Raised Blood Glucose Concentrations Research Articles

Effect of Alchornea cordifolia on Glycemic Indices of Varieties of Fufu Among Healthy Subjects

BackgroundGlycemic index (GI) is a measure of the ability of carbohydrate food to raise blood glucose concentration. The GI of a food and its negative effects has caused an adverse increase in the prevalence of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the effect of Alchornea cordifolia on glycemic indices of varieties of fufu. MethodsThe research was a crossover experimental study involving 10 healthy individuals. A 50-g measure of pure glucose was served on 2 separate occasions and, subsequently, a measured amount of the test foods containing 50 g of available carbohydrates. The GI values were determined by the measure of the blood glucose concentrations of the subjects at fasting and after ingestion of the glucose and the test foods (fufu) within 2 h. Collection of capillary blood for blood glucose measurement started 30 min after consumption and was subsequently taken at 60, 90, and 120 min for both noncomposited and composited fufu GI determination. The phytoconstituents of the A. cordifolia were also determined. ResultsFor the noncomposited fufu, plantain fufu had the least glycemic response (46%), followed by cassava fufu (50%) and cassava–plantain fufu (53%); however, all were in the low-GI category. For the composited fufu, plantain fufu had the least response (12%), followed by cassava–plantain fufu (14%) and cassava fufu (14%), with all in the low-GI category. A multiple comparison of GI on the various foods by analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between the GI of cassava–plantain fufu and composite cassava–plantain fufu (P = 0.001); cassava fufu and composite cassava fufu (P = 0.004); and plantain fufu and composite plantain fufu (P = 0.006). The phytochemical screening of the A. cordifolia revealed the presence of flavonoids and tannins. ConclusionsComposited A. cordifolia fufu affects the glycemic response.

The effects of two different doses of intravenous dexamethasone on blood glucose concentration intra-operatively and on postoperative pain and emesis in patients undergoing surgery under spinal anesthesia: A double-blind randomized clinical study

Background: Spinal anesthetic techniques are relatively safe and associated with quick and uneventful recovery, but post-operative pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are major concerns after the effect weans off. Steroids by virtue of their anti-inflammatory effect are expected to reduce pain as well as PONV. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two different doses of intravenous dexamethasone on blood glucose concentration intra-operatively and on post-operative analgesia and emesis for different surgeries under spinal anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical study was performed on 120 patients aged 20–60 year posted for surgery under spinal anesthesia who were randomly allocated into three groups to receive either normal saline (Group A: 40 pts), intravenous 4 mg dexamethasone (Group B: 40 pts), or iv 8 mg dexamethasone (Group C: 40 pts) immediately after spinal anesthesia. Hemodynamic parameters, respiratory rate, intraoperative blood glucose concentration., severity of post-operative pain, and incidence of PONV was compared among the groups. Results: Patients in Group C had significantly less severe post-operative pain and incidence of PONV (P<0.05). Furthermore, less post-operative rescue analgesia was required in Group C (P<0.05). There was a highly significant rise in intraoperative blood glucose level in Group C as compared to other groups, but it was well below the recommended guidelines (<180 mg/dL). Conclusion: Our study concluded that i.v. dexamethasone 8 mg was more effective, although it caused raised blood glucose concentration intraoperatively, but it also provided prolonged post-operative analgesia, increased time of first rescue analgesic, less incident of post-operative nausea and vomiting, and better patient satisfaction.

The Acute Effect of Hyperglycemia on the Exercise Pressor Reflex

Previous work has shown that the exercise pressor reflex is exaggerated in type 2 diabetic rats that present with hyperglycemia. Although it is likely that chronic hyperglycemia plays a role, no studies have isolated the acute effects of high blood glucose levels on this reflex. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine the acute effects of hyperglycemia on the exercise pressor reflex. We first determined the glucose concentration needed to increase local blood glucose level in the hindlimb vasculature to a similar level seen in our type 2 diabetic rats that had an exaggerated exercise pressor reflex. To do this, healthy Sprague‐Dawley rats were infused over 20 min with one of two different concentrations of glucose (125 mg/ml, male n=3 or 250 mg/ml, male n=3) into the arterial supply of the left hindlimb with blood flow to and from the hindlimb restricted. At the same time somatostatin (3.9 ug/100 ul) was infused systemically in order to prevent an endogenous insulin response. Blood glucose was measured every two minutes from both hindlimbs to determine how long it would take to bring blood glucose concentration up to the desired level. We then determined the acute effect of glucose on the pressor and cardioaccelerator responses during static contraction of the hindlimb. The exercise pressor reflex was evoked in healthy, unanesthetized, decerebrated Sprague‐Dawley rats by statically contracting the hindlimb muscle for 30 seconds before and after 15 minutes of either glucose (250 mg/ml) or saline infusion, while mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded. We found that infusing 250 mg/ml of glucose significantly raised blood glucose levels to 486 ± 84 mg/dl by the 3rd minute compare to the control leg. However, infusing 125 mg/ml of glucose did not raise blood glucose concentration to 546 ± 33 mg/dl until the 11th minute compare to the control leg (p<0.05). Therefore, we decided to use 250 mg/ml glucose for the exercise pressor experiment. We then found that acutely infusing 250 mg/ml of glucose into the arterial supply of the hindlimb did not significantly affect the pressor (ΔMAP before glucose: 13 ± 0.4 mmHg; after glucose: 12 ± 0.8 mmHg, n=4; before saline: 11 ± 2 mmHg; after saline: 10 ± 2 mmHg, n=3; p>0.05) or cardioaccelerator (ΔHR before glucose: 14 ± 1 bpm; after glucose: 12 ± 2 bpm, n=4; before saline: 14 ± 3 bpm; after saline: 12 ± 4 bpm, n=3; p>0.05) responses to static contraction. We conclude that the acute presence of glucose in the circulation of the hindlimb muscles plays no role in exaggerating the exercise pressor reflex.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

