Telemetry Research Articles

Acute in vivo antiarrhythmic effects of cGMP-modifying drugs in the R2474S mouse model of catecholiminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

BackgroundCatecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited arrhythmia syndrome arising from mutations in cardiac calcium regulatory proteins. CPVT has a high mortality rate when left untreated. First-line treatments such as β-blockers have incomplete effectiveness and may be poorly tolerated by patients. Consequently, new effective, safe and targeted antiarrhythmic therapies are urgently required. In particular, recent data (1) has indicated that targeting the cGMP pathway offers an alternative strategy to prevent ventricular arrhythmias.PurposeOur objective is to evaluate in vivo efficacy of acutely-administered cGMP modulating sGC activators (cinaciguat 0.3mg/kg, runcaciguat 0.3mg/kg) and PDE5i (tadalafil 1.0mg/kg) for treating CPVT-associated arrhythmias in a preclinical mouse model.MethodsRyR2 R2474S+/- mice were used because they replicate the human CPVT arrhythmia phenotype. All experiments were performed in accordance with UK ASPA regulations. Intra-abdominal implantation of a biopotential-recording telemetry device (ETA-F10: DSI, USA) was completed under isoflurane (2%) anaesthesia. ECG electrodes were fixed sub-cutaneously in lead II configuration. After 7-days recovery, mice underwent an electrophysiological assessment protocol: i) 30 minute baseline recording; ii) drug or vehicle control (DMSO) injection (IP); iii) 30 minute recording of arrhythmias induced by isoprenaline injection (20 mg/kg IP). 7 days later, the experiment was repeated so that each mouse received a drug and vehicle control, and therefore acted as its own control. We also evaluated the efficacy of nadalol (70 mg/kg) to facilitate comparison with an existing clinical treatment. Arrhythmia severity was manually scored according to a modified scoring system (2) and ECG parameters (heart rate, PR and QT intervals) were calculated using Ponemah software (DSI, USA).ResultsIn all cases, cGMP modifying drugs reduced arrhythmia severity (Figure 1). sGC activators cinaciguat (N=19) and runcaciguat (N=17) caused a reduction in average arrhythmia score by 42.1% (P=0.012) and 30.4% (P=0.026), respectively, while heart rate and ECG parameters remained unaffected (P>0.05). PDE5i tadalafil (N=15) precipitated a 39.0% reduction (P=0.004) in arrhythmia score without effects on ECG parameters (P>0.05). The β-blocker nadalol (N=9) also reduced arrhythmia severity (49.2%; P=0.026) and blunted the heart rate increase after isoprenaline (DMSO: 9.25% increase vs. nadalol: 0.03% decrease; P=0.045), but had no effect on PR or QT intervals (P>0.05).ConclusionOur data demonstrated that acute administration of cGMP modifying drugs can offer targeted and effective alternative therapeutic approaches to treat arrhythmias in CPVT. Data on chronically administering these drugs in R2474S mice will provide further insight into clinical suitability for prevention of arrhythmias in patients.

Home Range Analysis of Teratoscincus roborowskii in the Turpan Basin, Northwestern China: Insights from VHF Tagging Technology

The home range (HR) of an animal encompasses the area utilized during activities such as foraging, mating, and other routine behaviors, with its size reflecting behavioral patterns and ecological niche. Factors influencing HR size include sex, body size, and diet, with sex and body size being the most significant determinants. The Teratoscincus roborowskii, or Turpan Wonder Gecko, is endemic to the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, northwestern China, yet its HR during the breeding period remains understudied. This research employed radio-tracking methods to evaluate the HR of T. roborowskii during the breeding season, focusing on influences from sex and body size. Our study involved radio telemetry of 11 individuals from June to July in 2020 and 2021. We quantified total and core HR sizes using the minimum convex polygon (MCP) and kernel density estimation (KDE) methods. Results via MCP revealed total and core HR sizes of 7894.06±2672.87 m2 and 4852.41±2045.55 m2, respectively. Males exhibited larger HRs than females; however, the difference was not statistically significant (df=3, p=0.196, n=10). A significant correlation was found between snout-vent length (SVL) and HR size (v=55, p=0.002, n=10), indicating that lizards with larger SVLs occupied larger HRs, regardless of sex. Comparison with mark-recapture methods showed that HR sizes were 4-5 times larger when measured via radio-tracking. This study provides critical insights into the activity range and influencing factors of T. roborowskii during the breeding period, contributing essential data for its conservation efforts.

