Rapid Resource Depletion Research Articles

Using Grounded Theory Analysis in Construction Management and Civil Engineering Education: Integrating Perspectives to Shape a Comprehensive View of Sustainability

ABSTRACT Sustainability education becomes a crucial approach to help next generation construction managers and civil engineers to address the need to reconcile between the rapid resource depletion and economic development in the built environment. As educators strive to prepare future professionals for the evolving demands of sustainability in the construction industry, a better understanding of the current landscape of sustainability education in higher education becomes necessary. This entails recognizing the diverse perceptions and interpretations held by construction management and civil engineering (CM/CE) faculty regarding the essential elements of sustainability, as they influence students’ understanding and are also carried forward into students’ future professional careers. The authors used a qualitative research approach to characterize the concept of sustainability in its rudimentary form. We collected individual faculty members’ definitions of sustainability by conducting semi-structured interviews. Subsequently, grounded theory analysis (GTA) was used to analyze interview transcripts, aiming to unveil patterns and trends that then form a theory-like conclusion. Through this inductive qualitative approach, the authors developed the CM/CE Sustainability Definition Framework (SDF), comprising durability, resource efficiency, meeting societal needs, and minimizing environmental impacts. This paper demonstrates how GTA can be used as an effective qualitative research methodology for CM/CE education research.

Nanochitin for sustainable and advanced manufacturing.

Presently, the rapid depletion of resources and drastic climate change highlight the importance of sustainable development. In this case, nanochitin derived from chitin, the second most abundant renewable polymer in the world, possesses numerous advantages, including toughness, easy processability and biodegradability. Furthermore, it exhibits better dispersibility in various solvents and higher reactivity than chitin owing to its increased surface area to volume ratio. Additionally, it is the only natural polysaccharide that contains nitrogen. Therefore, it is valuable to further develop this innovative technology. This review summarizes the recent developments in nanochitin and specifically identifies sustainable strategies for its preparation. Additionally, the different biomass sources that can be exploited for the extraction of nanochitin are highlighted. More importantly, the life cycle assessment of nanochitin preparation is discussed, followed by its applications in advanced manufacturing and perspectives on the valorization of chitin waste.

Enhancement of Cloud Computing Environment Using Machine Learning Algorithms MLCE

Cloud computing is an evolving and high-demand research field at the forefront of technological advancements. It aims to provide software resources and operates based on service-oriented delivery. Within the infrastructure as a service (IaaS) framework, the cloud offers end customers access to crucial infrastructure resources, including CPU, bandwidth, and memory. When a cloud system fails to deliver as expected, it is referred to as an event, signifying a deviation from the anticipated service. To meet their service-level agreement (SLA) obligations, cloud service providers (CSPs) must ensure continuous access to fault-tolerant, on-demand resources for their clients, particularly during outages. Consequently, finding the most efficient ways to accomplish tasks while considering the rapid depletion of resources has become an urgent concern. Researchers are actively working to develop optimal strategies tailored to the cloud environment. Machine learning plays a critical role in these endeavors, serving as a key component in various cloud computing platforms. This study presents a comprehensive literature review of current research papers that employ machine learning algorithms to propose strategies for optimizing cloud computing environments. Additionally, the survey provides authors with invaluable resources by extensively exploring a diverse range of machine learning techniques and their applications in the field of cloud computing. By examining these areas, researchers aim to enhance their understanding of efficient resource allocation and scheduling, addressing the challenges posed by resource scarcity while meeting SLA obligations. Index Terms— Cloud computing, Resource allocation Prediction, Energy-efficient resource management, Task Scheduling, Machine Learning.

A Workshop on “Reuse” in Architectural Design

As a result of the rapid depletion of resources and the damage caused by excessive consumption to the environment, resource management, and material reuse in the construction sector are a necessity for sustainability. This study aims to emphasize the importance of reuse. For this purpose, a workshop was conducted to transform the volumes provided by the out-of-use or ready-made materials into re-use spaces with a different function. The first stage of the study, which is carried out in three stages, is the preparatory stage, where the students do preliminary research on the subject; the second stage is the stage where the students do design studies, and the third stage is the stage where the evaluations regarding the design decisions and learning outcomes are made. At the end of the study, fourteen products were designed by the students, and eight of them were handled within the scope of the study. The direction of the advantages and disadvantages created by the properties of the materials in the design has been evaluated in terms of functionality, technique, and aesthetics. Then, the awareness and development of the student about reuse were evaluated. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that the materials that are out of use and/or produced for different purposes can actually have creative or guiding effects on the design, and while doing this, they can exhibit a beneficial and sustainable approach to the environment.

