Rapid Reviewing Research Articles

Active recess: School break time as a setting for physical activity promotion in European primary schools

Objective: This study investigated active recess as an innovative approach to improving physical activity levels in European primary schools, addressing the need to counteract sedentary behaviour and enhance health in students. Method and Design: Using rapid reviewing, the article summarises empirical evidence from a variety of sources, including cross-sectional and intervention studies. Different approaches are investigated to determine their impact on physical activity during recess. Results: Different playground settings have distinct effects on physical activity, with grassland and designated zones in particular promoting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Gender inequalities in physical activity patterns suggest the need for gender-sensitive interventions. Playground marking and scheduled activities temporarily increase physical activity, whereas recess of more than 60 minutes dramatically enhances physically active participation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the impact of active recess in facilitating children to engage in higher levels of physical activity. The findings have implications for school health policy decisions.

Active Schools in Europe—A Review of Empirical Findings

Physical activity is an important part of children’s and young people’s healthy functioning, but evidence suggests many students are inactive to the extent that they are compromising their well-being. Traditionally, schools have played a minor role in contributing to physical activity, but it has held relatively low prestige. Some commentators have called for Whole-School or Active School approaches. Physical activity, in these models, is integrated into all aspects of school life. This article reports on a review of the most-cited elements of school-based physical activity promotion, assesses evidence of actual and potential contributions, and provides a tentative weight of evidence judgement for each component. A rapid reviewing methodology was followed, and the searches used a range of specialist academic databases (PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus, CINAHL Complete), Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Academia.edu, restricted to 2010–2021. Six settings were found to have the potential to add physical activity time, although none suffices alone: Active Breaks; Active Homework; Active Learning; Active Recess; Active Transport; and School Sports. Active Schools offer a plausible solution to the problem of physical inactivity by adding moments of movement and integrating physical activity in all aspects of school life, underlining the need for school-level change, the consideration of stakeholder groups, and the social and physical environments of school.

Physical education and health enhancing physical activity – a European perspective

This article reviews recent literature on the contribution of curriculum physical education to health-enhancing physical activity within the context of European countries. Recommended goals for student physical activity are discussed within a curriculum framework based on five ‘forms’ (concept, designed, implemented, results and effects). The study used a 'rapid reviewing' method, in which sources were identified and analysed using systematic reviewing techniques, but subsequent stages were adapted to facilitate flexible and practical interpretation. Results show that physical education lessons tend not to reach a putative 50% threshold of moderate-to-vigorous intensity. Given that the average time allocated for physical education in Europe is 100 minutes per week, strategies are needed to increase the intensity and duration of physical activity in lessons if they are to make a more meaningful ‘direct’ contribution to the European and WHO daily target of sixty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity. The authors therefore consider the plausibility of introducing an 'Active Schools' concept, in which physical education lessons designed to equip students with the prerequisite knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values supportive of a physically active lifestyle are augmented by other school-based contexts which provide the opportunity to actually meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity participation.

A rapid review of stocking and marketing practices used to sell sugar-sweetened beverages in U.S. food stores.

SummarySugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a primary source of added sugars in the American diet. Habitual SSB consumption is associated with obesity and noncommunicable disease and is one factor contributing to U.S. health disparities. Public health responses to address marketing‐mix and choice‐architecture (MMCA) strategies used to sell SSB products may be required. Thus, our goal was to identify original research about stocking and marketing practices used to sell SSB in U.S. food stores. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol for rapid reviewing. We searched six databases and Google Scholar using key terms focused on store type and SSB products. We characterized results using an MMCA framework with categories place, profile, portion, pricing, promotion, priming or prompting, and proximity. Our search resulted in the identification of 29 articles. Most results focused on profile (e.g., SSB availability) (n = 13), pricing (e.g., SSB prices or discounts) (n = 13), or promotion (e.g., SSB advertisements) (n = 13) strategies. We found some evidence of targeted MMCA practices toward at‐risk consumers and differences by store format, such as increased SSB prominence among supermarkets. The potential for systematic variations in MMCA strategies used to sell SSB requires more research. We discuss implications for public health, health equity, and environmental sustainability.