ODE models for the management of diabetes: A review

Diabetes also known as diabetes mellitus is a chronic and complex metabolic disease due to the persistent raised blood glucose concentration for long duration. The mechanism behind the disturbed glucose-insulin dynamics is still not fully understood. The mathematical models which describe the glucose homeostasis, different aspects of diabetes and its consequences are growing rapidly, provide new insights into the biological mechanism involved and help in the management of diabetes. Here, contribution of diabetic’s modelling using ordinary differential equations over the past five decades is discussed. Some parameter estimation techniques, softwares involved and some computational results are also presented.

Physiological and performance effects of carbohydrate gels consumed prior to the extra-time period of prolonged simulated soccer match-play.

The physiological and performance effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte gels consumed before the 30min extra-time period of prolonged soccer-specific exercise were investigated. Randomised, double-blind, crossover. Eight English Premier League academy soccer players performed 120min of soccer-specific exercise on two occasions while consuming fluid-electrolyte beverages before exercise, at half-time and 90min. Carbohydrate-electrolyte (0.7±0.1gkg(-1) BM) or energy-free placebo gels were consumed ∼5min before extra-time. Blood samples were taken before exercise, at half-time and every 15min during exercise. Physical (15-m and 30-m sprint speed, 30-m sprint maintenance and countermovement jump height) and technical (soccer dribbling) performance was assessed throughout each trial. Carbohydrate-electrolyte gels improved dribbling precision (+29±20%) and raised blood glucose concentrations by 0.7±0.8mmoll(-1) during extra-time (both p<0.01). Supplementation did not affect sprint velocities (15m and 30m), 30-m sprint maintenance or dribbling speed as reductions compared to 0-15min values occurred at 105-120min irrespective of trial (all p<0.05). Plasma osmolality and blood sodium concentrations increased post-exercise vs. the opening 15min (p<0.05) but no effect of supplementation existed. Selected markers of physical performance (jump height, 30-m sprint velocity and 30-m repeated sprint maintenance) also reduced by >3% during half-time (all p<0.05). Carbohydrate-electrolyte gel ingestion raised blood glucose concentrations and improved dribbling performance during the extra-time period of simulated soccer match-play. Supplementation did not attenuate reductions in physical performance and hydration status that occurred during extra-time.

Hyperglycaemia in acute coronary syndromes: risk-marker or therapeutic target?

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) often have raised blood glucose concentrations when admitted to hospital; a marker for poorer prognosis. Interventions to rapidly normalise blood glucose inconsistently are applied...

Diabetes mellitus, its management and complications

Diabetes is a condition in which there is a chronically raised blood glucose concentration caused by an absolute or relative lack of insulin due to insufficient production by the pancreas, or a deficit in the insulin action for the body’s needs. There are two main types, type 1 which is general acute and seen in children and type 2 which the most common, is chronic and is seen in adults. Pathological effects associated with diabetes include macrovascular (heart, brain and extremities) and microvascular (eye, kidney and nerve tissue) complications. In particular, diabetes is regarded as a form of ischaemic heart disease, involving infarction, heart failure, CVA and paralysis. With regard to the extremities, peripheral vascular disease can lead to ulceration, poor healing, gangrene and possibly amputation. On the microvascular level diabetes can lead to retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma and blindness, to nephropathy and kidney failure as well as autonomic neuropathy. Early diagnosis is vital so that other systemic consequences can be prevented by effective treatment.