An Integrated Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Set Model for Evaluating Circular Low Carbon Suppliers in a Developing Country

Increasing carbon emissions and environmental degradation have led to rapid depletion of resources. This requires circular low carbon (CLC) supply chains which extend the lifecycle of resources as much as possible. The aim of this study is to propose an integrated model for CLC supplier selection. First, economic, environmental and social responsibilities related to carbon management are identified. Then, DANP (Dematel-Analytic Network Process) and COPRAS (Complex Proportional Assessment) model with interval type-2 (IT-2) fuzzy sets are applied to evaluate the suppliers of a case energy company in Turkey. In this study, the ranking of dimensions from the most important to the least yielded the following order: environmental, social, and economic. In turn, carbon policy, carbon emission risks and low carbon supplier collaboration are found to be the most important environmental criteria. The current study has been used for the first time for a CLC supplier selection problem. Further, the study innovatively employs IT-2 fuzzy sets to better address differences and uncertainties that may come into play with a group of experts’ linguistic judgments. The validity of the proposed method is determined through sensitivity and comparative analysis.

Rapid resource depletion on coral reefs disrupts competitor recognition processes among butterflyfish species.

Avoiding costly fights can help conserve energy needed to survive rapid environmental change. Competitor recognition processes help resolve contests without escalating to attack, yet we have limited understanding of how they are affected by resource depletion and potential effects on species coexistence. Using a mass coral mortality event as a natural experiment and 3770 field observations of butterflyfish encounters, we test how rapid resource depletion could disrupt recognition processes in butterflyfishes. Following resource loss, heterospecifics approached each other more closely before initiating aggression, fewer contests were resolved by signalling, and the energy invested in attacks was greater. By contrast, behaviour towards conspecifics did not change. As predicted by theory, conspecifics approached one another more closely and were more consistent in attack intensity yet, contrary to expectations, resolution of contests via signalling was more common among heterospecifics. Phylogenetic relatedness or body size did not predict these outcomes. Our results suggest that competitor recognition processes for heterospecifics became less accurate after mass coral mortality, which we hypothesize is due to altered resource overlaps following dietary shifts. Our work implies that competitor recognition is common among heterospecifics, and disruption of this system could lead to suboptimal decision-making, exacerbating sublethal impacts of food scarcity.

Circular economy based approach for green energy transitions and climate change benefits

Concerning rapid resource depletion and the negative effects of climate change, the adaptation of Circular Economy (CE) strategies in the environmental sector is gaining global recognition and application. This study forecasts the energy demand and emissions scenarios for a circular economy-dependent green energy transition, based on learnings from the forced situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study focuses on the industrial, domestic, and transportation sectors of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of India i.e., Delhi. Implementation of circular economy strategies helps in limiting the impacts of rising energy demand by shifting towards green fuels and biofuels. The data related to energy demand, consumption, percentage share and growth, etc., was gathered and incorporated in Low Emission Analysis Platform model to generate three scenarios i.e., business as usual, circular economy (CE), and pandemic scenario to compare the outputs of energy demand and emissions in terms of CO2 and particulate matter. The results for the CE scenario, for the year 2020 to 2040 shows that there will be a reduction of 158.2 kt PM2.5 emissions (24.3%) and 540 Mt CO2 emissions (49%) as well as a reduction of 203 Mtoe total energy usage (49.3%) as compared to the business-as-usual scenario. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on societal and commercial activities in the concerned city. Activities came to a standstill during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the same had significantly improved the environment. This unusual forced situation of COVID-19 lockdown produced a unique scenario which shows that the total extra reduction in energy demand of 46%, CO2 and PM2.5 emissions of 45–60% could be achieved by 2040, as compared to CE scenario.

