Crystallization Rate Research Articles

Highly Productive Laser Annealing Manufacturing Method Using Continuous Blue WBC (Wavelength Beam Combining) Technique.

Blue laser annealing can be used to obtain a high-mobility thin-film transistor (TFT) through a laser annealing (i.e., LTPS: low-temperature Poly-Si) process. However, the laser annealing process's low productivity (as well as high cost) is an issue because the high output power of blue lasers still needs to be addressed. Therefore, productivity can be improved if blue laser energy is efficiently supplied during the laser annealing process using a continuous wave laser instead of a conventional pulsed excimer laser. We developed a blue laser light source (440 ± 10 nm) using the wavelength beam combining (WBC) method, which can achieve a laser power density of 73.7 kW/cm2. In this semiconductor laser, when the power was increased s by 2.9 times, the laser scanning speed was increased by 5.0 times, achieving twice the productivity of conventional lasers. After laser annealing, the size of the crystal grains varied between 2 and 15 μm, resulting in a crystallization rate of 100% by Raman scattering rsult and low resistivity of 0.04 Ωcm. This increase in production capacity is not an arithmetic increase with increased power but a geometric production progression.

Effect of Soret diffusion on the growth of spherical crystals in supercooled alloy melts under oscillatory flow.

The growth of spherical crystals in binary alloy melts with thermal diffusion effects under oscillatory flow is investigated analytically. Using the multiple scale method, we derive approximate analytical solutions for both the crystal interface growth rate and the solute concentration. Our results demonstrate that the Soret effect significantly influences both the solute concentration near the crystal interface and the crystal growth rate. Specifically, with a positive Soret coefficient, the growth rate of spherical crystals in a binary dilute alloy melt decreases as the coefficient increases, while the solute concentration near the interface increases. In contrast, with a negative Soret coefficient, the growth rate of the spherical crystals increases as the coefficient decreases, and the solute concentration near the interface decreases. Additionally, the presence of oscillatory flow markedly promotes the grain refinement induced by the Soret effect.

Discovery of l-Lysine Dioxalate (LH1513) as a Novel Inhibitor of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization for Hyperoxaluria.

Hyperoxaluria is caused by increased urinary excretion of oxalate leading to the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones. The lack of effective management strategies for hyperoxaluria prompted us to investigate molecular mimics as stone inhibitors, a strategy that we previously used successfully to discover small molecule inhibitors of l-cystine crystallization for the prevention of l-cystine stone formation in cystinuria. Herein, we report the discovery of l-lysine dioxalate (LH1513), a novel dioxamate derivative, as a more potent inhibitor of CaOx crystallization than citrate and pyruvate. Such inhibition was corroborated by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements of crystal growth rates at the microscopic length scale. A triester prodrug of LH1513 was found to have sufficient oral bioavailability for a preliminary in vivo study demonstrating efficacy in preventing urinary CaOx crystal formation in an Agxt-knockout mouse model for hyperoxaluria.

Inhibiting Cation Segregation to Enable Highly Efficient Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes

AbstractPerovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) present potential applications for next‐generation displays due to their excellent luminescent properties and solution processing. The formamidinium‐caesium lead bromide (FAxCs1−xPbBr3) mixed cation strategy is one of the primary methods to achieve high‐performance of Cs‐dominate PeLEDs system. However, the inhomogeneous distribution of cations is detrimental to the photoelectronic performance of Cs‐dominated PeLEDs. Here, in mixed FA/Cs perovskite films, it is observed that Cs, Br and trace Pb elements precipitated on the surface of the perovskite films. It is found that the segregation of cations is induced by the uncontrollable crystallization process of Cs/FA cations. By introducing biuret additive, the hydrogen bonding interaction of biuret and FA cation balances crystallization rate, which therefore significantly improves the crystal quality and cations distribution of perovskite films. As a result, green PeLEDs with a high external quantum efficiency of 28.8% are obtained, and represent five times enhancement in half‐life time (T50) of 2.48 h at an initial luminance of 100 cd m−2 relative to the control device. The results help to understand the relationship between cationic distribution and PeLEDs properties, offering significant insights for modulating the performance of PeLEDs.

