Radish Field Research Articles

Exploring management strategies to improve yield and mitigate nitrate leaching in a typical radish field in northern China

It is currently uncertain whether process-based models are capable of assessing crop yield and nitrogen (N) losses while helping to investigate best management practices from vegetable cropping systems. The objectives of this study were to (1) calibrate and evaluate the Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) model in simulating crop growth and nitrate leaching in a typical field radish system; (2) optimize management practices to improve radish yield and mitigate nitrate leaching under 20-year climate variability. A five-season in-situ field experiment of spring and autumn radish in northern China was established in the autumn of 2017 and measurements of radish yield, N uptake, soil temperature, soil moisture, drainage, and nitrate leaching were obtained under different N usage. DNDC overall demonstrated “good” to “excellent” performance in simulating radish yield, total biomass, N uptake, and soil temperature across all treatments (6.4% ≤ normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) ≤ 15.5%; 0.12 ≤ Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ≤ 0.88; 0.80 ≤ index of agreement (d) ≤ 0.97). DNDC generally exhibited “fair” performance in estimating soil moisture and drainage (10.9% ≤ nRMSE ≤ 27.2%; −0.18 ≤ NSE ≤ 0.37; 0.69 ≤ d ≤ 0.82) and “good” performance when predicting nitrate leaching (12.4% ≤ nRMSE ≤ 26.7%; −0.59 ≤ NSE ≤ 0.51; 0.68 ≤ d ≤ 0.90). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that optimized management practices (planting dates, irrigation amount, fertilization rate and timing) could substantially reduce N usage by 40%–50%, irrigation amount by 33%–50%, and nitrate leaching by 86%–95% compared to farmers’ practice in radish planting system. This study indicated that a modelling method is helpful for evaluating the biogeochemical effects of management alternatives and identifying optimal management practices in radish production systems of China.

Flowering alyssum (Lobularia maritima) promote arthropod diversity and biological control of Myzus persicae

Radish, Raphanus sativus is an important vegetable crop worldwide. It is the second most important vegetable after cabbage and cauliflower in winter (January to March) in Nepal. This crop is damaged by various herbivores such as the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, the soybean hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia casigneta and the flea beetle, Monolepta signata. Prophylactic pesticide use is a part of the common pest management practice in Nepal. The candidate floral plant, alyssum, Lobularia maritima, was deployed in a radish field to improve pest biological control. Beneficial arthropods trapped such as Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Formicidae, Lycosidae, Apidae and Ichneumonidae were significantly more abundant in flowering alyssum plots than the control (non-flowering) plots. Flowering alyssum in radish fields significantly increases the population of observed syrphids (larva and adult). Similarly observed ladybirds was slightly higher in flowering plot compared with control plot however that was not significant. These beneficial predators potentially increase the biological control of M. persicae. These results provide evidence of the alyssum’s ability to increase the abundance of predators and support the suppression of M. persicae in radishes. This study is useful in developing an integrated pest management protocol by integrating flowering strips in radish fields. Habitat manipulation in radish fields by maintaining flower strips can improve pest biological control and support the provision of multiple ecosystem services that restore diminished ecosystem functions in agriculture.

드론을 이용한 쪽파 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)과 무 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella)의 방제효과

드론을 이용한 쪽파 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)과 무 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella)의 방제효과

Effect of FYM and gypsum with high RSC water application on growth and phenological characters of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

The experiment was conducted at Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) to find out the effect of high RSC water, farmyard manure and gypsum on growth and phenological parameters in radish field during the year 2017- 18 & 2018-19. The treatments comprising of three levels of farmyard manure (0, 10 and 20 t/ha) and three levels of gypsum (0, 50 and 100% neutralization of RSC) were laid out in a randomized block design (factorial) with thrice replicationkeeping a net plot size of 3.0x3.0 m and Punjab Safed cultivar was used for this study. The application of farmyard manure individually and in combination of farmyard manure and gypsum significantly influenced the vegetative growth and phenological parameters in radish crop under semi-arid conditions of Hisar. Among the interaction combinations, the plant height at 80 days after planting (cm) and at harvest (cm), number of leaves per plant at 80 days after planting, number of primary and secondary branches per plant at harvest were recorded significantly maximum in F2G2 treatment where farmyard manure was applied at the rate of 20 t/ha in combination with 100% neutralization of RSC by gypsum. However, minimum days to 50% flowering, days to 50% pod formation and days to maturity were recorded in F0G0 treatment combination where no farmyard manure and gypsum was applied during 2017-18 and 2018-19.