Insulin auto-antigenicity in type 1 diabetes

Spontaneous type 1 diabetes occurs when the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-islet cells prevents production of the hormone insulin. This causes an inability to regulate glucose metabolism, which results in dangerously raised blood glucose concentrations. It is generally accepted that thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) are critically involved in the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes, but the antigens that initiate and drive this destructive process remain poorly characterized--although several candidates have been considered. Nakayama et al. and Kent et al. claim that insulin itself is the primary autoantigen that initiates spontaneous type 1 diabetes in mice and humans, respectively, a result that could have implications for more effective prevention and therapy. However, I believe that this proposed immunological role of insulin may be undermined by the atypical responses of T cells to the human insulin fragment that are described by Kent et al..

KAJIAN KANDUNGAN GLUKOSA DARAH DAN PRODUKSI SUSU SAPI PERAH DENGAN RANSUM BERBEDA KUALITAS

The study was conducted with involving members of dairy cattle farming group in Samirono Village, Getasan Subdistrict Semarang Regency. The study was aimed to find out the effect of feeding with various diets for the blood glucose concentration and the milk production of Friesian Holstein dairy cattle. Ox livestock were 15, relocated in 3 different treatments, i.e. TO= Feeding with 12% PK and 65 TDN; Tl= 14% PK and 70 % TDN; and T2 = 16 % PK with 75 % TON. The feeding used bulrush and the concentration comparison was 55 % and 45 %. Beverage was given in ad libitum. Experiment setting used integrated random design with F assessment and Duncan's doubled distance test. Noticed variables were dry fed consumption (BK), blood glucose concentration, milk lactose, milk liquid, and milk production. The result showed that the average consumption of BK TO (8.540 kg/day) was significantly lower (P 0.05). The average lactose concentration TO (328.904 gram/day), was in fact lower (P<0.05) than TI (462.702 gr/day) and T2 (478.128 gram/day). The average of milk concentration TO (7.096 kg/head/day) was evidently lower (P<0.05) than TI (11.858 kg/head/day). The average of milk production TO (7.919 It/head/day) was evidently lower (P<0.05) from TI (11.277 lt/ head/day) and T2 (13.117 It/head/day). Based on the study, it can be concluded that the in• creasing quality of feeding can raise blood glucose concentration, milk lactose, milk liquid, and milk production.

Diagnosing diabetes: blood glucose and the role of the laboratory.

The hallmark of untreated diabetes mellitus is a raised blood glucose concentration (hyperglycaemia), associated with many other disturbances of blood chemistry, including acid-base and electrolyte imbalance. This has ensured a central role for clinical laboratories in both diagnosis of diabetes and lifelong monitoring of the diabetic patient. That role is the subject of this article. The aim is to explain how blood glucose concentration test results are used to diagnose diabetes. Central to this will be consideration of the new World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes, which were introduced to UK diabetic practice in June 2000. The significance of blood glucose and other laboratory blood tests for monitoring the diabetic patient after diagnosis are also discussed.

Carbohydrates That Speed Recovery From Training.

In brief The most useful way to classify carbohydrate food for active people is by its ability to raise blood glucose concentration. To hasten recovery after intense training, athletes should consume at least 50 g of high- or moderate-glycemic carbohydrates as soon after exercise as is practical. They should eat at least an additional 50 g every 2 hours until they eat a large meal. To obtain the recommended 70% of calories from carbohydrate, athletes may find it helpful to determine how many 50-g carbohydrate food portions they need to eat daily.

The Effect of Endogenous Somatostatin Upon Human Thyrotrophin (TSH) Secretion

Two studies were performed to determine the importance of endogenous somatostatin (SS) in regulating human TSH secretion. In the first, healthy adult males were studied in random order on two occasions a week apart. They were infused with either saline to maintain euglycaemia, or 10% dextrose to raise blood glucose concentration by at least 3 mmol/L within 10 minutes, and cause hypothalamic SS release. Fifteen minutes after the infusions were commenced, 200 micrograms of TRH was injected intravenously and TSH release was followed for the next 75 minutes. In the second study, persons with elevations of TSH to between 3 and 12 mU/L were also infused with either saline or 10% dextrose. Infusions were continued for 1 hour and the TSH secreted was measured over this time period. There was no significant difference between the euglycaemic or hyperglycaemic studies in TRH-induced TSH secretion, either as areas under the curve, or as mean values at individual times. Mean TSH peaks were seen in both groups at 25 minutes post-TRH. Mean peak values were 8.11 +/- 0.97 mU/L (mean +/- SEM) in the euglycaemic group, and 7.94 +/- 1.18 mU/L in the hyperglycaemic group. Mean area under the curve was 396.3 +/- 53.2 mU/L/75 mins (SEM) for the euglycaemic study and 385.1 +/- 59.5 mU/L/75 mins (SEM) for the hyperglycaemic group. In the infusion study in the persons with mild hypothyroidism, there was no difference in TSH concentration between the two infusion regimes. These results show that in acute studies, hyperglycaemia does not inhibit human TSH release, despite the likelihood of hypothalamic-pituitary SS concentration being increased.