The Petrogenesis of the Lower Critical Zone and Lower Group Chromitites, Eastern Bushveld Complex: Incremental Development of Igneous Layering and Injection of Chromite Slurries

Abstract The petrogenesis of the mafic-ultramafic layered rocks of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, remains uncertain despite more than a century of intensive research. There is little evidence for the existence of a shallow crustal magma chamber, a principle entrenched in the scientific literature for many years, and we prefer an alternative hypothesis in which igneous layering developed from successive intrusive events. Geochemical discontinuities are explained by radical switches in the composition of intruding parental magmas. Here we investigate the origin of the Lower Critical zone, a sequence of five pyroxenitic and two peridotitic units containing the Lower Group (LG) of chromitites, of which LG6 is a major resource for chromium ore in the eastern limb. The pyroxenitic and peridotitic units are not part of magmatic cycles. Two discrete lineages of parental magma are recognized: a pyroxenitic magma sourced from deep crustal staging chambers, and a mantle-derived peridotitic magma. The pyroxenitic units reveal an absence of modal layering (with the exception of the 0.1- to 1-m-thick layers of chromitite) and limited height-related fractionation trends (enstatite: En86–811). Magma was fed as thin laminae. Intrusion rates were insufficient to create a magma reservoir because the supply of magma matched the rate of batch crystallization. There is little evidence of a fractionated residue having been removed. The recognition of minor geochemical trends of Mg- and Fe-enrichment in the pyroxenitic units reflects minor oscillations in the composition of the parental magma. The composition of the orthopyroxene and of the Cr spinel was primarily established at depth. The anomalous concentrations of chromite are explained by the introduction of pyroxenitic magmas containing crystals of Cr spinel, sufficiently abundant in some cases as to have created crystal slurries. The Cr spinel was entrained at depth, in the staging chambers. Each layer of chromitite is related to injection of a crystal slurry. The tiny size of the rounded xenocrysts of Cr spinel facilitated the mobile and dynamic nature of slurries. Coarse-grained mosaics of Cr spinel developed in the compacted layers of chromitite from prolonged periods of annealing. The irregular spacing of the chromitites, and occurrence of variable concentrations of disseminated Cr spinel in the pyroxenites, is explained by fluctuations in the proportion of entrained xenocrysts, rather than changes in the composition of the melt fraction of the magma. The peridotitic units are interpreted as sills, the chromitite layers having been inherited from the earlier formed pyroxenitic stratigraphy. The most primitive layers of dunite and harzburgite (olivine: Fo90-85 in which Fo = forsterite) accumulated in the center of sills, where a high magma flux facilitated growth of pegmatitic oikocrysts.

Atomistic origin of montmorillonite clay subjected to freeze-thaw hysteresis

The freeze-thaw cycles of frozen soil could significantly affect its thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) properties, causing the frost heaving and thawing settlement. The microscale essence is the water-ice phase transition, but the microscale details are still poorly understood, especially at ultra-low temperatures. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods were performed to explore the freeze-thaw behaviors of montmorillonite clay under temperature of 210 - 293 K. Then, the water-ice phase transition, freeze-thaw hysteresis, ice nucleation mechanism, and surface effect of clay at an atomistic level were discussed. A classification method of different types of unfrozen water through NMR experiment was proposed, including bulk, capillary, and bound water. Here, it is found that: (1) the freeze-thaw process of frozen soil at the macroscale was essentially the occurrence of ice-water phase transition at the microscale. (2) The freeze-thaw hysteresis was caused by different growth and melting rates of ice crystals, where the ice growth/nucleation on clay surface was more difficult to develop. (3) The surface effect of clay was essential for the ice nucleation and the existence of bound water. For example, little unfrozen water still existed in unfrozen soil even at 213 K. (4) For unsaturated frozen soil, the quasi-liquid water was an essential component of unfrozen water that cannot be ignored. This work could provide an atomistic insight to unravel the atomistic origin of the freeze-thaw mechanism of montmorillonite clay and complement relevant experimental evidence.