Deep convolutional neural network for classifying Fusarium wilt of radish from unmanned aerial vehicles

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained much attention. In particular, there is a growing interest in utilizing UAVs for agricultural applications such as crop monitoring and management. We propose a computerized system that is capable of detecting Fusarium wilt of radish with high accuracy. The system adopts computer vision and machine learning techniques, including deep learning, to process the images captured by UAVs at low altitudes and to identify the infected radish. The whole radish field is first segmented into three distinctive regions (radish, bare ground, and mulching film) via a softmax classifier and K-means clustering. Then, the identified radish regions are further classified into healthy radish and Fusarium wilt of radish using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). In identifying radish, bare ground, and mulching film from a radish field, we achieved an accuracy of ≥97.4%. In detecting Fusarium wilt of radish, the CNN obtained an accuracy of 93.3%. It also outperformed the standard machine learning algorithm, obtaining 82.9% accuracy. Therefore, UAVs equipped with computational techniques are promising tools for improving the quality and efficiency of agriculture today.

Competence of Xanthomonas campestris from Cruciferous Weeds and Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri) to Induce Black Rot in Cabbage

In order to verify the role of cruciferous weeds and ornamentals to serve as a source of primary inoculum of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot of Brassicas, Xanthomonas isolates from shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), fanweed (Thlaspi arvense) and wallflower (Erysimum cheiri) were characterized by molecular data and by their pathogenicity on kohlrabi and shepherd’s purse. These characteristics were compared to those of xanthomonads isolated from infested Brassica crops and contaminated transplants. Only one of 30 Xanthomonas isolates from shepherd’s purse in boundary ridges and field paths adjacent to Brassica fields, and from plants outside the Brassica growing area, was able to induce black rot (BR) on kohlrabi; nearly all of them (except one) were able to cause black rot like symptoms with black vascular veins (BRL) on shepherd’s purse. Six of ten tested isolates from different asymptomatic weeds growing in BR infested cauliflower fields were able to induce BR on kohlrabi, but all isolates caused BRL on shepherd’s purse. All Xanthomonas isolates from symptomatic wallflower induced BR on kohlrabi and BRL on shepherd’s purse. Inoculations with isolates from BR infested cauliflower, representing the pathovar campestris (Xcc), always led to BR on kohlrabi and BRL on shepherd’s purse. The isolates from rucola and radish field crops and from Brassica transplants showed typical symptoms of the pathovars campestris (Xcc) and raphani (Xcr), respectively. In a PCR with the newly designed primer set SP-1, only the isolates which were able to induce BR on kohlrabi could be detected. The sequence analysis of the gyrB-gene showed that all Xanthomonas isolates which induced BR on kohlrabi clustered in one major clade, while the remaining isolates clustered into several different clades. Based on these results, the authors conclude that Xanthomonas isolates from shepherd’s purse may not constitute a serious risk to serve as primary inoculum for BR epidemics in Brassicas. By contrast, Xanthomonas isolates from wallflower have this potential. Most of the isolates from cruciferous weeds and the wallflower isolates do not fit into the actual classification of Xanthomonas campestris pathovars.

Differences in Biogeochemical Properties and Microbial Activities in Stream Segments with Changes in Land-use Type

Changes in land-use type can affect soil and water properties in stream ecosystems. This study examined the effects of different land-use types on biogeochemical properties and microbial activities of a stream. We collected water and sediment samples in a stream at three different sites surrounded by varying land-use types; a forest, a radish field and a rice paddy. Nitrogen contents, such as nitrate, nitrite and total nitrogen in the stream water body, showed significant differences among the sampling sites. The highest nitrogen values were recorded at the site surrounded by cropland, as fertilizer runoff impacted the stream. Soil organic matter content in the sediment showed significant differences among sites, with the highest content exhibited at the forest mouth site. These differences might be due to the organic matter in surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. Microbial activities determined by extracellular enzyme activities showed similar values throughout all sites in the water body; however, the activities in the sediments exhibited the highest values near the forest site and mirrored the soil organic matter content values. From these results, we conclude that different land-use types are important factors affecting water and sediment properties in stream ecosystems.