Dear readers of the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology and ECI 2018 attendees

The Scandinavian Journal of Immunology has established itself over the last 45 years as one of the leading journals in the immunology field, through the publication of high-quality original research papers and reviews reflecting the developments in our discipline. The total circulation of the journal is now over 15 000. Nearly 7 700 institutions in the developing world also enjoy free or very low rate paid access to Scandinavian Journal of Immunology through various philanthropic initiatives (INTAS, INASP, Research4Life [HINARI-WHO], AGORA). Since 2015, the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology is an online-only journal and 325 308 article downloads were noted in 2017. The journal's top users in 2017 reflect its international appeal and we are pleased that 1 280 researchers subscribe to our e-toc alert service, through which tables of contents are sent direct to their Inbox. All papers for Scandinavian Journal of Immunology are submitted and refereed online, which secures rapid reviewing. The journal operates a stringent peer review process, which is a key aspect of all scientific publishing. All referees are given feedback on the decisions made on the papers they have reviewed. The average handling time for a paper is 20 days from submission to first decision and 48 days from submission to final decision. In 2017, the author's final accepted version was made available online within an average of 5 days from receipt at the production office. Thus, articles from the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology are downloadable and citable faster than ever. There are no page charges or submission fees for authors publishing in the journal. Reviews are freely accessible and because all publication is online, colour reproduction is free. Author-funded open access is available for those whose funding bodies mandate publication in an open access journal. Members of immunological societies can receive the journal at the privileged rate of £30. This year, we have also seen a further increase in Scandinavian Journal of Immunology's impact factor—it has now reached 2.314—giving us confidence that the journal is moving in the right direction. I want to take this opportunity to thank the former Editor-in-Chief, Professor Roland Jonsson, his associated editors and editorial board and our journal administrator Kate Frøland, for all dedicated work. Because of them, the journal is in a very good shape to meet future challenges. Like many other journals, the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology must adapt to a changing publishing landscape. Electronic manuscript handling and printing have made it easier to launch new journals, and existing well-established journals expand their arena by creating chains of connected magazines to keep submissions “in the family”. Competition for high-quality immunology submissions therefore tightens, making it important for the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology to adhere even more to its profile to keep its place among immunology journals. The Scandinavian Journal of Immunology has an established niche as the official journal of the Scandinavian Society for Immunology, and an important future goal is to increase submissions from Scandinavian researchers. However, we also receive many high-quality submissions from several countries outside Scandinavia, not the least from Asia, and maintaining and increasing a steady flow of manuscripts from these countries is another important task. As a new Editor-in-Chief for the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, I am dedicated to follow the successful path laid out by my predecessor to maintain and develop the Journal to remain a leading player in its sector. A strategic plan for the coming 5 years has been decided and myself, my deputy Editors-in-Chief and my group of Associate Editors are convinced that working towards a number of specific goals with clear and measurable follow-up actions will further strengthen our journal. With published contributions from corresponding authors in 46 countries around the world, the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology is truly international in outlook. It is with great pleasure that we present the ECI2018 issue of the journal. It contains two discussion forum articles on the concept of immune tolerance,1, 2 two reviews3, 4 and four regular articles,5-8 which together reflect the scope and the international profile of the Journal. I hope that you will enjoy these papers and that you will continue to follow us and, above all, submit your future papers to the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology.

Physical activity and mental health of school-aged children and adolescents: A rapid review

Mental health problems among children and young people are recognised as major threats to their well-being, and are associated with significant costs to them and to wider society. This study examined the evidence regarding the effectiveness of physical activity as a nonmedicinal treatment for mental health concerns among school-aged children and young people. Using a rapid reviewing methodology, which is a shortened form of systematic reviewing, it identified 16 suitable papers. The evidence gathered suggests that school-based physical activity has an important role to play in protecting young people from mental illness, and has the potential to save lives through helping to reduce feelings of hopelessness, suicide and self-harm. Social interactions and resilience are particularly important, and could be supported through a provision of appropriately devised physical activities, and especially team sports. Physical activity is especially valuable for girls in combatting mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Activity selection deserves serious consideration, as inappropriate provision can worsen, rather than help, psychological problems.

