Crime Rates Research Articles

Agressividade e criminalidade em adultos com TDAH

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition commonly diagnosed in childhood, but which persists in about 2.5% of adults. This disorder is associated with a higher risk of developing mood disorders, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders. Impulsivity, a central feature of ADHD, contributes to difficulty in self-control, which can lead to aggressive behaviors. Studies show that individuals with ADHD are more likely to be involved in criminal activities, and impulsivity and lack of emotional control are key factors in this relationship. Difficulties in emotional regulation and personal organization also negatively affect the interpersonal relationships and professional lives of these individuals, increasing the risk of marital separations, divorces, and problems at work. When driving, adults with ADHD are at greater risk of accidents, due to inattention and difficulties in maintaining control of the vehicle. Specific interventions, such as the appropriate use of medications and driving techniques, are recommended to mitigate these risks. Early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, especially in adults who exhibit aggressive behaviors, are crucial. Treatment programs that combine medication with psychosocial approaches can significantly improve social functioning and reduce crime rates in this population, highlighting the importance of integrated and personalized interventions.

The fragmentation of public power: non-state security actors and community security in rural Southwest Nigeria

ABSTRACT The phenomenon of ungoverned (and ill-governed, and ungovernable) spaces has resulted in increases in insecurity in Nigeria’s rural communities, especially breeding insurgencies and other forms of militancy. As a corollary, non-state security actors have arisen as community-created mechanisms to reduce the ever-increasing rates of crime. This study investigated the establishment of these NSSAs, with a view to understanding community perceptions of their effectiveness. Using selected inclusion/exclusion criteria, the study targeted two rural communities in Southwest Nigeria and collected data using a structured online survey. Data were analyzed using a simple linear regression model. The findings revealed that the residents of the communities feel safer under the protection of the vigilante groups, and the groups have been effective in reducing crime rates.

Rethinking the association between green space and crime using spatial quantile regression modelling: Do vegetation type, crime type, and crime rates matter?

UN Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., Goal 16) have highlighted the importance of using policy tools (e.g., through urban planning) to prevent crimes. Existing evidence of the association between green space and crime is mixed. Some studies indicate that the inconsistencies may be due to the variance in types of vegetation and the rates of crime reported across regions and countries. This study aims to assess the conditional association between green space and crime by considering the influence of vegetation type (e.g., grassland, woodland), crime type (e.g., violence, theft) and rates of crime reported in Northern Ireland (NI), United Kingdom. Crime data were obtained from the Police Service NI and green space was determined by Land Cover Map at the Super Output Area (SOA) level provided by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Spatial quantile regressions were used to model the adjusted association between green space and crime across areas with different rates of crime. The results showed that more grassland may be associated with lower crime rates, but only in areas with relatively low crime rates. More woodland may also be associated with lower crime rates, but only for areas with relatively high crime rates. Also, we found that associations between green space and crime varied by type of crime. In summary, policymakers and planners should consider green space as a potential crime reduction intervention, factoring in the heterogeneous effects of vegetation type, crime type and crime rate.

Spatiotemporal variability of the association between greenspace exposure and depression in older adults in South Korea

Abstract Background A number of studies based on young to middle aged adult and child samples have found that exposure to greenspace and bluespace can have a positive impact on mental health and well-being. However, there is limited research among older adults and the extant studies have provided mixed results. The present study was designed to examine how the association between these forms of exposure and depressive symptoms among older adults varies as a function of different spatially and temporally resolved exposure metrics. Methods The sample consisted of 617 individuals (46.19% female) aged ≥ 60 years of age. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Individuals’ greenspace exposure was quantified using spatially and temporally resolved metrics, including monthly and annual averaged satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across multiple buffer distances (250 m to 2,000 m) centered at participants’ home address. We also quantified exposure to blue-greenspace from a highly detailed land use and land cover dataset. A multivariable logistic regression model assessed the association between greenspace and blue-greenspace exposure and depressive symptoms, adjusting for age, sex, income, education, marital status, current smoking, alcohol status, medical conditions, temperature, crime rate, population density, and per capita park area. Results We found a significant association between exposures to greenspace and blue-greenspace and depressive symptoms (CES-D cutoff ≥ 4) among older adults. After adjusting for confounding variables, the odds of depressive symptoms were significantly decreased by an IQR increment in residential exposure to greenspace [odds ratio (OR) = 0.67; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.49 ~ 0.91] and blue-greenspace (OR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41 ~ 0.84) measured nearby their home address (i.e., as close as 250 m). When stratified by household income level, the association was only significant among low-income individuals. We also found temporal variation in the association between depressive symptoms and monthly NDVI-based greenspace exposure, in which the odds of depressive symptoms were the lowest for greenspace in cold months (i.e., January, February, and March). Conclusions Our findings suggest that neighborhood greenspace may serve as a protective factor against depression among older adults, but the benefits may depend on the spatial and temporal context. More investigation is needed to replicate our findings on the spatial and temporal variations of greenspace exposure metrics and their effects on depressive symptoms.