Effect of GPa-level pressure on the microstructure and properties of Cu-8Ni-1.8Si alloy

Reducing or completely eliminating the reticular grain boundary phases in alloys is crucial for enhancing the mechanical and electrical properties of Cu-Ni-Si alloys with high nickel and silicon content (Ni + Si > 5wt.%). In this study, we investigated the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of Cu-8Ni-1.8Si (wt.%) alloy prepared by high-pressure solidification (HPS) and subsequent aging treatment. The interfacial growth stabilizes as the pressure reduces the crystal growth rate, inhibits the diffusion of solute atoms, and increases the solute partition coefficient. The reticulated Ni31Si12 and granular Ni2Si phases disappear under 6GPa pressure, forming a complete Cu (Ni, Si) solid solution. After direct aging treatment, the precipitated phase of the HPS alloy is β-Ni3Si at the early stage of aging. At the peak aging state, β-Ni3Si and δ-Ni2Si phases coexist in the matrix. Additionally, the Avrami equations for the phase transition kinetics of HPS alloys at different aging temperatures were derived from the electrical conductivity data, and the strength contributions from solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening were calculated. The alloy aged at 450 °C exhibited the largest volume fraction and the smallest average size of precipitates, resulting in a more pronounced obstruction effect of nano precipitates on dislocation bypassing and demonstrating the best precipitation strengthening effect. At the peak aging states, the alloy's hardness reaches 367.5 HV, and the compressive yield strength reaches 788.2MPa. These results indicate that high pressure is an effective method to improve the solid solution degree of alloying elements and enhance the mechanical properties of Cu-Ni-Si alloys.

A molecular view of peptoid-induced acceleration of calcite growth

The extensive deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) generated by marine organisms constitute the largest and oldest carbon dioxide (CO2) reservoir. These organisms utilize macromolecules like peptides and proteins to facilitate the nucleation and growth of carbonate minerals, serving as an effective method for CO2 sequestration. However, the precise mechanisms behind this process remain elusive. In this study, we report the use of sequence-defined peptoids, a class of peptidomimetics, to achieve the accelerated calcite step growth kinetics with the molecular level mechanistic understanding. By designing peptoids with hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks, we systematically investigated the acceleration in step growth rate of calcite crystals using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), varying peptoid sequences and concentrations, CaCO3 supersaturations, and the ratio of Ca2+/ HCO3-. Mechanistic studies using NMR, three-dimensional fast force mapping (3D FFM), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were conducted to reveal the interactions of peptoids with Ca2+ and HCO3- ions in solution, as well as the effect of peptoids on solvation and energetics of calcite crystal surface. Our results indicate the multiple roles of peptoid in facilitating HCO3- deprotonation, Ca2+ desolvation, and the disruption of interfacial hydration layers of the calcite surface, which collectively contribute to a peptoid-induced acceleration of calcite growth. These findings provide guidelines for future design of sequence-specific biomimetic polymers as crystallization promoters, offering potential applications in environmental remediation (such as CO2 sequestration), biomedical engineering, and energy storage where fast crystallization is preferred.

Growing a single suspended perfect protein crystal in a fully noncontact manner

Nucleation is a fundamental process that determines the structure, morphology, and properties of crystalline materials, and is difficult to control because it is unpredictable. Here, we demonstrate a new method to control the protein crystal nucleation using a magnetic force, where we manipulate the movement and coalescence of nucleation precursors by adding paramagnetic salt into the crystallization solution to constrain the number and position of nucleation. We found that protein nucleation could be significantly affected by the magnetic force that the gradient magnetic fields generate. When the magnetization force is sufficiently enough, nucleation can be confined to the crystallization solution with no interface contact; therefore, only one crystal nucleus appears, which results in noncontact suspension growth of a single crystal in the crystallization solution system. Under these situations, the nucleation rate significantly decreases due to the coalescence of the dense liquid phase, and the crystal growth rate also decreases due to the suppression of convection, which increases the crystal quality. Our findings provide a new method for the noncontact control of crystal nucleation and demonstrate that externally applied physical environments can be used to affect the liquid-liquid phase separation process.