밭 토양에서 바닥재와 축분퇴비의 혼합시용이 토양의 중금속 함량 및 효소활성에 미치는 영향

Abstract BACKGROUND: Coal combustion bottom ash(BA) has high carbon and calcium content, and alkaline pH, which might improve nutrient cycling in soil related to microbial enzyme activities as it is used as soil amendment. However, it contains heavy metals such as copper(Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc(Zn), which could cause heavy metals accumulation in soil. Compost might play a role that stabilize BA. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of combined application of BA and compost as soil amendment on heavy metals concentration, enzyme activities, chemical properties, and crop yield in upland soil.METHODS AND RESULTS: BA was applied at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg/ha under different rate of compost application (0 and 30 Mg/ha) in radish (Raphanus sativus var) field. Combined application of BA and compost more improved chemical properties such as pH, EC, OM, total nitrogen, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations of soil than single application of BA. Water soluble Mn and Zn concentration in soil significantly decreased with increasing application rate of BA. Decrease in those metals concentration was accelerated with combined application of BA and compost. Urease and dehydrogenase activities significantly increased with increasing application rate of BA. Phosphotase activities were not affected with single application of BA but increased with combined application of BA and compost. Radish yield was not affected by application rate of BA.CONCLUSION: From the above results, combined application of BA and compost could be used as soil amendment to improve chemical properties and enzyme activities of soil without increase in heavy metal concentration and decrease in crop yield in upland soil.Research Article Open Access

Plastic mulching in agriculture—Friend or foe of N2O emissions?

Polyethylene (PE) mulching is a very common method in agriculture worldwide because the use of PE films can improve product quality and yield by mitigating extreme weather changes, optimizing growth conditions and extending the growing season. Other than the problem with disposal of the plastics hardly any other of its effects on the environment are known. To determine whether covering fields with PE films affects N2O emission, we conducted two experiments: first, comparing N2O emissions of furrows and PE-mulched ridges of a radish field which had received different amounts of N fertilizer and second, assessing whether PE mulching increases N2O emissions from PE-mulched ridges in comparison to non-PE-mulched ridges and furrows of a non-fertilized field. To achieve those aims we took comparative closed chamber measurements in conjunction with a photoacoustic infrared trace gas analyzer during the growing seasons of 2010 and 2011 at a radish and soy bean field site in South Korea. For the radish field site we found significant differences between the N2O emitted by furrows and PE-mulched ridges and found extraordinarily low N2O fluxes from those spots of the ridges which were totally PE-mulch-covered between plant hole openings. At the soy bean field we observed that plant holes of PE-mulched ridges showed only 68% of the emission measured of soils around soy bean plants of non-PE-mulched ridges, implying that PE mulching may decrease N2O emissions. Since our result is contrary to very recent findings we consider the extremely low soil moisture at our sites as explanation for the differences. Because knowledge on how PE mulches affect production and emissions of greenhouse gases is very limited, our study contributes greatly to understanding N2O emission behavior of PE-mulched, poor sandy soils in a temperate monsoon climate.