From Crisis to Catalyst: How COVID-19 Helped Humanity to Come Back Stronger Against the Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented human suffering but has taught the human race several lessons on survival as well. Aim: In this narrative review, we discuss how humanity implemented the lessons it learned from the pandemic to ultimately win over it. Methods: Literature with documented evidence-based findings was searched using ‘Litcovid’ and Google Scholar databases using keywords such as ‘positive lessons,’ ‘learnings,’ ‘beneficial effects,’ and ‘COVID-19 pandemic’. Relevant peer-reviewed human studies published between 2020 and June 2023 were included, along with pertinent reports from newspapers and global health bodies. Conclusion: The world experienced immense suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, while the pandemic has left indelible marks in terms of emptying the glass of life, somewhere, as evident, it has also helped fill it up in a never-before manner. Results: The pandemic has spurred technological progress, heightened public health awareness, and increased investment in public health infrastructure, surveillance, and research. International collaboration to meet global needs has been strengthened. Public health and healthcare workers' roles were redefined, emphasising health as an investment. This pandemic has presented new perspectives for healthcare research. Greenhouse gas emissions have decreased, and green energy has been promoted. Lockdowns have allowed nature to recover, giving wildlife the opportunity to repopulate. Improved air and water quality, better work-life balance, and increased self-growth have led to paradoxical improvements in lifestyle disorders. Interpersonal and intersectoral collaboration was valued more, and food security, reduced crime rates, and increased self-reliance were observed.

What Determines the Crime Rate? A Macroeconomic Case Study

This study examines the relationship between economic indicators and crime rates in six European countries: Lithuania, Germany, Greece, Portugal, Finland and Sweden. By examining macroeconomic factors such as GDP, security spending and per capita consumption, the study aims to understand how these variables affect crime dynamics. Using robust econometric techniques, including panel regression with fixed effects, the study identifies significant correlations and patterns. The findings reveal that the crime rate has a high degree of inertia and is significantly influenced by the previous level. Contrary to expectations, increased per capita consumption is associated with higher crime rates, which may indicate that wealthier societies are experiencing an increase in economic crime. Furthermore, higher spending on security does not necessarily reduce crime, suggesting that types of crime evolve as detection capabilities improve. This study highlights the complexity of the nexus between crime and the economy, highlighting the need for multifaceted, long-term policies to effectively combat crime and increase public safety. The results offer valuable insights for policymakers to develop comprehensive crime prevention and economic development strategies.

Enhancing Public Safety: A Comprehensive Analysis of Crime Vision Strategies

There is an abnormal increase in the crime rate and also the number of criminals are increasing, this leads towards a great concern about the security issues. Crime preventions and criminal identification are the primary issues before the police personnel, since property and lives protection are the basic concerns of the police but to combat the crime, the availability of police personnel is limited. With the advent of security technology, cameras especially CCTV have been installed in many public and private areas to provide surveillance activities. The footage of the CCTV can be used to identify suspects on scene. This Real time criminal identification system based on face recognition works with a fully automated facial recognition system. HAAR feature-based cascade classifier and OpenCV LBPH (Local Binary Pattern Histograms) Algorithms are used for Face detection and recognition. This system will be able to detect face and recognize face automatically in real time. An accurate location of the face is still a challenging task. This Framework has been widely used by researchers in order to detect the location of faces and objects in a given image. Face detection classifiers are shared by public communities, such as OpenCV. The automatically tagging feature adds a new dimension to sharing pictures among the people who are in the picture and also gives the idea to other people about who the person is in the image. In our project, we have studied and implemented a pretty simple but very effective face detection using CNN algorithm which takes human skin color into account. Our aim, which we believe we have reached, was to develop a system that can be used by police or investigation department to recognize criminal from their faces. The method of face recognition used is fast, robust, reasonably simple and accurate with a relatively simple and easy to understand algorithms and technique.

