Rational Calculation Research Articles

Indonesia's Foreign Policy in Digital Era : Poliheuristic Theory

This paper discusses the consideration of the formulation of Indonesia's foreign policy and diplomacy in the digital era in the economic and social fields. This study uses a qualitative paradigm with a descriptive analysis type. This research uses a case study method with secondary data collection techniques taken from various relevant references such as books, journals and reports and others. So this research uses a research library. The author uses poly-acoustic theory and foreign policy formulations in the digital era. Hasilyang found that the formulation of foreign policy in the digital era contains the question of why it is oriented towards promoting foreign policy, What, is oriented towards policy support in the digital era, who, namely the government, companies and society. Then the question where, in the country and region. And how about through politheuistic. The analysis found that the formulation of Indonesia's foreign policy and diplomacy has two considerations, namely cognitive cognition and rational calculation. Thus, it is concluded that Indonesia's interests in the economic and social fields have a great opportunity to make Indonesia a transforming country in the digital era.

Strategic Submission to Rape is not Consent: Sexual Violence in the Colombian Armed Conflict.

Academic literature is only beginning to understand victims' rational calculations and agency related to sexual violence in war and conflict. This article deepens that analysis, emphasizing calculated action rather than passive victimization. This is a systematic study of victims' strategic responses to sexual violence, and reports findings from an in-depth analysis of women who were raped in the context of Colombia's armed conflict (1964-present), revealing that this context triggers a strategic response by victims of rape. Specifically, some women calculate that submitting to unwanted sex is more likely to protect them and others, such as family members, from significant harm than resisting rape. However, while their strategic responses may protect them and allow them to keep their families safe from greater harm, the methods adopted by women in these situations may complicate their efforts at being recognized as victims, undercutting their access to legal and social rights in the aftermath of war and conflict.

‘They treat us with scant respect’: prejudice and pride in British Military Liaison with the Soviet Union in the Second World War

Britain stationed a military mission in the USSR from 1941-45. This article examines the British conduct of the Mission at a crucial stage of the war, from November 1942 to November 1943. Prompted by a report from the head of the Mission, the Chiefs of Staff decided in February 1943 to institute a ‘new deal’, to try to end what was seen as ‘one-way traffic’ in the relationship. A new head, General Martel, was appointed, to make higher-level contacts. The attempt to try and make the relationship equal, reciprocal and symmetrical was short-lived as other military concerns moved the ‘bargaining’ approach of the ‘new deal’ back towards an acceptance of asymmetry. While the Soviet contribution on the battlefield was a weighty element in the balance, this article demonstrates that in the diplomacy of alliance military liaison, such rational calculations were accompanied by irrational factors like concern for personal or national prestige, cultural differences concerning ‘manners’, the pressures of life as a foreigner in Stalin’s Soviet Union, and inter-service rivalries in Whitehall that set the representatives in Moscow often at cross-purposes.

“Countering Documents with Documents”: The Politics of Independent Environmental Auditing in Mexico

AbstractEnvironmental impact statements are designed to enable rational calculation of the ecological risks of proposed development projects and to serve as a basis for institutional decision making. In Mexico, a neo‐extractivist “boom” has led to massive ecosystem loss and environmental activists are increasingly under threat of violence. Now these same activists and the residents affected by development projects have targeted these bureaucratic instruments as key points of legal intervention and political mobilization. This article analyzes how volunteer scientists conduct independent audits of environmental impact statements and how their work provides the grounds for critiquing the state's performance of public reason. Independent audit constitutes an innovative form of administrative politics that seeks simultaneously to hold bureaucrats accountable and open the decision‐making process to the participation of excluded actors. [expertise, governance, environmental movements, science, Mexico]

Work and its transformations: from statism-based work to the Gig Economy

Motivation: Work as a socio-cultural and -economic phenomenon in the process of Poland’s economic transformation within the last thirty years requires special analyses due to its central role both in individual and social terms. To a significant extent, the traditional approach is based on unhelpful separation of economic determinants from the social system as a whole, which is with detriment to the ability to investigate economic processes. Economic phenomena are not the effect of actions of unrelated individuals and their decisions based on rational calculations, but also arise out of the values rooted in their way of thinking and demonstrated through culture.
 Aim: This paper is aimed at describing the evolution of work in the context of the changes occurring on the labour market which result from the transformation of these institutions and of the economic culture of Poles. The aim may be achieved by assuming that the experience of the so-called ‘cultural turn’, a term which perfectly suits to describe the transformation process, requires interest to be taken also in phenomena occurring in everyday life, such as values, attitudes or cultural patterns. The transformation of work and of its meaning for development will be subject to descriptive and comparative analysis in two aspects: (1) with regard to the shift from statism-based economy to flexible forms of employment and the occurrences that accompany that shift and (2) in terms of global economic and technological changes in this regard.
 Results: The analyses carried out allowed to describe the changes in the Polish society observed in the area of work. The stages of the changes are identified, and new trends are specified which emerge under the impact of global development and their consequences for the economy and the society.