고랭지 경사 밭 콩 재배지에서 토양유실경감을 위한 피복방법 평가

There is relatively high vulnerability of soil erosion in slope highland agriculture due to a reclamation of mountain as well as low surface covering in early summer season with high rainfall intensity time. The aim of this study was to evaluate various surface covering methods for reducing soil loss in highland radish cultivation in highland. The experiment was conducted in 17% sloped lysimeter () with 8 treatments including covering with cut rye, sod culture of rye, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, Arachniodes aristata Tindale, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Festuca myuros L. and mulching with black polyethylene film, and runoff water, eroded soil and radish growth were investigated. Surface covering with sod culture and plant residue, especially cut rye treatment, had lower runoff water than non-covering, whereas black polyethylene film mulching had the reverse. The amount of eroded soil was also lowest in cut rye treatment, , and increased in the order of rye sod culture, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Festuca myuros L., Arachniodes aristata Tindale, black polyethylene film, and non-covering, . The results showed that surface covering with sod culture or plant residue could be effective for reducing runoff water and soil erosion in the radish field, significantly in cut rye treatment. On the other hand, in sod culture of rye, Aster koraiensis Nakai and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, radish yields were lower than in the non-covering. Unlike this, covering with cut rye, sod culture of Festuca myuros L. had similar radish yield to the non-covering radish yield. In conclusion, covering with cut rye and sod culture of Festuca myuros L. were beneficial for reduction of soil loss without decreasing in radish yield in highland sloped fields.

유역 내 토지이용도에 따른 N2O 배출양상

The gaseous product of nitrogen cycle, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas whose Global Warming Potential (GWP) is about 300 times greater than CO2. The dynamics of N2O emission are controlled by such environments and soil conditions. The main aim of this study is to investigate variations of N2O emission and its controlling factors with different land-use patterns in Haean basin. A forest, a radish field and a rice paddy were selected as three different land-use patterns. Their N2O emissions were measured every month during a growing season. We also collected soil samples with seasons and analyzed soil characteristics including inorganic nitrogen content. N2O emission was greatest at the radish field likely due to anthropogenic nitrogen addition by fertilization. Soils of forest and rice paddy also contained inorganic nitrogen originated from organic matter. However, the spatial variation was great and it looks that nitrogen cycle and N2O production were slower than that of radish field. Intensive observation and control of fertilization would be requiredto adjust N2O emission from agriculture soils.

고랭지 경사 밭 무 재배지에서 토양유실경감을 위한 피복방법 평가

There is relatively high vulnerability of soil erosion in slope highland agriculture due to a reclamation of mountain as well as low surface covering in early summer season with high rainfall intensity time. The aim of this study was to evaluate various surface covering methods for reducing soil loss in highland radish cultivation in highland. The experiment was conducted in 17% sloped lysimeter () with 8 treatments including covering with cut rye, sod culture of rye, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, Arachniodes aristata Tindale, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Festuca myuros L. and mulching with black polyethylene film, and runoff water, eroded soil and radish growth were investigated. Surface covering with sod culture and plant residue, especially cut rye treatment, had lower runoff water than non-covering, whereas black polyethylene film mulching had the reverse. The amount of eroded soil was also lowest in cut rye treatment, , and increased in the order of rye sod culture, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Festuca myuros L., Arachniodes aristata Tindale, black polyethylene film, and non-covering, . The results showed that surface covering with sod culture or plant residue could be effective for reducing runoff water and soil erosion in the radish field, significantly in cut rye treatment. On the other hand, in sod culture of rye, Aster koraiensis Nakai and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, radish yields were lower than in the non-covering. Unlike this, covering with cut rye, sod culture of Festuca myuros L. had similar radish yield to the non-covering radish yield. In conclusion, covering with cut rye and sod culture of Festuca myuros L. were beneficial for reduction of soil loss without decreasing in radish yield in highland sloped fields.

Assessing denitrification and N leaching in a field with organic amendments

Denitrification and leaching of nitrogen (N) from agriculture are a loss of nutrients to farmers and sources of pollution to water and air, and should therefore be minimized. In a field experiment on loamy soil, denitrification and N leaching were measured after late summer incorporation of fodder radish residues with or without paper pulp as N-immobilizing organic material. A set of relatively simple methods were used to measure and calculate denitrification and N leaching during the first two weeks after application and during the rest of the winter period. The methods were acetylene inhibition of nitrification, anion-exchange resin, the mineralization model MINIP, and inorganic-N balance calculations. Paper pulp increased N immobilization after the first day of application throughout the winter. This led to a 63–70% reduction in N losses compared with the sole fodder radish field and with the control. Denitrification was highest in the sole fodder radish treatment, at 65% of its total N losses. N leaching during the winter period was highest in the control, at 70% of its total N losses. This N was mainly liberated by mineralization of soil organic matter after ploughing in late summer. The application of paper pulp plus fodder radish did not affect sugar beet yields in the next year. The methodology for determining leaching and denitrification enabled the assessment of differences among treatments. It showed clearly that paper pulp strongly reduced N losses on this type of soil. The anion resin method that was used to measure leaching during the winter period showed clear and consistent differences between treatments, but may need additional calibration before fully relying on the absolute amounts of N leached.