The Effect of the Surface Treatment on TiO2 Particles When Used as a Filler on Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Composites. Case of Study: Silane Coupling Agents and Dicarboxylic Acids Were Used as Surface Modifiers

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the effect of the type of surface modification (using silane coupling agents and dicarboxylic acids) on titanium dioxide particles used as fillers in polylactic acid composites, which were exposed to a photodegradative process. The thermomechanical properties of the composites were analyzed; it was found that the silane coupling agent with Imidazole allowed the composites to have Young’s modulus values 60% lower than the composite without filler. On the other hand, the crystallization rate was 30% higher for composites with azelaic Acid attached to TiO2 particles than for composites without filler at a cooling rate of 5°C min−1. Once degraded composites containing azelaic acid were the least brittle, with a minor increment in Young’s Modulus compared to pure polylactic acid composites. When a mixture of modified titanium dioxide particles (with imidazole and either azelaic acid or pimelic acid) was used, there was a synergistic effect regarding photostability.

Gypsum Crystals Formed by the Anhydrite–Gypsum Transformation at Low Temperatures: Implications for the Formation of the Geode of Pulpí

Determining the mechanisms of the formation of giant crystals is a challenging subject. Gypsum, calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O), is known to form crystals larger than one meter in several locations worldwide. These selenite crystals grow at different temperatures, either in sedimentary or hydrothermal systems. The famous selenite crystals of the geode of Pulpí (Almería, Spain) are known to have grown at a temperature T = 20 ± 5 °C and have been proposed to form in a subaqueous environment by a self-feeding mechanism triggered by anhydrite dissolution and the ripening of microcrystalline gypsum, enhanced by oscillations in temperature. This paper reports the monitored crystallization of gypsum crystals, from anhydrite powder dissolution, inside airtight evaporation-free reactors under oscillating low temperatures (15 °C < T < 25 °C). These crystals are clearly smaller than the ones in the Pulpí mine but exhibit similar habits (i.e., single blocky crystals and twins following the 100 twinning law). The growth rate of gypsum single crystals has been measured to be between 3.8 and 35.3 µm/day. Noteworthy, we document the occurrence of the 100 contact twinning law of gypsum, which is the most widespread twinning law in natural environments but never univocally reported in laboratory experiments. The selection of the 100 contact twinning law has been correlated to the low supersaturation values obtained in the experiment, where the concentration in these long-duration experiments can be safely assumed to be the equilibrium concentration, i.e., 0.3 (at 25 °C) ≤ SI ≤ 0.4 (at 15 °C). We discuss the relevance of our experiment for forming the gypsum crystals of Pulpí in the framework of the geological history of Pulpí mineralization. These laboratory model experiments contribute to a deeper understanding of mineral nucleation and growth processes in natural environments.

LOW TEMPERATURE CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF NR BY DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT A fundamental study of low temperature crystallization of NR gum polymer (raw elastomer) was conducted using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in oscillatory shear rheology mode. Isothermal crystallization was followed using DMA for crystallization temperatures ranging from −15 to −35 °C, with the maximum rate of crystallization noted at −25 °C. After the isothermal crystallization (annealing) for times from 6 to 9 h, DMA heating scans revealed two melting transitions (α and β) with locations that depended on the prior annealing temperature. The locations of these melting transitions were comparable with literature results for melting peaks by differential scanning calorimetry. At temperatures above these melting transitions, we identified two additional relaxations in the DMA heating trace that did not depend on the prior crystallization history. We also found evidence of the melt memory effect in polymer crystallization, which is discussed. During annealing at −25 °C, high cis-1,4 IR showed considerably slower and lower extent of crystallization than NR and crosslinked NR did not show noticeable crystallization within the 12-h experiment.

