogens to azithromycin, with S. epidermidis resistance of up to 64%. All isolated pathogens were most susceptible (up to 99%) to fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, namely to moxifloxacin. CONCLUSION: Based on the data obtained, moxifloxacin products may be recommended for ophthalmological use as an agent of choice for the treatment of bacterial infections of the eyelids and conjunctiva.

The rationalization of family relations is a social phenomenon that has developed within modern household life and is often used as a basis for filing for divorce. Changes in the mindset of married couples, which emphasize rational considerations such as personal interests, role efficiency, and the perceived benefits of the relationship, have influenced the sustainability of the household. This study aims to examine the rationalization of family relations as a factor in divorce, as viewed from Article 116 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) and Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 on Marriage. The research was conducted using a normative juridical method, which focuses on the study of statutory regulations. The findings indicate that although the rationalization of family relations is not explicitly stated as a ground for divorce in either the KHI or the Marriage Law, its substance is reflected in legal reasons such as continuous disputes and ongoing conflicts, as well as the failure of husband and wife to fulfill their marital obligations. This study emphasizes that changes in family relational patterns require a functional understanding so that the application of divorce law remains aligned with the objectives of marriage. Therefore, grounds for divorce should not be understood merely in a formal sense as stipulated in the applicable regulations, but also by taking into account the psychological, social, and relational dynamics underlying the breakdown of the family.

The pre-prepared meal industry is a vital engine for food sector upgrading in China. This study investigates the key drivers of consumer purchasing decisions and identifies strategic pathways to support high-quality industry development. Grounded in behavioral decision theory and the stimulus-organism-response framework, we propose two central research questions: (1) What are the dominant determinants of consumer purchase intention for pre-prepared meals? and (2) How do these determinants interact in nonlinear and asymmetric ways to shape final decisions? To address these questions, we analyzed 805 valid questionnaires collected in Jilin Province using an integrated machine learning framework. Data quality and validity were ensured through baseline balance tests, and sample imbalance was corrected using the SMOTE-Tomek algorithm. Six models, including Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost, were optimized via Gaussian process-based Bayesian optimization. The RF model achieved optimal performance on the test set, with an F1 score of 0.907, an AUC of 0.928, and a prediction accuracy of 0.876. To enhance model interpretability, Mean Decrease Impurity (MDI) was integrated with the SHAP framework. Our findings reveal that: (1) purchase decisions are predominantly willingness-driven, with behavioral tendency-especially recommendation willingness-accounting for over 72% of predictive importance; (2) rational considerations, such as convenience and channel accessibility, serve as foundational enablers; and (3) recommendation willingness exhibits a significant S-shaped nonlinear threshold, where a shift to "relatively willing" marks a critical marketing intervention window. SHAP force plot analysis further uncovers an asymmetric decision logic: high willingness can compensate for perceived product shortcomings, whereas the absence of core intention functions as a non-compensatory barrier. Theoretically, these findings synthesize machine learning outputs with classical behavioral models (e.g., the Theory of Planned Behavior and Prospect Theory) by empirically quantifying bounded rationality and nonlinear activation mechanisms. These findings suggest that enterprises should transition from traffic-centric to retention-oriented strategies by leveraging word-of-mouth and proximity-based channels. Moreover, establishing a collaborative governance system is essential to mitigate risk perception and ensure long-term industry prosperity.

ABSTRACT This study examines how social capital configurations, ecological rationality, and technology considerations shape the adoption of agricultural digitalization among 112 farmers in East and West Java, Indonesia. We use fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to identify five equifinal pathways to successful adoption. While technology enablement is present in all configurations, it remains insufficient on its own. It requires complementary social capital to translate potential into practice. Specifically, cognitive social capital, reflected in shared understanding, emerges as the most consistent core condition across pathways. Ecological rationality plays a secondary role, with adoption occurring primarily through social validation rather than through explicit environmental reasoning. The stability of configurations across specifications confirms genuine equifinality. These findings challenge technology-centered models. It demonstrates that effective agricultural digitalization depends on aligning initiatives with existing configurations of social capital. Our study offers practical guidance for designing context-sensitive digital agriculture strategies throughout the Global South.

