Rate Of Depletion Research Articles

Alteration of Structure and Characteristics of Concrete with Coconut Shell as a Substitution of a Part of Coarse Aggregate.

One of the most promising ways to solve the problem of reducing the rate of depletion of natural non-renewable components of concrete is their complete or partial replacement with renewable plant counterparts that are industrial and agricultural waste. The research significance of this article lies in the determination at the micro- and macro-levels of the principles of the relationship between the composition, the process of structure formation and the formation of properties of concrete based on coconut shells (CSs), as well as the substantiation at the micro- and macro-levels of the effectiveness of such a solution from the point of view of fundamental and applied materials science. The aim of this study was to solve the problem of substantiating the feasibility of concrete consisting of a mineral cement-sand matrix and aggregate in the form of crushed CS, as well as finding a rational combination of components and studying the structure and characteristics of concrete. Test samples were manufactured with a partial substitution of natural coarse aggregate with CS in an amount from 0% to 30% in increments of 5% by volume. The following main characteristics have been studied: density, compressive strength, bending strength and prism strength. The study used regulatory testing and scanning electron microscopy. The density of concrete decreased to 9.1% with increasing the CS content to 30%. The highest values for the strength characteristics and coefficient of construction quality (CCQ) were recorded for concretes containing 5% CS: compressive strength-38.0 MPa, prism strength-28.9 MPa, bending strength-6.1 MPa and CCQ-0.01731 MPa × m3/kg. The increase in compressive strength was 4.1%, prismatic strength-4.0%, bending strength-3.4% and CCQ-6.1% compared with concrete without CS. Increasing the CS content from 10% to 30% inevitably led to a significant drop in the strength characteristics (up to 42%) compared with concrete without CS. Analysis of the microstructure of concrete containing CS instead of part of the natural coarse aggregate revealed that the cement paste penetrates into the pores of the CS, thereby creating good adhesion of this aggregate to the cement-sand matrix.

Signatures of two- and three-dimensional semimetals from circular dichroism

Topological invariants are crucial quantities for classifying materials with topological phases. Hence, their connections with experimentally measurable quantities are extremely important. In this context, circular dichroism (CD) provides a protocol to detect the Chern number [Formula: see text] of the lowest energy Bloch band (LBB) of a semimetal. This hinges on the unequal depletion rates of the Bloch electrons from a filled LBB, under the action of a time-periodic circular drive, depending on the chirality of the polarization. According to the dimensionality of the system (i.e., whether it is two- or three-dimensional), the integrated differential rate for depletion has to be formulated a bit differently in order to relate it to [Formula: see text]. Our aim is to capture the nature of the CD response for semimetals with anisotropic band dispersions. We show that while the quantization of the CD response for the three-dimensional cases is strongly sensitive to anisotropy, the two-dimensional counterparts show a perfectly quantized response.

Chemical Weathering Patterns of Diluted Bitumen Spilled into Freshwater Limnocorrals.

Due to the sudden nature of oil spills, few controlled studies have documented how oil weathers immediately following accidental release into a natural lake environment. Here, we evaluated the weathering patterns of Cold Lake Winter Blend, a diluted bitumen (dilbit) product, by performing a series of controlled spills into limnocorrals installed in a freshwater lake in Northern Ontario, Canada. Using a regression-based design, we added seven different dilbit volumes, ranging from 1.5 to 180 L, resulting in oil-to-water ratios between 1:71,000 (v/v) and 1:500 (v/v). We monitored changes in the composition of various petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), including n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and oil biomarkers in dilbit over time, as it naturally weathered for 70 days. Depletion rate constants (kD) of n-alkanes and PAHs ranged from 0.0009 to 0.41 d-1 and 0.0008 to 0.38 d-1, respectively. There was no significant relationship between kD and spill volume, suggesting that spill size did not influence the depletion of petroleum hydrocarbons from the slick. Diagnostic ratios calculated from concentrations of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and PAHs indicated that evaporation and photooxidation were major processes contributing to dilbit weathering, whereas dissolution and biodegradation were less important. These results demonstrate the usefulness of large scale field studies carried out under realistic environmental conditions to elucidate the role of different weathering processes following a dilbit spill.