Equilibrium Decisions on Pricing and the Greenness Degree in Supply Chains under Single- and Cross-Distribution Channels of Green and Nongreen Products and Government Subsidies

Rapid economic growth and industrialization have brought us material abundance and greater convenience, while also causing socio-environmental problems such as the rapid depletion of resources, unexpected natural disasters, and environmental destruction. For these reasons, environmental issues have attracted public and governmental attention around the world over the past few decades. As a result, environmental sustainability has become a critical indicator for evaluating the success and efficiency of supply chain management schemes. For a sustainable supply chain, many governments are employing subsidy policies to encourage consumers to purchase environment-friendly (green) products. This article considers a supply chain composed of two competing manufacturers and two retailers. The first manufacturer produces a green product, while the second manufacturer produces a nongreen product. Each of the two retailers can sell only a green product, only a nongreen product, or both green and nongreen products. In the market, consumers purchasing the first manufacturer’s green products can receive certain subsidies from the government. The amounts of the government subsidies that a consumer receives depend on the greenness degree of the product. Using a three-stage Stackelberg game framework, this article discusses equilibrium decisions on pricing and greenness for four different distribution channel structures. Major findings of this study reveal that (i) the government subsidy has a positive impact on the greenness degree and the demand for green products; (ii) the government subsidy level depends on the manufacturers’ distribution channel strategy types; and (iii) the greater the environmentally negative impact of a green product, the lower the level of the government subsidy paid for purchasing green products. Based on these findings, this article suggests that policymakers focus on establishing the policies that encourage the purchase of green products for the sustainability of a society and a supply chain.

Effects of core‐shell structured rubber on biobased polyamide 56 with stiffness and toughness balance

AbstractThere is great social awareness concerning the use of biobased materials of diminishing the rapid resource depletion and suppressing global warming. The inherent drawbacks of biobased polyamide 56 (PA56) such as poor notched impact strength limit its applications. Core‐shell structured impact modifiers consisting of a soft glycidyl methacrylate grafted poly(ethylene–octene) (POE‐g‐GMA) shell and a rigid polypropylene core were synthesized through the differences in interfacial tensions. Core‐shell rubber (CSR) particles were used to toughen biobased PA56 by melt blending. PA56/CSR composites exhibited a 560% increase in the impact strength, while the tensile performance loss was slight. This desirable toughness of biobased PA56 is attributed to the cavitation that occurred in POE‐g‐GMA shell which can induce shear bands and shear yielding, forming the fibrils. Characterizations, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), melt rheological tests, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were conducted to study the toughening mechanism. The results indicated the massive shearing yielding, the cavitation of the CSR and interfacial debonding between the POE‐g‐GMA and the PP were the principal toughening mechanisms.

Experimental Study on The Partial Replacement of Cement with Red Mud in Concrete

These days the construction industry is fully developed due to a massive increase within a short period of time in the use of cement and concrete for multiple construction activities. The same rate is expected to continue in the next decade and this may cause global environmental impacts. The raw materials needed to manufacture cement and produce concrete provide less and require more energy for production. This increasing demand is causing a rapid depletion of resources. To overcome this situation, it is very important to use industrial waste and by-products for the manufacture of cement and concrete construction. Red mud is the extensive amount of industrial waste generated during the production of alumina. It has been found that for every 1 ton of alumina 1.2 to 1.3 tons of red mud waste is generated. As red mud has complex properties, the disposal process becomes quite challenging Disposal of this waste was the first prime problem encountered by the alumina industry after the adoption of the Bayer process. The conventional method of disposal of the red mud in ponds has often adverse environmental impacts as during monsoons the waste may be carried by run off to the surface water courses and as a result of percolating may cause contamination of ground water. Further disposal of large quantities of red mud dumped, poses increasing problems off storage occupying a lot space over the years many attempts have been made to find a use for red mud but nobody have proven to be economically satisfactory. Red mud or red sludge is a waste product generated in the industrial production of Aluminum via Bayer’s process of refining bauxite enrooted to alumina. With about 150 million tons (Globally) & 9 million tons in India of this hazardous material produced annually, red mud is one of the most important disposal problems in the mining industry. In this study, Mix was designed for M25 grade of conversational concrete. 6 mix were made in which Red mud were substituted by weight of cement in varying proportion 0%, 5%, 10% ,15%,20% and 25%. We evaluated the strength of concrete by performing tests which are compressive strength, flexural strength at the age of 7days and 28day. Study results revealed that 15% cement can be the optimally replaced by red mud beyond which compressive strength, Flexural strength deceasing. We find out that Compressive strength increase by 3.80 %, Flexural strength increase by 9.42% and replacing cement with red mud at 15%. However, the optimum level was observed as 15% without deceasing in strength. Study results revealed that 15% cement can be the optimally replaced by red mud beyond which compressive strength, Flexural strength deceasing. We find out that Compressive strength increase by 3.80 %, Flexural strength increase by 9.42% and replacing cement with red mud at 15%. However, the optimum level was observed as 15% without deceasing in strength.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ В УСТОЙЧИВОМ РАЗВИТИИ