Migration problems of the Benelux countries in the context of joint European policy

The purpose of the article is to prove by specific examples the inability of the authorities of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, united into the Benelux community, to regulate the flows of immigrants and refugees to their countries; to identify the consequences of a liberal policy towards foreigners, in particular, difficulties in integrating them into the European society. Along with this, the issues of the crime rate growth, the discontent of the local population with the destabilization of the situation and other topics are discussed. The author concludes that the Benelux countries, despite their efforts, are still unable to develop a unified balanced policy towards immigrants and refugees. This is due to great differences both in government circles and in the civil society of these countries.

Assessing downtown recovery rates and determinants in North American cities after the COVID-19 pandemic

North American downtowns are struggling to recover from the global COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the varying rates of recovery experienced by downtown areas in the 66 largest cities of the United States and Canada. Leveraging Location-Based Services data extracted from mobile phone location trajectories, we assess the recovery rates in the 2023 post-pandemic period, juxtaposed against pre-pandemic 2019 levels. We find significant disparities in downtown recovery rates. Economic factors emerge as crucial determinants, where downtowns hosting a concentration of sectors with remote/hybrid work options – such as information, finance, professional services and management – displayed sluggish recovery. Conversely, downtowns with a focus on industries like accommodation, manufacturing, education, retail, construction, entertainment and healthcare exhibited greater resilience post pandemic. Furthermore, higher density, crime rates and education levels were correlated with slower recovery rates, as were harsher weather conditions and longer commuting times. Lower-density and auto-orientated downtowns demonstrated a swift rebound, even surpassing pre-pandemic activity levels. These findings underscore the necessity for tailored policies to bolster the revival of North American downtown areas.

Policy Windows and Protests: Black Lives Matter Protests and Calls to Defund the Police in the United States

The murder of George Floyd fueled local level protests calling to defund the police. The study examines if a policy window was opened for decreased allocations to police department funding after the murder of George Floyd and the protests. The study focuses on 26 politically left-leaning cities with a population of 100,000 or more that had protests with at least 500 people in the United States. Budget allocation to each city’s police department were examined using descriptive statistics to determine if the budget allocation to police departments changed following the protests. The results show that 19% of cities in the study decreased funding to police departments in 2021, and 50% cities decreased funding to police departments in 2022. The results support the argument that a national focusing event can open a policy window for changes to local level budget allocation by connecting the concept of policy windows to the open systems theory of budgeting. However, cities remain constrained by circumstances in their external environment, meaning some cities were not able to reduce resource allocations to police departments. These constraints include counter actions by state governments to prevent reducing the allocation of funds to police departments and increasing crime rates. This research presents insights into local government budgetary decision-making in response to a national focusing event.

The drop in worry about crime and its gender gap: Trends in England and Wales from 1998 to 2019/2020

Using data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales, this research explores trends in worry about crime and its gender gap between 1998 and 2019/20. Worry about different types of crime follows a downwards trajectory, with worries about car-related crimes showing the strongest decline. Although both men’s and women’s worries decline over time, the gender gap in worry about crime reveals a narrowing trend for crimes that involve physical interaction with the offender (e.g. assault or rape) due to women’s worries decreasing more rapidly than men’s. Potential reasons for the general downwards trend include the steady decline in crime rates, the rise in security standards and a shift in worry from traditional to newer forms of crime (e.g. cybercrime). Rising gender equality and women’s empowerment over the last few decades may explain the narrowing trend in the gender gap in worry about personal crime.

The Impact of High Immigration in Lithuania: Addressing Challenges and Understanding Consequences

The maxim "too much of a good thing can turn sour" holds significant relevance across diverse aspects of life, indicating that exceeding optimal thresholds may result in negative outcomes if not carefully regulated; this principle can be observed in the context of immigration rates in Lithuania, an Eastern European country experiencing significant influxes of foreign nationals. Immigration, defined as the movement of individuals into a country for specific purposes, can lead to adverse consequences when unregulated, such as overcrowding, strained social amenities, increased costs due to heightened demand, and potential rises in crime rates. Lithuania has welcomed foreigners for work, business, research, studies, and other purposes. Additionally, the unstable situation in Ukraine has prompted the Lithuanian government to extend support to Ukrainian citizens, offering incentives such as subsidized education and various forms of assistance. However, the generous immigration policies have faced challenges. The Migration Department, under the Ministry of Interior, recently announced impending stricter immigration laws due to identified irregularities, including instances of fraudulent marriages with Lithuanian citizens. Moreover, the increased cost of amenities, food prices, and housing have raised concerns about the sustainability of current immigration levels. This research focuses on examining the immigration and emigration rates in Lithuania and their economic impact over a decade (2013-2022). The study will involve sourcing data from official websites, conducting statistical analyses, and drawing insights from the analyzed data. The goal is to postulate findings, offer recommendations, and draw conclusions on the relationship between immigration rates and economic outcomes in Lithuania.