Numerical modeling of faceted crystal growth using a lattice Boltzmann-phase field model with a new interfacial energy function

A lattice Boltzmann-phase field model is proposed to study faceted crystal growth in a supersaturated solution, taking into account a new anisotropic interfacial energy function to reproduce the facet characteristics. In this model, a flow field solver and a concentration field solver are coupled with the phase field equation to study faceted crystal growth with fluid convection and solute transfer. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons are carried out with the experimental observation and theoretical analysis of snowflakes to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the present numerical method. Then crystallization of sodium chloride in a supersaturated solution is investigated in a 3D space at a constant temperature. The results show that the initial supersaturation, solute depletion rate, and solution flow can greatly change the faceted crystal growth by affecting solute transport and distribution. The mechanism of the formation of morphologies and interface velocity evolution is studied and concluded, which shows that the present model has instructional significance for studying and understanding the regulation mechanism of faceted crystal growth.

A novel durable anti-icing slippery surfaces with dendritic porous structure

In recent years, the lubricant depletion in slippery lubricant-infused porous surface (SLIPS) has been widely concerned, which limits its application in anti-icing. The lubricant stability is determined by three main factors including lubricant storage, depletion, and self-healing rate after depletion. However, many studies only consider one or two factors and there is a lack of systematic research on the anti-icing durability of the improved SLIPS. Herein, considering the “storage-depletion-healing” of the lubricant, a dendritic porous structure was fabricated, and the pore depth ratio and surface porosity were optimized. Additionally, the anti-icing durability of the dendritic slippery surface (Y-SLIPS) was investigated. The results show that the optimal pore depth ratio (upper pore to lower pore) and surface porosity are 1:2 and 66%, respectively. Compared to the traditional slippery surface (I-SLIPS), the Y-SLIPS has better anti-icing durability in frost and icing environment. The Y-SLIPS exceeds 20 kPa at the 140th frosting/defrosting cycle, while the I-SLIPS reaches this value at the 100th cycle. When maintaining extremely low ice-adhesion strength, the Y-SLIPS can withstand 190 icing/deicing cycles, far more than that of the I-SLIPS. The optimal dendritic porous structure further improves the anti-icing durability of the slippery surfaces, which lays the foundation for its anti-icing application.

Modeling of Complex, Multi‐Component NAPL Remediation for Decision Support

AbstractIn situ remediation of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)‐impacted sites is difficult and costly. Even with enhancements (e.g., chemical and thermal) and partial NAPL recovery, mass transfer constraints associated with partitioning from residual NAPL typically control the depletion rate of sources and attainment of cleanup goals. Practical methodologies are needed to support strategic evaluation, planning, and implementation of cost‐effective remedial approaches that are considered protective. A modeling system averaging over the NAPL‐impacted saturated soil volume was developed and demonstrated at the former Williams Air Force Base. The system combines upscaled, physically based mass transfer coefficients for multi‐component NAPL dissolution with theoretical enhancements specific to multiple remediation processes. Dissolution increases in the presence of aqueous phase reactions, according to first‐ or second‐order kinetics, by increasing concentration gradients. Slow biological processes are considered first order in modeling natural attenuation and enhanced biological degradation. Fast reactions associated with chemical oxidation are considered second order. These enhancement models are equally applicable to numerical simulations of NAPL remediation. Pump and treat enhances dissolution in proportion to increases in the characteristic velocity associated with dissolution. The demonstration yielded realistic predictions, with greater certainty, for outcomes from of multiple technologies intended to reduce remedial timeframes and life cycle costs. The enhanced dissolution modeling provides a site‐specific, quantitative assessment of changes in NAPL source discharge concentration and mass discharge over time for various remedial options that is equivalent to assessments from complex numerical transport models, given typical input data limitations.

Carbon Abundance of Globular Cluster M22 (NGC 6656) and the Surface Carbon Depletion Rates of the Milky Way Globular Clusters

It is well known that metal-poor red giant branch (RGB) stars show variations in some elemental abundances, including carbon, due to the internal mixing accompanied by their own in situ CN cycle in the hydrogen burning shell. With our new photometric carbon abundance measurements of RGB stars in M22 and other globular clusters (GCs) in our previous studies, M5, M3, and M92, we derive the carbon depletion rates against the V magnitude, d[C/Fe]/M V , for individual populations in each GC. We find the metallicity dependence of the carbon depletion rates, d[C/Fe]/M V ∝ −0.25[Fe/H]. Our results also suggest that the carbon depletion rates of the second generation (SG) of stars are larger than those of the first generation (FG) of stars in our sample GCs, most likely due to different internal temperature profiles with different initial helium abundances between the FG and SG. Our results can provide critical constraints both on understanding the mixing efficiency in the theoretical models, which is largely unknown, and on interpretation of the observational carbon abundance evolution of the bright halo RGB stars.