The article explores the relationship between the implementation of the circular economy and the principles of sustainable development. A paradigm shift is justified - the transformation of the existing linear model of the circular economy, the transformation of business processes, the increase in renewable and recycled sources through circular resource consumption strategies. The influence of digital transformation processes on the structure of a modern company, consumer behavior and product life cycle with the rapid depletion of resources and environmental degradation is determined. The impact of digital technologies on innovative changes in design, processing, re-production and efficient use of resources and materials is substantiated. The need for investment in innovation, support for the adaptation of the industrial sector, coordination of financial support for projects, stimulation of the exchange of best practices and technologies for a successful transition to a circular economy, full closure of the cycle and gaining a competitive advantage were emphasized.

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF “REFERRAL-IN” ADMISSIONS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS DEPARTMENT IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF NORTH INDIA.

Introduction: Regionalization envisages a two-way ow of patients & services designated as “Referralin” and “Referral-out” cases.”Referral-in” generally means patients from Sub Center, Primary Health Center, Community Health Center & District Hospitals Referred to Tertiary Care Hospital for Specialized care.”Referred-out” Generally means patients from Tertiary Care Hospitals to Higher Centers like Apex Institutions including AIIMS (New Delhi),SKIMS(Srinagar).PGIMER(Chandigarh, SGPGI(Lucknow), etc. for Super specialized treatment. Objective: To determine the effect of Referral- in admissions on the functioning of Gynecology & Obstetrics Department in a Teaching Hospital. Methodology: An Observational study was conducted over a period of 12 months from February 2019 to January 2020 in a 750 –bedded Tertiary Care Hospital of Jammu(UT) popularly Known as Shri Maharaja Gulab Singh(SMGS) Hospital, Jammu. Observations & Results: A detailed description of academic as well as functional status of Gynae & Obs. Department including Faculty-position, OPD patients, Inpatients admitted, Deliveries conducted(LSCS & MLE), Surgical Operations(Major as well as Minor) along with Bed-Occupancy Rate(BOR) & Referred-in Admissions during the study duration was recon ciliated & put forth in Tabulated Form after collecting from the Medical Records Department of the Hospital & displayed Statistically in Bar-Charts & pie-Chart. Discussion: Excessive Referral-in admissions to Teaching Hospital from PHC,SDH,DH & AH Level results in Overcrowding/Congestion in Hospital Wards culminating in Exhaustion of Resources like Drugs, Medicines, Reagents & other logistics. Supportive Services like Sanitation, Ambulance Transportation & Dietary facilities get worsened thereby exaggerating the Sepsis as well as nasocomial infection rate. There are increased chances of Corruption, & Violence/Verbal Scufes between Hospital Staff & Attendants of patients. Conclusion & Recommendation: Instead of irrationally referring the patients to Teaching Hospitals from Lower level Health Care Facilities(HCF), they should be rst sent to Associated Medical College Hospitals established at different Districts before being referred to Provincial Tertiary care Hospital thereby reducing the extra-load over Teaching Hospitals resulting in rapid depletion of resources as well as Medico- Social and Law & Order problems.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ADULTERATION AND SUBSTITUTION OF CRUDE DRUGS