Wireless Telemetry Device Implantation in a Fontan Ovine Model for Continuous and Long-Term Hemodynamic Monitoring

Wireless Telemetry Device Implantation in a Fontan Ovine Model for Continuous and Long-Term Hemodynamic Monitoring

Cardiovascular assessment of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulating mRNA therapeutics in rats using telemetry and Star-Oddi logger devices

Cardiovascular assessment of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulating mRNA therapeutics in rats using telemetry and Star-Oddi logger devices

Surgical instrumentation of cardiovascular telemetry device has minimal impact on the general toxicology data interpretation in Cynomolgus monkeys.

Surgical instrumentation of cardiovascular telemetry device has minimal impact on the general toxicology data interpretation in Cynomolgus monkeys.

Radio telemetry reveals extensive dispersal capabilities of reintroduced Great Capricorn beetles (Cerambyx cerdo) in oak habitats at their northern range limit

Abstract Amid accelerating global biodiversity loss, reintroducing and translocating endangered species have become pivotal conservation strategies. This study used radio telemetry to investigate the dispersal and movement patterns of the reintroduced Great Capricorn Beetle Cerambyx cerdo (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) L. within Tromtö Nature Reserve, Sweden. We tracked 50 beetles (29 females, 21 males) from 17 June 2022 to 17 July 2022, quantified their movements within the landscape and recorded the distances moved across oak‐rich areas at the northern edge of the species' range. Female beetles were significantly larger and heavier than males, with longer antennae. The beetles were relocated an average of 9.5 times. Total movement distances ranged from 2.8 to 822.2 m, with no significant association of movement distance or movement speed with sex, body size or mating status. We conclude that C. cerdo can reach oaks several hundred meters away and that dispersal distances were not associated with sex, body size or mating status. We recommend future studies employing more advanced telemetry techniques to refine estimates of long‐distance dispersal and habitat use.

Urban effects on timing and variability of diel activity differ across passerine species and seasons.

Life on Earth is adapted to rhythmic cycles in environmental conditions throughout the day and year via diel patterns of behavioural activity. Urban conditions can disrupt such behavioural rhythms of activity. However, most studies so far have investigated urban effects on patterns of activity of single species in a single season. Additionally, we know little about the level of between- and within-individual variation in urban and non-urban populations, and whether they differ. Here, we use automated radio telemetry to record patterns of daily activity in six passerine species (blackbird, robin, great tit, blue tit, dunnock and chaffinch) across two urban and two forest populations during the pre-breeding and post-breeding seasons. We investigate urban effects on five activity-related traits: time of activity onset, time of activity end, duration of diurnal activity, level of diurnal activity and level of nocturnal activity. We employ statistical tools that allow us to estimate urban effects on mean phenotypic values but also quantify urban versus forest differences in between-individual and within-individual phenotypic variation. We found the strongest urban effects on time of activity onset in blackbirds and robins during both the pre- and post-breeding seasons: urban populations of blackbird and robin started their daily activity earlier than their forest counterparts. We did not find this effect in the other species. Urban populations of all species showed higher levels of nocturnal activity than forest populations, but this effect was not offset by lower diurnal activity, suggesting that urban birds may incur higher daily energetic demands. Lastly, our analysis revealed large and consistent differences in variation in the investigated timing traits. Onset and end of daily activity were more variable in urban birds between individuals, implying lower population synchronisation, and more variable within individuals, implying less consistent behaviour, than in their forest counterparts. Conversely, activity levels were more variable in forest birds. We conclude that, for birds, urban life is associated with less rest, less consistency and lower synchronicity, but that effect sizes depend on species and time of the year. Our results warn against generalising the effects of urbanisation on daily rhythms of birds and call for future studies to understand the mechanisms behind species and seasonal differences.

Whooping Crane Chick Survival in the Reintroduced Eastern Migratory Population.