The Effect of some Irrigation Methods and Moisture Depletion percent in the Growth and Productivity of Corn

The experiment was conducted in the fields of Al-Hilla - Babylon province, with loam soil, during the autumn season of 2021, to study the effect of different irrigation methods and levels of depletions on the growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.). The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was an as complete split plot with three replications, the main plot included the treatment of depletion levels and subplot irrigation systems, and the treatments were distributed on the experimental plots randomly. Irrigation systems included three levels of subsurface drip irrigation - surface drip irrigation - surface irrigation with furrows, and the levels of depletion for each treatment were 20%, 40%, and 60%. The result showed that the subsurface drip irrigation treatment with 40% depletion achieved the highest plant height (206.92). While there was no significant difference with the surface drip treatment. The furrows irrigation system has the lowest plant height, which reached (174.14). There are significant differences between the treatment and the level of depletion in the area of the leaves of the plant. Also, the irrigation methods used did not significantly affect the weight and depth of the roots, while there were significant differences in the values ​​of yield weight for the treatments and water depletion rates.

Groundwater Depletion Rate Over China During 1965–2016: The Long‐Term Trend and Inter‐annual Variation

AbstractMany countries have experienced the increase of groundwater depletion rate (GWDR), posing great challenges to the environment and society. Given the slow variation of groundwater, long‐term estimation of GWDR at high‐resolution is critical for sustainable managements of regional water resources and risks of hydrological extremes in a changing climate. However, limited in‐situ and satellite observations and uncertainties from hydrological model simulations prohibit reliable estimation of the long‐term trend and inter‐annual variation of GWDR. Using survey‐based water withdrawal and water availability datasets, this study provided a spatially distributed estimation of annual GWDR over China at the 0.25° × 0.25° grid scale for the period 1965–2016 using a flux‐based approach. The estimated GWDR has higher spatial resolution and longer temporal coverage than previous products. With the newly compiled data, we found that groundwater over China was depleted at an average rate of 20.4 km3 year−1 during 1965–2016, especially in the arid and semi‐arid areas of northern China. The GWDR showed a significant increasing trend during 1965–2016, but such trend slowed down from 0.66 km3 year−1 during 1965–2001 to 0.06 km3 year−1 during 2001–2016, which was mainly attributed to the deceleration in human water withdrawal. Further analysis showed that over 40% of the inter‐annual variability of GWDR could be explained by precipitation variability, and the climate control increased over time. This study suggested a growing control of climate variations on GWDR over China as the human water withdrawal has been decelerating, and a need for climate change adaptation for a sustainable groundwater management.

Nanoparticles as Additive to the Diesel and Biodiesel along with Blends: A Review on Emission Characteristics and Performance of CI Engine

The depletion rate of fossil fuels are very high as well as they put negative impact on the environment. So the alternate fuels are required to meet the demand of the world. The bio based fuels and blends are the source which can be help for the sustainable development. The mild negatives of biodiesel, like its increased nitrogen oxide emissions, inconsistency with winter conditions, and frequent replacement cycles for engine parts like fuel filters, fuel tanks, and fuel lines owing to clogging, exceed its many advantages. By using nanoparticles as fuel additives, there is still room to improve the qualities of fuel and address its shortcomings. The role of nanoparticles additives increases the thermos-physical properties of the pure fuel, bio based fuel and blends. They directly affect how well the diesel engine performs. There are various nanoparticle additions that play diverse roles in the operation and emission process of the diesel engine. The common nanoparticles additives such as cerium oxide, aluminium oxide, magnesium, carbon nano tubes are the common additives which are directly used. This review article analyses the performance, emission traits, fuel characteristics, and issues with the nanoparticle additions. Additionally, this work aids researchers in their investigation of potential nanoparticle additions in the future.