경제적 인간과 반경제적 인간: 프랭크 노리스의 『밴도버와 짐승』에 나타난 환경과 통치성

Critics have predominantly focused on Vandover’s degeneration, neglecting the cruciality of Charles Geary, albeit a relatively minor character, in unpacking Norris’s Vandover and the Brute. Only by excavating and foregrounding Geary, this essay claims, can one fully grasp what is involved in the enigma of Vandover’s deterioration. Only after we realize Geary to be a fully empowered homo economicus who has internalized the techniques of governmentality, are we able to see that Vandover is not just a degenerate or a beast, but also an anti-economic man who falls into destitution by failing to govern the environment effectively. After coupling the discourses of health and degeneration to the problematic of capitalist production, this essay explores how Foucauldian governmentality buttresses Geary’s methodical management of the environment through rational calculation and informatization. By contrast, the environment appears to Vandover primarily as an overwhelming, incomprehensible, un-totalizable mystery, or an enchanting collection of things on which one depends so as to live through continuing miseries and failures.

Applying of informational model of nutrition ration calculation for compensation of energy losses of the Ukrainian Armed Forces servicemen

The article is devoted to the research of the problem of compensation of energy losses of servicemen doing qualification course of the UAF Special Operations Forces as well as development of the method of promp response of the officials of food service on changing of energy losses of servicemen on different phases of qualification course by corresponding correction of their daily nutrition ration. The aim of work was directed for development and substantiation of informational model of nutrition ration calculation for compensation of energy losses of the Ukrainian Armed Forces servicemen. Time and tabular method of energy losses calculations, calculations of ration composition, instrumental estimations, laboratory and statistics assessments were used as methods of research. Calculations of informational model were done in Microsoft Excel 2007 functional environment. The description of informational polyparametrical model of the computational system of nutrients composition and energy value of servicemen daily nutrition ration depending on revealed energy losses doing qualification course of UAF Special Operations Forces has been presented. The model is meant for operative calculations of nutrients composition and energy value for compensation of energy losses of corresponding servicemen doing different phases of qualification course. Informational model got approval and was implemented in the UAF Special Operations Forces activities.

Understanding the Dynamics of Institutional Trust in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand

ABSTRACT This study sought to understand the dynamics of institutional trust in three Southeast Asian countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. For this, the study used the latest wave of ‘The Asian Barometer Survey’ (2014–2016). Based on the analysis of the survey data from the Asian Barometer, this study found that along with perceived performance and governance quality, values and norms such as authoritarian cultural orientation (ACO) also affected the institutional trust of these countries. People with higher ACO had greater obedience that could affect the evaluation processes of those people and make them more positive or at least less critical, and accordingly create higher institutional trust. This finding may generate an important lesson that institutional trust may not just reflect rational calculation of institutional performance and governance quality, it may originate from other sources such as values and norms like ACO.

Sending children to the interior cities and enabling them a promising future – a qualitative study of Tibetan parents’ educational decisions

ABSTRACT This paper explores the complexities behind the educational decisions of Tibetan parents on sending their children to the interior cities for dislocated secondary education. Drawing on qualitative data through multiple methods, we find that their educational decisions are driven both by a rational calculation of the benefits and costs and by a moralised ideology of good parenting. Educational opportunities are prioritised over ethnic cultural learning in parents’ decisions. However, parents hope their children will make up for this loss at a later life stage, at college and work. Parents’ temporary compromises reflect their positioning of priorities at different life stages. This study offers a new lens to understand the politics of dislocated schooling in China from ethnic minority parents’ perspective.

Computer-aided ration calculation (Diet Check Munich© ) versus blood profile in raw fed privately owned dogs.

Many dog owners create nutritionally imbalanced raw meat-based diets (RMBD) with information from the Internet and pseudo-scientific books, some even use pre-prepared frozen raw feed from online shops, local butchers or other providers. The risk of nutritional imbalances is therefore present. Blood profiles for dogs fed RMBD are promoted by laboratories as a simple tool for the owner to check the nutritional supply situation. Veterinarian nutrition specialists seem to be consulted less frequently and, in most cases, when blood analyses show deviations from reference ranges. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a RMBD blood profile reflects possible malnutrition according to a computer-aided ration check and to assess its clinical relevance. Using standardized questionnaires, the average daily rations of 104 dogs, 83 of which were fed raw diets versus 21 commercially fed dogs, were analysed using Diet Check Munich©, based on the National Research Council values. Afterwards, the SYNLAB.vet GmbH 'Barfer-Profil' test including calcium, phosphate, calcium/phosphate ratio, vitamin A, vitamin D, copper, zinc and iodine with additional parameters taurine, urea, uric acid and creatinine was carried out. No significant correlation between nutrient supply and associated blood parameters could be detected. Diet calculation revealed significantly more nutritional imbalances in the RMBD group than in the control group. Low plasma taurine could be detected only in the RMBD group. After participating, 30% of the dog owners (RMBD group) decided to adjust their dogs' diets at the nutrition consultation of the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine of the LMU Munich. Based on these results, for most parameters a RMBD blood profile is not an appropriate tool to monitor a dog's nutrition and computer-aided ration calculation remains the gold standard for detecting nutritional imbalances.