Network reliability evaluation and management science applications in resource allocation for police organizations

The effective allocation of resources within police patrol departments is crucial for maintaining public safety and operational efficiency. Traditional methods often fail to account for uncertainties and variabilities in police operations, such as fluctuating crime rates and dynamic response requirements. This study introduces a fuzzy multi-state network (FMSN) model to evaluate the reliability of resource allocation in police patrol departments. The model captures the complexities and uncertainties of patrol operations using fuzzy logic, providing a nuanced assessment of system reliability. Virtual data were generated to simulate various patrol scenarios. The model’s performance was analyzed under different configurations and parameter settings. Results show that resource sharing and redundancy significantly enhance system reliability. Sensitivity analysis highlights critical factors affecting reliability, offering valuable insights for optimizing resource management strategies in police organizations. This research provides a robust framework for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of police patrol operations under conditions of uncertainty.

“Ik ben zoo diep gezakt door deze oorlog”

During the German occupation of the Netherlands in the 1940s, crime rates for petty theft rose considerably. As a result of shortages, forced labor, unemployment and war damages, many citizens resorted to property crime. Those who were caught, were in majority sentenced within the Dutch judicial system, by Dutch magistrates, most of whom had no pro-German beliefs. This article explores how suspects, judges and probation officers referred to the occupation circumstances during the judicial process. All three types of actors saw how these circumstances could lead to theft. However, pre-existing notions of property and its defense were not radically questioned during the occupation. The (implicit) expectation was that the harmful consequences of the Second World War would be of a temporary nature.

Multi-level drivers of congenital syphilis, Oregon, 2013-2021.

Despite the availability of curative penicillin treatment for syphilis during pregnancy, congenital syphilis (CS) cases have surged in the United States, including in Oregon. We conducted a retrospective analysis of individual- and county-level predictors of CS among pregnant people with syphilis in Oregon from 2013-2021. Data were collated from surveillance reports, County Health Rankings, and other sources with upstream county-level data. We used multi-level Poisson regression models to assess associations between CS and individual- and county-level factors. Among 343 people with syphilis during pregnancy, 95 (27.6%) were associated with a case of CS. At the individual-level, a history of injection drug use and a history of corrections involvement were associated with an increased risk of CS, while a recent gonorrhea diagnosis was associated with a decreased risk of CS. County-level violent crime rate, unemployment, income inequality, and adverse childhood experiences increased the risk of CS. Higher county-level socioenvironmental challenges exacerbated CS risk, particularly among people with corrections involvement. Injection drug use, corrections involvement, and county-level socioenvironmental challenges increased CS risk among pregnant people with syphilis in Oregon. Urgent interventions are needed, including innovative care models, policy reforms targeting systemic issues, and enhanced collaboration with community services to address the escalating CS crisis.

Prevention and Detection of Bid Rigging in Public Procurement in India: Role of Artificial Intelligence

India’s National Crime Record Bureau’s report, ‘Crime in India’, stipulates that the conviction rate of economic crimes is only 29.4% which is way lesser than that of criminal conviction rate of 57%. Punitive measures under the Competition Act, 2002 are relatively less explored in the Indian context. This article is an attempt to examine the punitive measures in the Act, the evidence used for conviction and to see how the same deter the violators. An attempt is made to find out how the apex court in Rajasthan Cylinders case ( Rajasthan Cylinders and Containers Ltd v. UOI and Anr., 2018 SCC Online SC 1718.) might have diluted the already weak conviction rate of India. Artificial intelligence is used in many jurisdictions for cartel identification. The evidentiary standards in Indian jurisdiction in regard to cartel identification are almost equivalent to ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ instead of ‘preponderance of probability’. Need arises that the evidentiary jurisprudence of ‘reverse onus or reverse burden’, whereby shifting the burden of proof on the accused, should be used liberally in instances of anticompetitive practices. Did the apex court fail? If digital algorithms are there to guide and highlight the red flags in clandestine cartelization, how will the jurisdictions use them to counter the anti-competitive practices?