Modelling the mass accretion histories of dark matter haloes using a gamma formalism

ABSTRACT We present a physical model of the mass accretion histories (MAH) of haloes in concordance with the observed cosmic star formation rate density (CSFRD). We model the MAHs of dark matter haloes using a Gamma (Γ) functional form: $M_h(T) = \frac{M_0}{f_{0}} \, \times \frac{\gamma (\alpha _h, ~\beta _h \times (T-Th))}{\Gamma (\alpha _h)}$, where M0 is the halo mass at present time, T is time, αh and βh are parameters we explore, and f0 is the percentage of the mass of the halo at z = 0 with respect to the final mass of the halo achieved at T = ∞. We use the MAHs of haloes obtained from cosmological simulations and analytical models to constrain our model. f0 can be described by a power-law ($f_{0} = 1- c \times M_{0}^{d}$). Haloes with small masses have already on average attained most of their final masses. The average < f0 > of haloes in the Universe is >0.95 pointing to the direction that the cosmic MAH/CSFRD is saturated at our era. The average < βh > parameter (the depletion rate of the available dark matter for halo growth) is related to the dynamical time-scales of haloes. The α parameter is a power-law index of M0 and represents the early growth a halo experiences before the expansion of the Universe starts to slow it down. Finally, Th (the time that marks the co-evolution/growth of galaxies and haloes after the big bang) is found to be 150–300 million years.

Magnesium Isotope Ratios Reflect the Size and Source of Mg Loss along a Glacial Retreat Chronosequence

Magnesium (Mg) stable isotope ratios reflect Mg turnover in ecosystems. At the Hailuogou glacial retreat chronosequence in SW China, about one-third of the initially present Mg was lost from the topsoil in 127 years. We determined bulk soil and exchangeable δ26Mg values at six sites exposed by the glacier from 0 to 127 years ago. Moreover, we conducted a weathering experiment (pHstat) at the youngest (0 years) and the oldest (127 years) sites and measured δ26Mg values in differently reactive pools. We found a close correlation between the δ26Mg values of the bulk topsoils (0–10 cm) and the Mg depletion rates (r = 0.98, p < 0.001, n = 5). The particularly fast Mg loss in the first 37 years was attributable to leaching of exchangeable Mg and the fast dissolution of chlorite as revealed by the lower δ26Mg values of the fast- (−1.28 ± 0.10‰) than the slow-reacting (−0.64 ± 0.11‰) pool at the 0 year-old site in our pHstat experiment. The low δ26Mg values of the fast-reacting pool matched those reported for chlorite. Our results indicate that the δ26Mg values might be used as proxy of Mg loss and to identify the mineral sources of this loss.

A Reexamination of Phosphorus and Chlorine Depletions in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium* * Based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer mission, obtained from the MAST data archive at the Space Telescope Science Institute. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555.

We present a comprehensive examination of interstellar P and Cl abundances based on an analysis of archival spectra acquired with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope and the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. Column densities of P ii, Cl i, and Cl ii are determined for a combined sample of 107 sight lines probing diffuse atomic and molecular gas in the local Galactic interstellar medium. We reevaluate the nearly linear relationship between the column densities of Cl i and H2, which arises from the rapid conversion of Cl+ to Cl0 in regions where H2 is abundant. Using the observed total gas-phase P and Cl abundances, we derive depletion parameters for these elements, adopting the methodology of Jenkins. We find that both P and Cl are essentially undepleted along sight lines showing the lowest overall depletions. Increasingly severe depletions of P are seen along molecule-rich sight lines. In contrast, gas-phase Cl abundances show no systematic variation with molecular hydrogen fraction. However, enhanced Cl (and P) depletion rates are found for a subset of sight lines showing elevated levels of Cl ionization. An analysis of neutral chlorine fractions yields estimates for the amount of atomic hydrogen associated with the H2-bearing gas in each direction. These results indicate that the molecular fraction in the H2-bearing gas is at least 10% for all sight lines with and that the gas is essentially fully molecular at .