Evolutionism, Relativism and Putting Native People into Historical Context

What is the relevance of the seemingly antithetical views of cultural evolutionism and cultural relativism for the study of native history ? Despite the important role of epidemic diseases in weakening the capacity of native people to oppose early European domination, the technological gap between the two groups of societies, together with associated differences in social organization and values, played a significant role in making European domination possible. Native cultures were not adapted to coping with European ones. Yet the human capacity for rational calculation was not affected by cultural differences. Native people, both as individuals and as groups, displayed no less ingenuity than did Europeans in responding to the challenge of cultural contact. Despite severe deprivation they have gradually articulated the knowledge and sense of direction required to compete for a fairer share of North America’s resources.

Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain

Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain

Archaeological Analysis and Concepts of Causality

The explanatory power of archaeological data is determined by the kind and degree of regularities in socio-cultural phenomena. This paper discusses current anthropological views that are relevant to prehistoric archaeology with respect to four dimensions of freedom or constraint: the role played by rational calculation, the degree of systemic regularity, the relative importance of deterministic foci, and the degree of systemic integration. It is argued that more attention should be paid to this set of problems as part of a broader effort to establish realistic goals for prehistoric archaeology and appropriate methods for achieving them.

Technical or political? The socialist economic calculation debate

Abstract The paper presents both the key arguments and the historical context of the socialist economic calculation debate. I argue that Oskar Lange presented the most developed strategy to deal with bourgeois economics, decisively helping to create the scientific consensus that rational economic calculation under socialism is possible. Lange’s arguments based on standard economic theory reveal that the most ardent defenders of capitalism cannot reject socialism on technical terms and that, as a consequence, the Austrian School was left with no choice but to diverge from mainstream economics in its search to develop a framework that could support its political position. This shows that Mises’ challenge from 1920 was solved and has been replaced by a political posture developed by Hayek and leading Austrians economists, who have been struggling since the 1980s to revise the standard interpretation of the socialist economic calculation debate. I argue that this revision should not be uncritically accepted and conclude that socialism cannot be scientifically rejected; it can only be politically rejected, by those whose economic interests it opposes.

Rational and Emotional Tension Balances in the Organization of Political Hunger Strikes

This paper is concerned with the relationship between the organization of political hunger strikes, rational calculations and actions and emotions. Drawing from the theoretical formulations of Norbert Elias, we examine how rational–emotional balances generated by different and intertwined tiers of social integration partly shaped the organization of political hunger strikes. Political hunger strikes are interesting because they tend to involve actions based on rational considerations and emotional charges. The empirical context includes a comparative analysis across space and time involving the organization of political hunger strikes in Ireland and (West) Germany during the 20th century. Our analysis suggests a difference between the rational–emotional tension balance exhibited by hunger strikers of the 1920s and that of hunger strikers of the 1970s and 1980s. We explain how these differences are connected to the broader social structures pertaining at the time. The main contention of the paper is that all forms of political organizing involve rational–emotional balances, and these balances are structured and shaped by social dynamics at different tiers of social integration.

South Korea’s Strategic Options amid the US–China Strategic Competition Under the Biden Administration

South Korea has so far maintained a “double hedging” strategy—that is, the United States for security, China for economy—in managing its relations with the United States and China. Both Washington and Beijing are recently increasing their pressures on Seoul to join their side, respectively. South Korea needs to re-evaluate its current strategy and adopt a more practical strategy based upon rational calculation of national interests rather than upon political leaders’ ideological beliefs or domestic political considerations.

Kunyima Method Validity in Sesame Seeds Oil Extraction "Democratic Republic of Congo"

Background: The very rich vegetable patrimony of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) demands a local abundant production of its fruits, roots and seeds by means of appropriate technology to relieve somewhat the problem of population health because indeed those fruits, seeds, roots and leaves are reputed to have very excellent virtues in various fields such as medicine, pharmacology, cosmetic products, food and so forth. Prior to this work papers have been published on Gourd seeds oil and Moringa seeds oil extractions in order to size a continuous stirrer pilot tank of extraction. KUNYIMA method has been successfully used and is still successfully used in this present article concerning sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds oil extraction in dilute medium.
 Aim and Objective: In this paper it can be seen the reasoning leading to KUNYIMA method is relevant and can be used to size commercial tank giving thus home rational technology.
 Methodology: The Soxhlet extraction of oil from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds has been performed in dilute medium using petroleum ether as solvent.
 Results: The obtained results are satisfactory and are perfectly in agreement with the proposed model. Commercial tank construction on rational calculation is now possible.
 Conclusion: KUNYIMA method once more is valid and allows to calculate the sizing factor needful to determine the reactor optimal volume.