Pattern Similarity Score Based on One Dimensional Time Series Analysis

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript Pattern Similarity Score Based on One Dimensional Time Series Analysis Paawan Sharma, Mukul Kumar Gupta, Amit Kumar Mondal, Vivek Kaundal JPRR Vol 12, No 1 (2017); doi:10.13176/11.744

Application of Approximate Equality for Reduction of Feature Vector Dimension

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript Application of Approximate Equality for Reduction of Feature Vector Dimension Kumar Sankar Ray, Srikanta Kolay JPRR Vol 11, No 1 (2016); doi:10.13176/11.639

Preface to the Sixtieth Volume of Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering

Dear Readers, In 2016 we celebrate the publication of the 60th volume of Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, the science journal of the Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME). The journal was founded by professor Zoltan Csűros, renowned chemist and former rector of BME. Professor Csűros established a family of Periodica Polytechnica journals one for each faculty of the University. From the beginning, the journals served as a forum for disseminating to the outside world new scientific discoveries made at BME. At the same time, under the conditions prevailing in mid-20th century Hungary, the journals were intended as a currency of exchange with universities and institutions abroad. Professor Csűros’s vision has for the last six decades guided Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering in its key role of providing information and resources on a wide variety of topics related to chemical engineering and to environmental and bioengineering sciences. It has been a vehicle for authors in publishing both fundamental research and application oriented papers. Professor Csűros as Editor-in-Chief devoted ten years to this task. All his successors have also been internationally recognized scientists: Janos Hollo, Ernő Pungor, Lajos Fodor, Karoly Polinszky, Gyorgy Lajos Nagy, Sandor Gal, Klara Erős-Kiss, Viktoria Vargha and the present Editor-in-Chief, Krisztina Laszlo. Each has made outstanding organizational and scientific contributions, in close collaboration with the editorial board. Ever since its inception the high scientific level of the journal has been recognized by numerous European universities, and Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering can be consulted in university libraries throughout Europe. The International Editorial Board is composed of distinguished professors of universities and research institutions from many different countries. During the past decade electronic versions of scientific periodicals have become more popular, and our journal has also chosen to take this path. Currently, articles appear on the internet within three weeks of acceptance and the printed versions are published four times a year. The high reputation and increasing impact factor of our periodical are now attracting numerous submissions of manuscripts from abroad, and the rapid reviewing procedure ensures that high level papers continue to be published regularly. To guarantee the widest dissemination of recent scientific findings among chemists, chemical and biochemical engineers, Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering is an open access journal. The financial support provided by the University and the Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology permits us to offer not only free-of-charge publication for authors but also open internet access for readers. The continuing development of Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering and the support of our university encourage our wish that it may thrive for another 60 years as an internationally recognized, free journal of research in the fields of chemical, biochemical and environmental science.

Transgenic studies for modulating terpenoid indole alkaloids pathway in Catharanthus roseus: present status and future options

The anti-neoplastic herb Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle; Family Apocynaceae), known to harbor >130 bioactive terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), is in global attention of transgenic research for pathway engineering. This medicinal herb has a long folklore history of its usage in the treatment of several health disorders owing to the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites, particularly the alkaloids, phenolics and anthocyanins. Among its various bioactive molecules, C. roseus is most valued for being the exclusive bio-resource of two of the most effective anti-cancerous drugs—vincristine and vinblastine that are indispensible components of several modern day chemotherapeutic regimens. The in-planta yields of these bioactive TIAs are extremely low (<0.0002 %) owing to very rigid developmental, genetical and environmental regulation controls as a part of plant’s own auto-protection strategies against these cytotoxic molecules. Consequently the high cost of production coupled with increasing market demand for these alkaloidal drugs have made TIAs pathway as one of the preferred target for plant metabolic engineering efforts to boost their commercial production. The transgenic approaches so far applied in C. roseus can be grouped into three major lines of investigations. The first line of efforts have been dominated by the genetic transformation studies carried out with wild type Ti or Ri plasmids to measure the influence of their random insertion on TIAs biogenesis. These studies, besides helping the optimization of basic transformation protocols at different levels of cellular differentiation, have largely contributed towards the better resolution and expression of TIAs pathway architecture at the level of associated genes and enzymes. Second line of metabolic engineering works is being centered around the efforts on preparation of genomic libraries and genome mapping to hunt for TIAs pathway genes and associated transcription regulators/factors, followed by their cloning, insertion and hyper-expression to modulate the carbon flux towards desired end products. Modern day transgenic attempts in C. roseus are largely focused on superimposing the concurrent influences of biotic and abiotic elicitation, T-DNA activation and RNAi or virus induced gene silencing approaches for higher TIAs biogenesis. The pace of transgenic research in C. roseus in last two decade has been rapid and demands periodic compilation and reviewing of published literature to provide a handy status up-date of the subject. The present compilation is an effort in this direction and intends to provide a state-of-art account of various transgenic approaches currently being pursued in this high value herb. More than 130 research papers have appeared on various aspects of transgenic cells, tissues and plant production in C. roseus in 30 years. The bulk of these efforts (64.96 %) were made at the level of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root cultures, followed by 26.80 % in A. tumefaciens-mediated transformed tissues and 8.24 % in cells/tissue cultures subjected to particle bombardment approach. In the present compilation, these studies are further grouped into specific categories wherein over-expression of TIAs pathway specific genes, transcriptional factor regulation, elicitation/stress superimposition, transgenic plant regeneration, metabolites profiling and gene silencing etc. were investigated in different transformed tissue.