The other side of micro – rational considerations for implementation in thermal systems

Why social norms matter in science: Determinants of misconduct in German-speaking Europe

This study investigates the effect of consumer brand involvement on brand advocacy by examining the mediating role of brand affect and the moderating role of perceived value within the culinary industry in Makassar, Indonesia, as a representative of an emerging market context. Using a survey of 272 consumers, the data were analyzed with structural equation modeling–partial least squares (SEM-PLS). The results reveal that consumer brand involvement significantly enhances brand affect, which in turn fosters stronger brand advocacy. Moreover, brand affect mediates the relationship between brand involvement and advocacy, confirming the centrality of emotional mechanisms in driving consumer advocacy. Conversely, the moderating role of perceived value was not supported, suggesting that emotional attachment outweighs rational value considerations in shaping advocacy within hedonic and culturally embedded consumption contexts. This study extends the stimulus–organism–response (SOR) framework and Brand Equity Theory by demonstrating the dominance of affective mechanisms over cognitive evaluations in emerging markets. It also fills a research gap by examining brand advocacy in the culinary sector, which has been underrepresented compared to studies on luxury or durable goods. From a managerial perspective, the findings suggest that culinary brands in emerging markets should prioritize strategies that strengthen emotional and cultural engagement—such as storytelling, experiential marketing, and community involvement—rather than relying solely on functional value propositions.

This study examines the effect of consumer involvement on purchase intention toward Reavers ID sportswear products, focusing on cognitive involvement, affective involvement, enduring involvement, and situational involvement. The research addresses the problem of how different dimensions of consumer involvement influence consumers’ intention to purchase in the context of bazar-based marketing, where purchasing decisions are shaped by both rational evaluation and situational factors. The main objective of this study is to analyze the individual and simultaneous effects of the four involvement dimensions on consumers’ purchase intention. A quantitative approach with a causal design was applied, using survey data collected from 160 respondents who had visited the Reavers ID bazar and showed interest in purchasing sportswear products. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS, supported by validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. The results show that cognitive involvement, affective involvement, enduring involvement, and situational involvement all have positive and significant effects on purchase intention, both partially and simultaneously. Cognitive involvement was found to have the most dominant influence, indicating that rational evaluation of product quality and benefits plays a crucial role in shaping consumers’ buying intentions. These findings suggest that purchase intention is strengthened through a combination of rational consideration, emotional attachment, long-term interest, and supportive purchasing situations. In conclusion, enhancing both informational and experiential aspects of marketing strategies is essential for increasing consumers’ purchase intention toward Reavers ID sportswear products.

Fictional Narratives aid in studying human behaviour, the interconnectedness of disciplines, and their contributions to each other, as these plots are intertwined with real life. Of them, Medical Humanities represents the biological aspects of life and death through the lens of human emotions, thereby bridging the gap between the humanities and science through the arts. Medical Maladies: Stories of Disease and Cure from Indian Languages (2022), an anthology of 19 short stories, represents the heroic and anti-heroic plots that deal with medicine, patients, doctors, hospitals, and healthcare units from various parts of India. In this article, Sheeba E.K.’s “The Surgeon” (2022), a Malayalam short story published in the collection Kanalezhuthu (2017), later translated by Shwetha Anthony and included in Medical Maladies (2022), is chosen to study the influence of human emotions in economic decisions and vice versa. Through textual analysis, the study focuses on human emotions, greed, and desperation, and how fear and faith subsume logical economic reasoning in life-and-death situations. The study examines the tension between economic rationality and ethical considerations, scrutinising the complexity of human decision-making in extreme circumstances. This analysis underscores the significance of examining Medical Humanities from an economic perspective.