Herbs are an effective source of Ayurvedic medicine and other traditional medicines as well as modern medicine. Faced with the challenges of modern medicine, the world is shifting toward Ayurvedic theories of health management. In the treatment of the disease, the use of drugs is not limited. This increases the demand for raw materials exponentially. However, production growth is still linear. Rapid depletion of resources creates major problems. To fill the deficit, advances in adulteration and substitution are becoming more prevalent. This adulteration and substitution are a burning problem in an industry that threatens the integrity of Ayurvedic system of medicine. Imprecise knowledge, misidentification, deforestation, and personal gain have led to adulteration. Therefore, an understanding of all ways of adulteration and substitutions is needed to amend this illegal act and maximize consumer safety. This article focuses on adulteration, its types and various methods of adulteration, as well as the concept of substitution, reasoning, and its types. Attempts have also been made to differentiate these two related terms.

Understanding metrics of stress in the context of invasion history: the case of the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis).

Invasive species can exert rapid depletion of resources after introduction and, in turn, affect their own population density. Additionally, management actions can have direct and indirect effects on demography. Physiological variables can predict demographic change but are often restricted to snapshots-in-time and delayed confirmation of changes in population density reduces their utility. To evaluate the relationships between physiology and demography, we assessed metrics of individual and demographic stress (baseline and 1-h corticosterone (CORT), body condition and bacterial killing ability) in the invasive snake Boiga irregularis on Guam collected in intervals of 10-15years. We also assessed potential discrepancies between different methods of measuring hormones [radioimmunoassay (RIA) versus enzyme immunoassay (EIA)]. The magnitude of difference between RIA and EIA was negligible and did not change gross interpretation of our results. We found that body condition was higher in recent samples (2003 and 2018) versus older (1992-93) samples. We found corresponding differences in baseline CORT, with higher baseline CORT in older, poorer body condition samples. Hormonal response to acute stress was higher in 2018 relative to 2003. We also found a weak relationship between circulating CORT and bacterial killing ability among 2018 samples, but the biological significance of the relationship is not clear. In an effort to develop hypotheses for future investigation of the links between physiology and demography in this and other systems, we discuss how the changes in CORT and body condition may reflect changes in population dynamics, resource availability or management pressure. Ultimately, we advocate for the synchronization of physiology and management studies to advance the field of applied conservation physiology.

Circular economy practices within energy and waste management sectors of India: A meta-analysis

Adoption of circular practices within environmental management is gaining worldwide recognition owing to rapid resource depletion and detrimental effects of climate change. The present study therefore attempted to ascertain the linkages between circular economy (CE) and sustainable development (SD) by examining the role of renewable energy (RE) and waste management (WM) sectors in CE combined with policy setup and enabling frameworks boosting the influx of circularity principles in the Indian context. Results revealed that research dedicated towards energy recovery from waste in India lacks integration with SD. Findings also revealed that although India is extremely dedicated towards attainment of the SDGs, penetration of CE principles within administration requires considerable efforts especially since WM regulations for municipal, plastic and e-waste lack alignment with CE principles. Integration of WM and RE policies under an umbrella CE policy would provide further impetus to the attainment of circularity and SD within the Indian economy.

IMPORTANCE OF BIOECONOMY TO STIMULATE THE BULGARIAN ECONOMY

Tackling the problems of world population growth, the rapid depletion of resources, climate change and the growing threat to the environment call for Europe to radically change its approach to the production, consumption, processing, storage, recycling and landfilling biological resources. Strengthening the bio-economy as a key EU policy will lead to a sustainable solution to these problems and will improve the economic and environmental situation in Europe for providing its inhabitants. On an international scale, documents relevant to the future of humankind are adopted to stimulate the development of the bio-economy as a basis for the ecological and environmentally sound development of the world economy. Legislative measures are also underway in Bulgaria to stimulate the introduction of sustainable production and consumption patterns that are tailored to the capacity and potential for ecosystem recovery and do not cause environmental degradation. The purpose of this report is to assess the importance of the measures taken and the results achieved in introducing innovative methods and ideas based on renewable and not exhaustible natural resources so that each region can benefit from its natural capital.)