Under Recognized Aspects of the Predatory Journals

We read with interest the article entitled “A Growing Threat for Academicians: Fake and Predatory Journals” by Pamukcu Gunaydin and Dogan published in your journal (Eurasian J Emerg Med 14(2): 94-6) (1). We would like to thank the authors for making a huge contribution to such an important subject of debate. Universities’ regulations for appointment or promotion to a lecturer, and the regulations for associate professor examinations issued by the Higher Education Council have pushed particularly young academicians towards publishing papers hastily. As the authors pointed, one of the greatest dangers in this process is the “predatory” journals. It is noted that predatory journals do not even comply with Basic English grammatical rules in their websites or e-mails, which should be an ominous sign for authors. Such journals also deceive readers and authors by using ostentatious titles for their names such as “American Journal of...” or “International Journal of...”. Sometimes, these journals mimic the names of prestigious journals that have been not published for a considerable time or changed their names. These predatory journals typically mimic these journals publishing in languages that are not as widely used as English, such as Spanish, Portuguese, and German (Kasmera Journal, Sylwan Journal, etc). Some predatory journals also request high fees for accessing their archives. Requesting a fee for accessing its own archives is a suspicious circumstance in itself for a journal that claims open access publishing. In the case of two separate journals using the same title, being able to access previous issues of the original journal should guide for authors to prefer the right journal. Another important property of a predatory journal is that it accepts a paper without making any suggestions for changes to it since it is usually not a peer-reviewed journal (2). This may occasionally give rise to quite funny circumstances; for instance inclusion of Turkish phrases in an issue of a journal publishing in English. While predatory journals involve such threats for young academicians, they are associated with an alternative hazard for senior academicians: editorship or membership of editorial boards. Hence, senior academicians should be cautious when accepting the requests of editorship or membership for editorial boards from such journals. Trying to take advantage of the transformation of printed journals into electronic ones, such journals may have internet sites that can suddenly vanish (3). In conclusion, academicians must be vigilant and cautious for predatory journals promising rapid reviewing and publishing for any paper. Instead of publishing in journals most of which are of Far East origin, the academicians should ideally prefer domestic journals indexed by international indexes. After inspecting the index page of a journal, the index claimed to index that journal should be accessed and this information should be verified. As of 22.06.2015, there are 363 journals indexed by the Turkish Citation Index (4). We suggest that rather than publishing in suspicious foreign journals, young academicians would better prefer these domestic journals which are also indexed in reputable international indexes.

Multi Cameras Based Indoors Human Action Recognition Using Fuzzy Rules

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript Multi Cameras Based Indoors Human Action Recognition Using Fuzzy Rules Stephen Karungaru, Masayuki Daikoku, Kenji Terada JPRR Vol 10, No 1 (2015); doi:10.13176/11.651

Machine Learning Based Acoustic/IR Monitoring

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript Machine Learning Based Acoustic/IR Monitoring Golrokh Mirzaei, Mohammad W. Majid, Mohsin M. Jamali, Peter V. Gorsevski, Jeremy D. Ross, Joseph Frizado, Verner P. Bingman JPRR Vol 9, No 1 (2014); doi:10.13176/11.594

A Body Part Indentification System for Human Activity Recognition in Videos

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript A Body Part Segmentation System for Human Activity Recognition in Videos Matti Tapani Matilainen, Mark Barnard, Jari Hannuksela JPRR Vol 9, No 1 (2014); doi:10.13176/11.611

Minimum Manifold-Based Within-Class Scatter Support Vector Machine

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript Minimum Manifold-Based Within-Class Scatter Support Vector Machine Zhongbao Liu, Songnian Pei, Yongzhi Hao JPRR Vol 9, No 1 (2014); doi:10.13176/11.565