Indonesia’s waste management crisis, being one of the world’s largest contributors of solid waste, highlights the strategic importance of the informal sector, particularly scavengers, who supply more than 80% of recyclable materials yet continue to face social stigma and systemic marginalization. This study examines the motivation and sustainability of the scavenger profession at the Angsanah Landfill (TPA) in Pamekasan, a distinctive context where scavengers experience full social integration without discrimination. Guided by Rational Choice Theory and Economic Behavior Theory, this research adopts a qualitative phenomenological approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with seven active scavengers, landfill managers, and village authorities, supported by field observation and documentation. The findings show that scavengers choose this occupation based on rational economic considerations; the prospect of relatively high earnings (up to IDR 2.8 million per month), low entry barriers, and flexible working hours. Socially, they benefit from strong community integration and the absence of negative stigma, which contrasts sharply with conditions commonly reported in major urban landfills. Despite these advantages, the long-term sustainability of the profession is threatened by increasing upstream waste-sorting initiatives, which significantly reduce the volume of recyclable waste that reaches the landfill. The study calls for policy interventions aimed at formalizing scavenger organizations through cooperatives, strengthening social protection, and integrating scavengers into circular economy frameworks, while considering the unique socio-cultural context of local communities to ensure inclusive and sustainable waste governance.

The growth of electric vehicles in Indonesia is influenced not only by government policies and industrial readiness, but also by public perceptions shaped through digital media. This study explores the role of electric vehicle review videos on YouTube in shaping consumer perceptions and their relation to the development of electric vehicle sales in Indonesia. The study employs a netnographic approach by analyzing comment sections from three electric vehicle review videos on YouTube, combined with official sales data from the Indonesian Automotive Industry Association (GAIKINDO) for the 2023–2025 period and interviews with electric vehicle owners. The findings show that YouTube discussions are largely driven by practical and rational considerations, such as price, total cost of ownership, driving range, and charging infrastructure. Although the national automotive market experienced a slowdown, the market share of electric vehicles continued to grow. Interview results indicate that YouTube review videos mainly serve as information sources and tools for brand comparison, while final purchase decisions are more strongly influenced by mobility needs, government policies, and long-term considerations regarding electric vehicle technology. This study concludes that YouTube electric vehicle review videos support the consumer decision-making process, but do not directly determine sales growth.

This article seeks to discuss the influence of Islamic religious authorities on local electoral politics within the context of ongoing democratization in Indonesia. Although local elections are often portrayed as arenas of rational, performance-based democratic decision-making, evidence from several regions—particularly Madura—suggests that religious leaders continue to play a decisive role. Existing studies of Madurese politics consistently highlight the centrality of kiai and pesantren, yet few have systematically analyzed how religious authority interacts with rational voting considerations across different social groups and geographic contexts. To address this gap, this study presents a qualitative case analysis of local elections in Madura, drawing on in-depth interviews and participant observation involving santri, students, and the community across four districts. This article argues that religious authorities remain influential in shaping voter preferences through processes of conditional negotiation, resulting in variations in electoral behavior across rural–urban settings and social categories. Based on these patterns, the article proposes four voter typologies: traditional, rational, critical, and skeptical. Importantly, the observed rationalization of political behavior does not correspond with secularization; instead, it unfolds within—and remains conditioned by—the enduring authority of religious leadership.

Gold has held a distinctive position in human societies for centuries, serving not only as a precious metal but also as a powerful cultural, social, and economic symbol. Across different societies, gold is deeply associated with traditions, religious beliefs, social status, and financial security. Despite the emergence of diverse modern investment avenues, gold continues to remain a preferred asset for individuals and households, particularly in developing and tradition-oriented societies. In this context, the present study seeks to examine the cultural significance of gold in different societies and analyze its impact on investment decisions. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical research design and is primarily based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire. A sample of 200 respondents from varied socio-cultural backgrounds was selected using a convenience sampling technique. The questionnaire was designed to capture demographic details, cultural perceptions of gold, and preferences toward different gold investment avenues. Secondary data were sourced from scholarly journals, books, reports of the World Gold Council, and relevant online databases to support the conceptual framework of the study. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tools such as percentage analysis, mean score analysis, chi-square test, and correlation analysis to derive meaningful insights. The findings of the study reveal that cultural traditions and religious beliefs play a dominant role in shaping gold investment behavior. Gold is perceived not merely as a financial asset but as a symbol of prosperity, emotional security, and social prestige. The study also highlights a strong preference for physical gold, particularly gold jewellery, owing to its cultural and ceremonial importance. Statistical analysis confirms a significant association between cultural beliefs and preferred gold investment avenues, as well as a positive correlation between cultural attachment and gold investment decisions. Although modern forms of gold investment such as digital gold, gold exchange-traded funds, and sovereign gold bonds are gaining attention, their adoption remains limited due to emotional detachment and lack of cultural familiarity. The study concludes that gold investment decisions are influenced by a complex interaction of cultural, emotional, and economic factors. Cultural values continue to dominate investment behavior, often outweighing rational considerations of return and liquidity. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating cultural perspectives into financial planning, policy formulation, and the design of gold-based investment products. By bridging the gap between cultural sociology and financial behavior, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of why gold continues to hold a central place in investment portfolios across societies..