POLICIES FOR INCREASING THE SHARE OF BIOMASS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION

Today, more than ever, the fight against climate change requires a collective effort. Addressing the problems arising from the rapid depletion of resources and the changing environment requires Europe to radically change its approach from rapid resource depletion, climate change, and changing environment requires Europe radically change their approach to production, consumption, processing, storage, recycling and disposal of biological resources. The promotion of bioeconomy as a key EU policy will lead to a sustainable solution to these problems and improve the economic and environmental situation in Europe. One of the directions in which the bio-economy has to go at a fast pace is energetics. Using the potential of biomass as a resource for the development of bioenergy will have a positive impact on carbon emissions and climate as a whole. The European Union is pursuing a coherent policy in the field of renewable energy and in particular biomass, stimulating international dialogue to reduce environmental pressures, climate change and reduce the environmental impact of human activity. EU legislation on the promotion of renewable energies (RES) has evolved significantly in recent years, with the agreement reached last year for a 32% share of renewable energy in the overall energy mix at European Union level by 2030. The purpose of this report is to analyze potential opportunities for the implementation of European directives to increase the use of bioenergy resources in the field of energy production. An analysis was made of the state of the Bulgarian energy sector and the current regulatory framework for stimulating the use of renewable energy, in particular biomass for energy production. Conclusions have been formulated for the necessary measures for the future development of the sector.

Intermittent dynamics in complex systems driven to depletion

When complex systems are driven to depletion by some external factor, their non-stationary dynamics can present an intermittent behaviour between relative tranquility and burst of activity whose consequences are often catastrophic. To understand and ultimately be able to predict such dynamics, we propose an underlying mechanism based on sharp thresholds of a local generalized energy density that naturally leads to negative feedback. We find a transition from a continuous regime to an intermittent one, in which avalanches can be predicted despite the stochastic nature of the process. This model may have applications in many natural and social complex systems where a rapid depletion of resources or generalized energy drives the dynamics. In particular, we show how this model accurately describes the time evolution and avalanches present in a real social system.

Genetic basis of priority effects: insights from nectar yeast

Priority effects, in which the order of species arrival dictates community assembly, can have a major influence on species diversity, but the genetic basis of priority effects remains unknown. Here, we suggest that nitrogen scavenging genes previously considered responsible for starvation avoidance may drive priority effects by causing rapid resource depletion. Using single-molecule sequencing, we de novo assembled the genome of the nectar-colonizing yeast, Metschnikowia reukaufii, across eight scaffolds and complete mitochondrion, with gap-free coverage over gene spaces. We found a high rate of tandem gene duplication in this genome, enriched for nitrogen metabolism and transport. Both high-capacity amino acid importers, GAP1 and PUT4, present as tandem gene arrays, were highly expressed in synthetic nectar and regulated by the availability and quality of amino acids. In experiments with competitive nectar yeast, Candida rancensis, amino acid addition alleviated suppression of C. rancensis by early arrival of M. reukaufii, corroborating that amino acid scavenging may contribute to priority effects. Because niche pre-emption via rapid resource depletion may underlie priority effects in a broad range of microbial, plant and animal communities, nutrient scavenging genes like the ones we considered here may be broadly relevant to understanding priority effects.

Assessment of the Uses of Various Types of Contraceptive Devices among the Eligible Couples

India is considered to be the second populous country in the world. The population is rapidly growing and within a short span of time India will become the world‘s largest populous country. So, with rapid increase in population there is rapid depletion of resources and scarcity of food, shelter, educational facilities, So Government of India implemented “Family Planning” in1952. This study was undertaken to assess the uses of various types of contraceptive devices among the eligible couples. A survey approach was used among the 60 eligible couples of Dhirenpara, Assam. the The findings shows that the percentage of using oral contraceptive devices (Mala D) was found to be highest i.e, 21.68%, 18.33%, had done vasectomy, 15% eligible couple maintain withdrawal method is, 8.33% eligible couples maintaining safe period, using male condom is 15%, female condom 0%, CuT 380 is 10%, CuT 375 is 0%, Mala N is 0%, Choice pill is is 3.33% and tubectomy is 8.33%. There is a significant association exists between the uses of contraceptives devices with socio-demographic variables i.e sex, occupation, source of information where as There is no significant association made between the uses of contraceptives devices with demographic variables i.e age of informant, educational qualification, number of children, duration of marriage and monthly income.