Poly(lactide)-Based Materials Modified with Biomolecules: A Review.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is characterized by unique features, e.g., it is environmentally friendly, biocompatible, has good thermomechanical properties, and is readily available and biodegradable. Due to the increasing pollution of the environment, PLA is a promising alternative that can potentially replace petroleum-derived polymers. Different biodegradable polymers have numerous biomedical applications and are used as packaging materials. Because the pure form of PLA is delicate, brittle, and is characterized by a slow degradation rate and a low thermal resistance and crystallization rate, these disadvantages limit the range of applications of this polymer. However, the properties of PLA can be improved by chemical or physical modification, e.g., with biomolecules. The subject of this review is the modification of PLA properties with three classes of biomolecules: polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. A quite extensive description of the most promising strategies leading to improvement of the bioactivity of PLA, through modification with these biomolecules, is presented in this review. Thus, this article deals mainly with a presentation of the major developments and research results concerning PLA-based materials modified with different biomolecules (described in the world literature during the last decades), with a focus on such methods as blending, copolymerization, or composites fabrication. The biomedical and unique biological applications of PLA-based materials, especially modified with polysaccharides and proteins, are reviewed, taking into account the growing interest and great practical potential of these new biodegradable biomaterials.

Transition state of matter in the fluctuation model of crystal growth

Two mechanisms of the effect of the transition state of building particles (activated complexes according to S. Arrhenius) on the crystal growth rate within the framework of the fluctuation model of dislocation crystal growth are discussed. Transition state clusters adsorbed on the surface of the growing face perform the function of an impurity that lowers the surface energy of the crystal at the time moments between free energy fluctuations. Thus, the transition state of the crystallizing substance by the first mechanism affects the relaxation rate of the secondary adsorption of impurities and shortens the time period of attachment of building particles to the crystal face. Other clusters formed in solution reduce the number of free particles and under conditions of low concentration of the building substance are able to decrease the crystallization rate. Nevertheless, in a natural multicomponent crystallization environment, at low concentrations of building material, significant thermal effect of crystallization and small deviations from equilibrium, the role of the transition state in crystal growth is generally insignificant.

Supramolecular Interactions as Key in Racemic Resolution: New Insights into the (SSi)‐ and (RSi)‐Diastereomers of (1R,2S,5R)‐Methyl(1‐naphthyl)‐phenylmenthoxysilane of Sommer

AbstractA highly selective approach with high yields of two diastereomeric silicon‐stereogenic menthoxysilanes, (RSi)‐3 and (SSi)‐3, introduced by Sommer et al., could be established as well as investigated in detail using different analytical tools. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to examine the different crystallization rates while Hirshfeld surface analysis was applied to extend supramolecular interactions in the solid state which showed stronger hydrogen bridges for the faster crystallizing diastereomer (SSi)‐3. In addition, similar ground‐state energies haven been found for both diastereomers by DFT calculations. Subsequent NMR studies showed stable Si‐configurations wherein epimerization only started after more than 4 hours at 110 °C. Access to both diastereomers with opposite configuration at the stereogenic silicon center is achievable in high yields and high stereochemical purity using only naturally occurring (−)‐menthol as a reagent.

Exploring the effect of hemp fibers’ addition on the properties of PLA/PPAd biodegradable blends

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a compostable aliphatic polymer with enhanced strength and toughness, and it is a promising material for packaging products. Polymer blending is a financially feasible and easy way to upgrade its properties, such as its slow degradation and crystallization rates and its modest elongation, and thus, make it more adaptable. Furthermore, the use of natural fibers as fillers can reinforce the biobased character of the final composite materials and enhance their antioxidant activity values, a crucial property of polymers that are addressed for active packaging. Herein, the influence of the addition of hemp fibers (HF) on the features of poly(lactic acid)/poly(propylene adipate) blends containing 85/15 w/w PLA/PPAd, was investigated. The utilization of a poly(lactic acid)-co-poly(propylene adipate) block copolymer (cop) as a compatibilizer was also examined. The thermal, morphological and mechanical assets of the composite materials were evaluated with the implementation of multiple techniques. The addition of HF enhanced the hydrophobicity and biodegradation of the composites, render them as candidates for several applications. Furthermore, the introduction of the compatibilizer successfully increases the adhesion between the polymeric matrices and the HF, resulting in enhanced properties.

Bilateral Embedded Anchoring via Tailored Polymer Brush for Large-Area Air-Processed Blue Light-Emitting Diodes.