With the continuous increase in global attention to climate change issues, corporate carbon information disclosure has become a key area of focus for both the academic and practical communities. This study uses the theories of information asymmetry, reputation, and the KMRW reputation model to explore the decision-making logic of Chinese enterprises' carbon information disclosure behavior. The research shows: (1) in a single-stage game, enterprises exhibit different behavioral preferences based on rational considerations. (2) In a multi-stage repeated game, they will carefully balance short-term interests and long-term reputation impacts. (3) Meanwhile, factors such as carbon prices, excess returns, and regulatory penalties will all influence the strategy choices of non-moral enterprises. The model's conclusions strongly reveal that enterprises should deeply recognize the significance of reputation for long-term sustainable development and rationally choose to truthfully disclose carbon information to achieve utility maximization. Promoting enterprises to actively fulfill their carbon information disclosure responsibilities, improving the quality of carbon information disclosure, and thereby promoting sustainable economic and social development will provide strong support for achieving the goals of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality". JEL classification numbers: O30, O31, O32, O33. Keywords: Carbon information disclosure, Incomplete information, Dynamic game, KMRW reputation model.

The AI Productivity Paradox: Saving Time Takes Time

This study aims to analyze the effect of visual merchandise on impulse buying, with emotional response serving as a mediating variable among Shopee marketplace users in Medan City. The research employs a quantitative method using the Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) approach. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 91 active Shopee users. The results indicate that visual merchandise has a positive effect on impulse buying, both directly and indirectly through emotional response. Visual elements such as page design, product image quality, interactive promotions, and digital store navigation are proven to evoke positive emotions, including pleasure, urgency, and self-confidence. These emotional responses strengthen the tendency toward spontaneous purchasing without rational consideration. The findings confirm that emotional experience plays a crucial role in linking visual strategies to consumers’ impulsive buying behavior. Therefore, visual strategies function not only as aesthetic elements but also as effective psychological tools for enhancing consumer engagement and impulsive purchase decisions in the marketplace.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

Background: YouTube’s impact on shaping voters’s preferences during Indonesian presidential candidates is undeniably significant. As the second-most-used platform, its presence has transformed the communication model into a participatory one. However, as in any democratic climate, are these preferences driven by rational considerations or purely emotional factors? Objective: We explored how user comments on YouTube contribute to the construction of presidential candidate representation. We focused on the main framework, digital discourses, and shift patterns of digital user engagement between July and August 2023. Methods: We used qualitative content analysis and encoded comments from 20 political videos related to Ganjar, Prabowo, and Anies into eleven thematic categories. These categories are then analyzed through frequency mapping, word visualization (wordcloud), and cluster analysis. Results: We found that attributes related to intelligence, leadership, and change were consistently emphasized by digital users. The candidates who are perceived to be cognitively capable and reform-oriented were preferred by digital users. Meanwhile, problems related to corruption and race (SARA) remain, although they have decreased. We found that emotionally charged framing discourses, which in previous periods had proven effective in mobilizing political support, are now showing a decline in appeal, particularly among active digital users who tend to judge leadership in a more rational manner. Conclusion: We argue that YouTube serves as a participatory political landscape where user comments actively reshape the representation of candidates. This clearly challenges traditional charismatic authority and shows a shift in public expectations towards a rational-legal leadership. Implications: Given the tendency for political legitimacy to be determined by media logic, the candidates’s representations must take into account the public’s interests. This situation underscores a change in expectations of political legitimacy. It should remind us that people discuss non-media issues through media: social, economic, and political.