TRUST, FRIENDS, AND INVESTMENT IN LATE VICTORIAN ENGLAND

AbstractWhy people trust is a question that has preoccupied scholars across many disciplines. Historical explorations of trust abound, but we know relatively little about the workings of trust in the history of investment. Despite becoming increasingly mediated and institutionalized in the nineteenth century, the market for stocks and shares remained local and embedded in personal relations to a significant extent. This created a complex trust environment in which old and new forms of trust co-existed. Investors sought information from the press, but they also relied upon friends to help them navigate the market. Rather than studying trust in the aggregate, this article argues that focusing on the particular allows us to appreciate trust as an emotional and ultimately imaginative process depending as much on affective stories as rational calculation. To this end, it takes the case of a Bath clergyman and workhouse schools inspector, James Clutterbuck, who solicited investments from a wide network of friends and colleagues in the 1880s and 1890s. By capturing the complex interplay of friendship, emotions, and narrative in the formation of trust, the article offers a window onto everyday financial life in late Victorian provincial England.

DINAMIKA TERORISME DI INDONESIA STUDI TENTANG LOKALISASI IDEOLOGI EKSTERNAL

AbstrakThe terrorism movement in Indonesia has developed from time to time. It perceived when comparing the perceptions of The Indonesian Islamic State from each group. Darul Islam, the root of the extremism movement, echoed the narrative of jihad against the colonialist. They believed that theocracy was an ideal state construction amidst the disappointing policies of the Central Government at the beginning of independence. In the meantime, the perception of Jemaah Islamiyah towards an Islamic state was full of Salafi nuances because they believed that its establishment as an obligation for every Muslim. Meanwhile, Jemaah Ansharul Daulah noticed The Indonesian Islamic State as only part of a global caliphate. The author argues that this dynamic is caused by the phenomenon of ideological internalisation. By combining localization theory and ideological concepts, this article concluded that the ideological localization of external radicalism occurred for three reasons, namely moral compliance to adopt a more argumentative ideology, rational calculations of strategies that can be implemented in the local context and temporary strategies to maintain group existence.

Introduction: Sociological Perspectives on International Tribunals

International tribunals are embedded in certain communities (e.g., regional, ideological, or professional groups), and they reflect and affect socio-cultural patterns prevailing in those communities. While the work of tribunals involves numerous socio-cultural issues, this Introduction only briefly addresses certain interactions between tribunals and social factors and processes, primarily those relating to social functions, power relations, meanings, rituals, and interactionist processes. International tribunals emerge from and operate in particular social environments, influenced by and influencing the distinctive socio-cultural features of these communities. Tribunals enjoy some “comparative advantages” and are often perceived as more neutral than the rival parties because, inter alia, adjudicators are commonly drawn from multiple state-societies and tribunals employ some powerful symbols. The interactions between tribunals and their “social habitats,” as well as with other societal actors functioning in these communities (such as the mass media or social movements), affect those tribunals’ normative influence and limits. Tribunals interact with a local community and are aware of the need to maintain their legitimacy in that community. If a tribunal’s ruling exceeds its legitimacy boundaries, its normative influence in the particular social group is likely to diminish (including its prospects for compliance). For example, tribunals’ judgments occasionally present historical narratives of past events, and some tribunals explicitly aim to influence collective memories. The influence of such judicial historical narratives is not guaranteed, and it also depends on interactions between the particular tribunal’s narrative and local communities. Such cases bring to the fore the complex social reality in which international tribunals operate and highlight that tribunals often interact with more than one social group. Enhancing the tribunal’s legitimacy in one community may entail diminishing its normative influence in another community. Tribunals operating in such a polarized social setting do not undertake pure rational choice calculation of their social costs and benefits in each community, and their considerations also relate to social issues, such as the collective identity of the particular tribunal or the social identity of the individual adjudicators. International tribunals do not directly encounter local communities, and their judicial rulings are mediated through existing cultural systems that include, for example, local values, social hierarchies, and symbols. Tribunals also interact with additional social agents in the relevant community, such as the mass media, social movements, and diverse governmental bodies. Consequently, a sociological analysis of international tribunals should explore these legal actors in the broader socio-cultural context in which tribunals operate and take into account a wide range of socio-cultural features characterizing the tribunals, the involved communities, and other social actors active in these communities.