A digital upgrade as 113 years of print publication comes to an end

This December 2013 issue of Developmental Dynamics is the last paper edition of the journal, ending a 113-year legacy of print publication. Together with our predecessor The American Journal of Anatomy, a print edition has appeared regularly since 1901, more than 900 issues in all. Just a few years ago, conversations about eliminating our print run were fraught with uncertainty. Today there is little said except “it's about time”. Considering the millions of magazines, journals and books that have moved online during the past 15 years, and the millions more that were born on the internet, our migration is part of an astonishingly swift transformation in how we create, deliver and archive information. Regardless of the medium, the principles of successful scientific publishing and the motivations that guide authors in choosing a journal remain: quality service, fair, rigorous and rapid reviewing, an excellent visual product, timely publication and reliable access to content. A firm commitment to these principles has helped distinguish Developmental Dynamics from our peer journals. Coinciding with our move to online only, we are rolling out several enhancements that will improve your experience as an author and reader. Beginning next month, a new online format called "Anywhere Article" will make content more readable and portable, and will bring rich information to the surface of a more streamlined and productive experience for readers. An updated traditional pdf format will also be more amenable to online viewing. In addition to article enhancements, the journal is also undergoing some digital improvements. Authors can now submit graphical abstracts, and a Developmental Dynamics app for mobile devices is coming soon. Video abstracts are also on the horizon. As we add these features, we remain focused on our mission of being your journal of choice for publishing high quality research in the areas of developmental biology and regeneration, and developmental mechanisms underlying human disease. With an astonishing number of new online scientific journals appearing each year in what has been termed an “emerging Wild West of publishing” (Science. 2013 Oct 4;342(6154):58–59), we are even more cognizant of this mission. Historically strong journals such as Developmental Dynamics are vital to ensure that the quality and integrity of scientific publishing persists. With hard work and good fortune, we'll be at it for at least the next 113 years. Parker B. Antin Editor-in-chief

Reviewing the Evidence to Inform the Population of Cost-Effectiveness Models within Health Technology Assessments

Health technology assessments (HTAs) typically require the development of a cost-effectiveness model, which necessitates the identification, selection, and use of other types of information beyond clinical effectiveness evidence to populate the model parameters. The reviewing activity associated with model development should be transparent and reproducible but can result in a tension between being both timely and systematic. Little procedural guidance exists in this area. The purpose of this article was to provide guidance, informed by focus groups, on what might constitute a systematic and transparent approach to reviewing information to populate model parameters. A focus group series was held with HTA experts in the United Kingdom including systematic reviewers, information specialists, and health economic modelers to explore these issues. Framework analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data elicited during focus groups. Suggestions included the use of rapid reviewing methods and the need to consider the trade-off between relevance and quality. The need for transparency in the reporting of review methods was emphasized. It was suggested that additional attention should be given to the reporting of parameters deemed to be more important to the model or where the preferred decision regarding the choice of evidence is equivocal. These recommendations form part of a Technical Support Document produced for the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Decision Support Unit in the United Kingdom. It is intended that these recommendations will help to ensure a more systematic, transparent, and reproducible process for the review of model parameters within HTA.

An Image Visual Quality Assessment Method Based on SIFT Features

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript An Image Visual Quality Assessment Method Based on SIFT Features Guangyi Chen, Stephane Coulombe JPRR Vol 8, No 1 (2013); doi:10.13176/11.511

Investigation of Shoeprints Using Radon Transform With Reduced Computational Complexity

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript Investigation of Shoeprints Using Radon Transform With Reduced Computational Complexity Pradeep M Patil, Maneesh P Deshmukh, Jayant V Kulkarni JPRR Vol 7, No 1 (2012); doi:10.13176/11.129

Facial Feature Points Tracking Based on AAM With Optical Flow Constrained Initialization

Close The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an international forum for the electronic publication of high-quality research and industrial experience articles in all areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. JPRR is committed to rigorous yet rapid reviewing. Final versions are published electronically (ISSN 1558-884X) immediately upon acceptance. Submit Manuscript Facial Feature Points Tracking Based on AAM With Optical Flow Constrained Initialization Ying Cui, Zhong Jin JPRR Vol 7, No 1 (2012); doi:10.13176/11.373