Quantitative Analysis of Causative Factors of Crime: A Case Study of District Sahiwal (Pakistan)

It is a postindustrial society in which the dynamics of social interaction and values have changed. Due to rapid technological changes, the social relations and bounding with social norms have been weakening. The impatience, delinquency, and criminal attitude of the people are increasing daily. The research objectives of this current study were to examine the causative factors of crime in district Sahiwal and to identify the elements that shape and influence criminal behavior in the region. The researcher used the quantitative method and exploited purposive sampling. The data was gathered from 120 criminals from Central Jail, Sahiwal, Pakistan. The analysis used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to uncover significant patterns and relationships of variables. It was found that low socio-economic status and less academic qualification were the real causes of crime in the studied area. Based on the results, it is suggested that addressing the underlying issues of bad company, poverty, unemployment, and lack of education and strengthening legal and social frameworks can create a safer, more stable community in Sahiwal. The study's findings emphasize that only through targeted interventions that address both the symptoms and the root causes of crime can meaningful progress be made in reducing crime rates and improving the quality of life for the residents of district Sahiwal. The concerned institutions should collaborate with the concerned institutions to uplift the socio-economic status of the people, and strict law and order should be enforced to tackle deviance and crime in Sahiwal, Pakistan.

Peculiarities of the proof process in Japanese criminal procedure

In today’s open world, with the growing importance of the international component in the fight against crime, a legal professional naturally needs knowledge that goes beyond the national legal framework, including the institution of international legal assistance. Studying and comprehending the experience of criminal procedure in different countries of the world makes it possible to apply the relevant positive practices in Ukraine and improve the process of forming a legal culture in independent Ukraine. In particular, it is important to study the experience of criminal procedure in Japan, a country with the lowest crime rate among the industrialized countries of the world. Familiarization with this system should help to develop a comprehensive approach to improving criminal proceedings in Ukraine, which will contribute to the successful development of a democratic, social, and legal state. Currently, the process of combining different criminal procedural systems of the world is underway, but the Anglo-American system of criminal procedure has its own peculiarities that can be distinguished from other systems of criminal procedure. The criminal procedure legislation of Japan is quite specific. It reflects both continental and Anglo-Saxon models of law. In particular, the widespread use of precedent makes it similar to the Anglo-Saxon form, and the presence of prosecutorial supervision over the police during the investigation process - to the continental one. The problems of criminal procedural evidence are constantly attracting the attention of scholars. The scientific interest in the problems of collecting, verifying and evaluating evidence is not accidental and is explained by their importance for criminal proceedings. Evidence is a central, core component of criminal procedure. Proper evidentiary activity is a prerequisite for solving its tasks. Therefore, further research of both the general theoretical issues of criminal procedural evidence and its individual problematic aspects remains an important scientific task, the solution of which will contribute to improving the efficiency of domestic criminal proceedings and bringing them closer to European standards. The article examines certain peculiarities of criminal procedural evidence in Japan. The author examines the peculiarities of the process of proof at certain stages of the process, and analyzes the legal status of the subjects of proof. The materials of the article are of both theoretical and practical value. They can be used for further scientific research of the peculiarities of domestic criminal procedural evidence, as well as for proper understanding and implementation of its law enforcement criminal procedural activities.

Simultaneous Causality and the Spatial Dynamics of Violent Crimes as a Factor in and Response to Police Patrolling

Simultaneous causality occurs when two variables mutually influence each other, creating empirical contexts where cause and effect are not clearly unidirectional. Crime and policing often appear in urban studies presenting the following characteristic: sometimes, increased police patrols can reduce criminal activities, and other times, higher crime rates can prompt law enforcement administrations to increase patrols in affected areas. This study aims to explore the relationships between patrol dynamics and crime locations using spatial regression to support public policies. We identify spatial patterns and the potential impact of crime on policing and vice versa. Data on crimes and patrol locations were collected from the database provided by the Planning and Management Secretariat and the Social Defense Secretariat of Pernambuco, Brazil. The study employed Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to create a spatial simultaneous regression model for integrated security zones within the Brazilian geography. This approach provides a holistic visualization, enhancing our understanding and predictive capabilities regarding the intricate relationship between police presence and crime. The results report a significant relationship, with crime locations explaining police patrols (varying in geographic domain and type of crime). No statistically significant results from most geographic locations point to the inverse relation. The quantitative analysis segregated by typology presents a potential for effective public decision support by identifying the categories that most influence the patrol security time.

The Role of Bhabinkamtibmas in Strengthening Community Through a Social Entrepreneurship Approach for Economic Development and Reducing Crime Rates in the Jurisdiction of the Central Lombok Police, Indonesia

The Role of Bhabinkamtibmas in Strengthening Community Through a Social Entrepreneurship Approach for Economic Development and Reducing Crime Rates in the Jurisdiction of the Central Lombok Police, Indonesia