Reduced venous oxygen depletion in response to at-sea acoustic disturbance in diving northern elephant seals

Marine mammals face increased human activities in the ocean, including shipping, recreation, and seismic exploration. Such disturbances may alter short-term behavior and long-term life history patterns; however, many of the mechanistic details of responses remain unknown. Because marine mammals survival depends on their diving abilities, physiological specializations to diving will likely define the scope of underwater responses to a disturbance. Prior research in aquatic animals has demonstrated an increased bradycardia in response to underwater stressors. We examined cardiovascular physiological responses to disturbances at sea in freely diving juvenile northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris). We predicted that, after an acoustic disturbance at sea, seals would intensify the dive response, resulting in reduced whole-body oxygen (O 2 ) consumption and slower venous O 2 depletion. To test this hypothesis, we recorded venous P O2 and diving behavior in translocated juvenile northern elephant seals that were exposed to experimental acoustic disturbances while freely diving at sea. Venous P O2 was measured in the extradural vein using a Clark polarographic electrode attached to a biologger. After being exposed to an acoustic noise during the ascent phase of deep dives, seals typically exhibited an immediate inversion of the dive, descending to deeper depths. Dives with acoustic disturbances were significantly longer than dives prior to the acoustic disturbance (24.8 ± 6.2 mins vs 19.1 ± 2.9 mins). Although the magnitude of P O2 depletion was not significantly different between pre-disturbance dives and disturbed dives (52.6 ± 21.6 mmHg vs 53.5 ± 20.8 mmHg, n= 27 paired dives), the depletion rate was slower in disturbed dives. In dives prior to the disturbance, P O2 depletion was 3.2 ± 1.5 mmHg min -1 , but in dives with a disturbance, P O2 depletion was 2.5 ± 1.3 mmHg min -1 . This reduction in venous P O2 depletion rate suggests O 2 consumption during disturbed dives may be similar to the amount consumed during non-disturbed dives. This reduction may be a result of altered perfusion, including reduced muscle blood flow. In particular, reduced perfusion to working muscle would likely reduce O 2 extraction, and may be a key factor in fine-tuning the dive response after a disturbance to conserve O 2 for the brain and heart. National Science Foundation This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Response of barley to different moisture depletion rates and n-fertilization forms within the root zone

Response of barley to different moisture depletion rates and n-fertilization forms within the root zone

Oxygen depletion and sediment respiration in ice‐covered arctic lakes

AbstractProcesses regulating the rate of oxygen depletion determine whether hypoxia occurs and the extent to which greenhouse gases accumulate in seasonally ice‐covered lakes. Here, we investigate the oxygen budget of four arctic lakes using high‐frequency data during two winters in three shallow lakes (9–13 m maximal depth) and four winters in 24 m deep main basin of Toolik Lake. Incubation experiments measured sediment metabolism. Volume‐averaged oxygen depletion measured in situ was independent of water temperature and duration of the ice‐covered period. Average rates were between 0.2 and 0.39 g O2 m−2 d−1 in the shallow lakes and between 0.03 and 0.14 g O2 m−2 d−1 in Toolik Lake, with higher rates in smaller lakes with their larger sediment area to volume ratio. Rates decreased to ~ 20%–50% of initial values in late winter in the shallow lakes but less or not at all in Toolik. The lack of a decline in Toolik Lake points to continued oxygen transport to the sediment–water interface where oxygen consumption occurs. In all lakes, lower in situ oxygen depletion than in incubation measurements points toward increasing anoxia in the lower water column depressing loss rates. In Toolik, oxygen loss during early winter was less in years with minimal snow cover. Penetrative convection occurred, which could mix downwards oxygen produced by photosynthesis or excluded during ice formation. Estimates of these terms exceeded photosynthesis measured in sediment incubations. Modeling under ice‐oxygen dynamics requires consideration of optical properties and biological and transport processes that modify oxygen concentrations and distributions.

Role of silicon on formation and growth of intermetallic phases during rapid Fe–Zn alloying reaction