무 재배시 질소이용률 및 수량에 미치는 토중시비 효과

To establish law-put fertilization technique and increase of fertilization efficiency during cultivation of plastic film mulching for plastic the improvement of soil properties, nutrition efficiency and yield by banded subsoil fertilization (BSF) using band spoty applicator was conducted at radish (Raphanus sativus L.) field in Honan Agricultural Research Institute from 1997 to 1998 for 2 years. These results were as follows. T-N, available exchangeable Ca and K contents of soil were increased those of before experiment especially in BSF treatment. Also, the content of soil was higher in BSF as fertilization amount is increasing than in CF (conventional fertilization). Uptake amounts of nitrogen fertilized were high in BSF during overall the growth period of plant and N utilization was high by in BSF compared to in CF. The rate of fertilizer loss by rainfall was largely reduced, because all fertilizer applied was putted around the root zone. The total yields of fresh radish BSF treatments were more increased than that of CF treatment.

The Control of the Population Density of Cobb-Root-Lesion Nematode in the Japanese Radish Field by Preceding Crop Cassia tora L.

The Control of the Population Density of Cobb-Root-Lesion Nematode in the Japanese Radish Field by Preceding Crop Cassia tora L.

Control of the Cobb's root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, by African marigold in radish field

Control of the Cobb's root-lesion nematode, <i>Pratylenchus penetrans</i>, by African marigold in radish field

Estimating Potential Evapotranspiration by the Priestley-Taylor Model

The model of Priestley and Taylor (1972) for evaporation from saturated surface was examined in a radish field. This model contains a parameter (α) corresponding to a multiple of the equilibrium evapotranspiration. Since α is affected by some meteorological factors, it is important to make clear the characteristic of α in relation to these factors. In this paper, the characteristic of α is focused on relativity to the net radiation and the air temperature. The results can be summarized as follows:The amount of evapotranspiration calculated by using daytime meteorological data agreed closely with that measured by the lysimeter. However, the calculation by using 24 hour data was underestimated. It seemed that the underestimation depended greatly on the decreasing net radiation caused by long wave radiation exchange at night time.A seasonal variation of α which was calculated by using measured evapotranspiration and meteorological data was examined. The seasonal variation of α which was calculated by using daytime data cannot be recognized. However, α which was calculated by using 24 hour data increased after around October apparently. This increase in α was due to the rate of decreasing net radiation which was defined by Eq. (4). In case of use of α modified by Eq. (4), even if 24 hour data is used, the calculation is not underestimated.Finally, α in the case of daytime data was modified in connection with air temperature. The results indicated that α was affected very little by air temperature. The use of modified α brought about the rise of accuracy by only 0.8%.

Effects of textural amendment of coarse soils on seed‐bed water content and seedling emergence

AbstractEmergence of cauliflower and radish seeds was increased by incorporation of pulverised fuel ash, and two similar fine‐particle amendments, fluidised combustor ash and ground silica sand, to two coarse‐textured soils. The effect was generally greatest on the coarsest soil and with the highest rates of amendment. From the known hydraulic properties of the treated and untreated soils, seed‐bed water conditions prevailing during the radish field experiment were simulated using a computer program to solve the flow equation for water movement in soil. Simulated soil water deficit and distribution of water loss within the profile agreed well with experimentally determined values. A laboratory experiment on water uptake by radish seeds showed little difference in uptake between seeds in treated and untreated soil at constant potential, despite large differences in water content and hydraulic conductivity. Sufficient water uptake for radicle emergence occurred within 6 h at potentials higher than −0.1 bar. The simulation indicated that potentials in the field did not fall below this level until at least 12 h after irrigation to field capacity. It was concluded that differences in the rate of seed water uptake did not produce the beneficial emergence effects recorded. The data suggest, however, that these are due to differences in water supply during the post‐imbibition pre‐emergence stage of seedling growth.