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) that can be air-processed promises the development of displaying optoelectronic device, while is challenged by technical difficulty on both the active layer and hole transport layer (HTL) caused by the unavoidable humidity interference. Here, we propose and validate that, planting the polymer brush with tailored functional groups in inorganic HTL, provides unique bilateral embedded anchoring that is capable of simultaneously addressing the n phases crystallization rates in the active layer as well as the deteriorated particulate surface defects in HTL. Exemplified by zwitterionic polyethyleneimine-sulfonate (PEIS) in present study, its implanting in NiOx HTL offers abundant nuclei sites of amino and sulfonate groups that balance the growth rate of different n phases in quasi-2D perovskite films. Moreover, the PEIS effectively nailed the interfacial contact between perovskite and NiOx, and reduced the particulate surface defects in HTL, leading to the enhanced PLQY and stability of large-area blue perovskite film in ambient air. By virtue of these merits, present work achieves the first demonstration of the air-processed blue PeLEDs in large emitting area of 1.0 cm2 with peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 2.09 %, which is comparable to the similar pure-bromide blue PeLEDs fabricated in glovebox.

Shish-kebab formation in the micro-injection molding of polyethylene: In-situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering study

The structural formation and evolution in high density polyethylene (HDPE) during the micro-injection molding process were investigated as a function of the mold temperature and injection speed utilizing an in situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique in conjunction with a portable micro-injection molding setup. It was found that shish-kebab structures were formed in all cases. The beginning of occurrence of shish is not much affected by the mold temperature, but the onset of the formation of kebab crystals is strongly dependent on the mold temperature. This mold temperature dependence of the kinetics of shish-kebab formation is attributed to the interplay between the crystallization rate in the outer layer and the formation rate of the shish-like structure, which was further evidenced by the multilayered structure of molded samples via ex situ microfocus scanning SAXS and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements. On the other hand, the injection speed affects the long period of oriented lamellae and the dimension of the shish-like structure only slightly but influences the kinetics of structural formation evidently. The larger the injection speed, the earlier occurrence of oriented lamellae and shish formation is observed.

Tunable interfacial properties of monolayer GeSb2Te4 on metal surfaces

Abstract Atomically thin monolayer (ML) GeSb 2 Te 4 (GST) holds promising prospects in non-volatile memory applications because of its high non-homogeneous crystallization rate. In GST-based devices, the interaction between GST and metals is crucial, as it affects the electronic properties. Herein, based on first-principles calculations, we investigate the interaction and Schottky barrier height of contacts formed by the combination of ML GST with various metals. It is found that the interfaces of GST with Pt, Pd, Ir and W exhibit strong interaction, characterized by large binding energies ranging from 1.394 to 1.015 eV , and the interfaces between GST and Cu, Ag and Au display weak interaction. For the seven contacts, Ag and W form Ohmic contacts with ML GST, while Cu, Au, Pd, Ir, and Pt form n-type Schottky contacts, with Schottky barrier heights ranging from 0.029 to 0.353 eV . The strong Fermi level pinning at GST-metal interface is observed with a pinning factor of 0.378. Additionally, altering the interfacial distance and optimizing the layers of GST enable a transition from Ohmic contact to Schottky contact. These findings provide crucial guidance for the design and optimization of electronic devices based on phase change materials like GST.

Rapid prediction of interface morphology and oxygen transportation in crystal growth based on the response surface method

In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric model subjected to the gas shear effect and thermal Marangoni effect is developed. It is highlighted that the growth conditions of pulling rate, gas flow rate, crucible, and crystal rotation rates play important roles in determining the crystal behaviors of interface morphology and oxygen transportation during the crystal growth process. A Kriging-based response surface method (RSM) is proposed to rapidly predict the crystal growth behaviors, indicating that the outputs of interface morphology and oxygen concentration can be predicted by the corresponding input growth conditions. By global sensitivity analysis, the pulling rate is identified as the key factor in determining the interface morphology, while gas flow rate and crucible rotation rate have a greater effect on oxygen transportation. Furthermore, these two inputs with the highest sensitivities are used to construct the response surface and predict unknown oxygen transportation. When compared with the numerical simulations, the presented model proves to be an effective tool for reducing measurement time and improving accuracy in predicting crystal behaviors. Our findings provide important insights into understanding the crystal growth process under different growth conditions and inspire a data-driven method for crystal growth prediction.