The study of liquid metal embrittlement in Fe–Zn systems is challenging because of the high temperature and vapor pressure of Zn, which hinders in-situ investigations with sufficiently high spatial resolution. This is typically associated with subsecond processing steps and the coexistence of a solid substrate and a liquid Zn phase, which renders direct observations at the microstructural scale difficult. In this study, we comprehensively investigate the reactions occurring during the rapid heating and cooling stages of Fe–Zn systems using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The phase transformation is analyzed for specimens with different interfacial structures, with focus on changes in the coating microstructure above and below the peritectic temperature (782 °C) of the Fe–Zn system. Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) variants with 1.5 wt% Si content show a prominent destabilizing effect at the onset of Fe–Zn intermetallic compound formation and a simultaneous deceleration of the liquid Zn depletion rate compared with other AHSS alloys containing 0 wt% Si. Furthermore, the addition of Si suppresses the formation of the Γ phase, which is due to turbulence in the outburst Zn at temperatures above 773 K. Consequently, the fraction of Γ phase compounds with accumulated Zn deceases as the exposure time of the liquid Zn to the ferritic matrix increases owing to the solute redistribution of Si in the liquid Zn during rapid heating. Meanwhile, the absence of silicon in the substrate causes the formation of a ζ phase with a low melting point, which delays the formation of liquid Zn via an increase in the melting point of the Zn layer in the early stage of heating. Additionally, the amount of residual liquid Zn decreases due to the rapid depletion of Zn during the liquid initiation stage via an equilibrium Fe/Zn binary phase transformation. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the Fe–Zn intermetallic phase transformation and the sensitivity to liquid metal embrittlement of third-generation AHSSs based on silicon content.

Physiological Impacts of Nitrogen Starvation and Subsequent Recovery on the Red Seaweed Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)

Grateloupia turuturu is a potential aquaculture species as it has a significant number of high-valued compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiobiochemical performances of G. turuturu under nitrogen deficiency and resupply. In this study, G. turuturu was exposed to different lengths of nitrogen starvation (from 0 to 28 days) and subsequently subjected to a 21-day nitrogen-recovery period. The nitrate and ammonium uptake rates, growth rates, and nitrogenous compounds of G. turuturu were periodically measured. The results showed that the nitrogen-starved G. turururu absorbed ammonium much faster than nitrate after nitrogen recovery. Furthermore, an overcompensatory uptake of ammonium was induced via nitrogen deficiency in a short phase after nitrogen resupply. The time and rates of depletion of different compositions varied during nitrogen starvation. Specifically, pigment contents decreased faster than protein and total nitrogen contents, and the reduction rate of protein was the lowest. After nitrogen resupply, though G. turuturu gradually recovered, growth rates and pigments from long-term nitrogen starvations could not recover enough to reach their original values. Our study reveals the physiological changing processes of G. turuturu during nitrogen starvation and recovery and provides baseline information aiding in the development of strategies for G. turuturu cultivation.

Satellite-based estimates of groundwater storage depletion over Egypt

An arid climate accompanied by a freshwater shortage plagued Egypt. It has resorted to groundwater reserves to meet the increasing water demands. Fossil aquifers were lately adopted as the sole water source to provide the irrigation water requirements of the ongoing reclamation activities in barren areas. Yet, the scarcity of measurements regarding the changes in the aquifers’ storage poses a great challenge to such sustainable resource management. In this context, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission enables a novel consistent approach to deriving aquifers’ storage changes. In this study, the GRACE monthly solutions during the period 2003–2021 were utilized to estimate alterations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) throughout Egypt. Changes in groundwater storage (GWS) were inferred by subtracting soil water content, derived from the GLDAS-NOAH hydrological model, from the retrieved TWS. The secular trends in TWS and GWS were obtained using the linear least square method, while the non-parametric technique (Mann–Kendall’s tau) was applied to check the trend significance. The derived changes in GWS showed that all aquifers are undergoing a significant loss rate in their storage. The average depletion rate over the Sinai Peninsula was estimated at 0.64 ± 0.03 cm/year, while the depletion rate over the Nile delta aquifer was 0.32 ± 0.03 cm/year. During the investigated period (2003–2021), the extracted groundwater quantity from the Nubian aquifer in the Western Desert is estimated at nearly 7.25 km3. The storage loss from the Moghra aquifer has significantly increased from 32 Mm3/year (2003–2009) to 262 Mm3/year (2015–2021). This reflects the aquifer exposure for extensive water pumping to irrigate newly cultivated lands. The derived findings on the aquifers’ storage losses provide a vital source of information for the decision-makers to be employed for short- and long-term groundwater management.

Supplementary data for "Groundwater depletion rate over China during 1965-2016: the long-term trend and inter-annual variation"

Supplementary data for "Groundwater depletion rate over China during 1965-2016: the long-term trend and inter-annual variation"