Metabolic control of type I (insulin dependent) diabetes after pancreas transplantation.

A study was conducted of the circadian hormonal and metabolic patterns of 10 type I (insulin dependent) uraemic diabetic patients after pancreas and renal transplantation. A single 24 hour profile was obtained in each patient following as closely as possible his or her normal daily routine two to 15 months after transplantation. None of the patients were using insulin at the time of the study. Compared with a group of six normal subjects the transplant recipients had mildly raised blood glucose concentrations, hyperinsulinaemia between meals and at night, delayed postprandial insulin peaks, mild hyperketonaemia, and normal blood lactate and plasma glucagon concentrations. The findings showed that successful pancreas transplantation results in disappearance of the need for insulin and return to normal or near normal of the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes. The minor differences observed in comparison with normal hormonal and metabolic homoeostasis were probably due to intrinsic (reduced islet mass, denervation, peripheral hormone delivery) and environmental (immunosuppression, relatively impaired renal function) factors.

Factors predictive of attendance at clinic and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients.

Poor compliance with appointments and drug treatment is one of the recognised factors preventing effective management of hypertension. Factors predictive of poor attendance and inadequate blood pressure control in patients attending a hypertension clinic were therefore determined using univariate analyses and a multivariate logistic model. Out of 1346 patients with blood pressure exceeding 160/95 mm Hg followed up for three years, 209 (15.5%) dropped out during the first year. Variables that were significantly related to increased drop out rates were male sex, young age, obesity at entry, cigarette smoking, direct referral to the clinic as a result of screening instead of referral by a general practitioner, absence of pre-existing antihypertensive treatment at the first visit, moderate hypertension, and low socioeconomic category. Variables at entry that were significantly related to poor blood pressure control at one year were old age, evidence of coronary heart disease, severe hypertension, and raised blood glucose concentrations. Early detection of patients at high risk of drop out or poor blood pressure control might improve treatment of hypertension and allow management to be more individually adapted to each patient.

Hyperglycemia and inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release in 6-aminonicotinamide treated rats

The effects of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) on blood glucose and insulin release were studied in rats. 6-AN at 4mg/100g body weight slowly raised blood glucose concentrations to a significantly higher level than the control values 6 hours after an intraperitoneal injection. At this time severe glucose intolerance and low IRI response were noticed during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Adrenalectomized rats replaced by hydrocortisone also presented hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and low IRI response during IVGTT under treatment with 6-AN but to a lesser extent than in the intact rats. In in vitro experiments, decreased insulin release from the perfused pancreata of rats pretreated with 6-AN was found both in the 1st and 2nd phases of response to glucose stimulation. These data indicate that 6-AN-induced hyperglycemia is attributed to the inhibition of insulin release in adrenalectomized rats except for the hypothetical effect of 6-AN which diminishes an action of insulin on cellular glucose transport.

Control of insulin secretion during fasting hyperglycemia in adult diabetics and in nondiabetic subjects during infusion of glucose.

In obese adult diabetics, the concentration of insulin in venous plasma was unrelated to the degree of hyperglycemia after an overnight fast. However, in these subjects, insulin rose and fell in proportion to the magnitude of change in plasma glucose induced by small intravenous infusions of glucose. The minimal dose of glucose to cause a significant rise in insulin above the fasting level was similar in normal subjects, obese nondiabetic subjects, and in obese, hyperglycemic adult diabetics. This dose lay between infusion of 60 and 100 mg of glucose per min for 30 min. These results suggested that the secretion of insulin was under regulation by changes in blood glucose but was not stimulated in proportion to the stable raised blood glucose concentration of the hyperglycemic diabetic. Artificial hyperglycemia was induced in fasting normal subjects by constant intravenous infusion of glucose at rates of 100-250 mg of glucose per min for periods up to 8 hr. Plasma glucose rose during the 1st hr of infusion and then remained constantly elevated for up to 8 hr. The concentration of plasma insulin paralleled that of plasma glucose. During the period of constant hyperglycemia and elevated insulin, superimposition of a brief additional glucose load resulted in a prompt rise in glucose and insulin, both returning to the previous elevated levels. Thus in normals as well as obese diabetics, stable hyperglycemia does not produce a pancreatic response sufficient to return the blood glucose to an arbitrary normal fasting concentration, yet the beta cells remain readily responsive to a change in plasma glucose. These data suggest that the beta cells do not operate as a control system with an absolute reference point when presented with systemic hyperglycemia. The behavior of the beta cells during hyperglycemia in the fasting obese adult diabetic suggests that the regulation of the basal insulin secretion may not be determined by factors directly related to the prevailing concentration of glucose. It is postulated that the beta cells adapt to hyperglycemia perhaps through the operation of controls directed toward a normal delivery of free fatty acids or some other cellular metabolic substrate during fasting.