The reintroduced Eastern Migratory Population (EMP) of Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) has exhibited appropriate breeding behavior, including pair formation, territory defense, nest building, and fertile egg production. However, recruitment has been lower than what is needed for a self-sustaining population due to high chick mortality. During 2006-2023, 194 chicks hatched in the EMP, with only 36 surviving to fledging. For the population to succeed without continued releases of captive-reared individuals, we must develop management strategies that increase recruitment to a level above mortality rates. We examined apparent weekly survival data of wild-hatched Whooping Crane chicks collected via aerial and ground surveys using radio telemetry from 2006 to 2023. In this study, we explored relationships between chick survival and a host of potentially impactful predictor variables including parental experience, parental life history, habitat, ecoregion, weather, and climate, as well as nest and clutch characteristics using Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Models. Our results indicate that a chick without a sibling has an increased probability of survival. Survival probability also increased with collective parental experience and warm days (> 32°C) during the first 4 weeks after hatch. Our data indicate that parental experience is a reliable predictor of recruitment. Adult survival may therefore be indirectly linked with low chick survival as experienced adults are too often lost from this population. Additionally, our results suggest that efforts to collect a single egg from two-egg nests may improve weekly survival of Whooping Crane chicks.

Effect of repeated sprint exercises on cardiac autonomic recovery in adolescent and adult males: an experimental trial

PurposeRepeated sprint exercises (RSEs) are widely used to improve physical fitness; however, their specific effects on cardiac autonomic recovery (CAR) in individuals of different ages and biological maturation (BM) stages still lack investigation. Our objective was to analyse the effect of RSE on CAR, assessed by the heart rate (HR) recovery index and the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability (HRV) in male adolescents and adults.MethodsNon-randomised experimental study. Thirty-eight individuals classified as having a high level of physical activity (males, 22 adolescents/16 adults) underwent a single session of RSE consisting of 3 rounds with 6 supra-maximal sprints interspersed with 5 minutes of passive rest. The recovery HR (between rounds) and the HRV from pre-, 20 minutes, 2 hours, and 24 hours post-RSE were assessed using short-range radio telemetry and used to calculate the CAR. In adolescents, BM was analysed using peak-height-velocity (PHV).ResultsAdolescents demonstrated more efficient parasympathetic reactivation than adults after RSE (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.574, <i>p</i> < 0.05), especially those in the pre-PHV stage of BM ( η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.659, <i>p</i> < 0.05). For HRV, we identified an effect of time for both RSE groups on the mean square root of successive differences in intervals between heartbeats (RMSSD) (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.280, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and the low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF) ( η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.129, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Adolescents indicated higher values than adults for RMSSD and LF.ConclusionsParasympathetic activity is less affected in adolescents, especially pre-PHV, after RSE. In both groups, at least two hours after RSE, parasympathetic activity tended to return to baseline values, stabilising again 24 hours after RSE.

Spatial Dynamics and Lifespan of Adult Cicadas After Fire and Logging: A Radiotracking Study.

Recently burnt and logged habitats challenge the persistence of animal populations. Insects like cicadas, which survive belowground during fire and logging, are exposed to hostile conditions due to increased predation and limited resources when they emerge as adults. This study investigates the combined effects of wildfire and post-fire salvage logging on the survival, spatial behavior, and habitat selection of the cicada Lyristes plebejus in Mediterranean pine forests. A total of 63 individuals were captured, tagged, and released across six plots in three disturbance contexts: burnt and logged, burnt and unlogged, and unburnt. Using radio telemetry, we tracked their movements and compared home range size and survival across these contexts. Results show that cicadas in burnt but unlogged areas were more mobile and tended to select areas of lower fire severity compared to those in burnt and logged areas. Salvage logging removed essential fire refuges, increasing exposure to predators. Although no significant differences in total distance covered were found, cicadas in burnt and logged areas displayed lower movement rates, indicating a reduced ability to explore and select suitable habitats. These findings highlight the importance of considering both wildfire and post-fire management practices in conservation. Salvage logging exacerbates the negative effects of fire, emphasizing the need to preserve biological legacies and fire refuges to promote ecosystem resilience. The study suggests that careful forest management is crucial for protecting biodiversity, particularly for species like cicadas that depend on both above and below-ground habitats.

Juvenile and Adult Survival Estimates of American Kestrels Throughout the Full Annual Cycle in Eastern North America

ABSTRACT Measuring survival in a declining species provides the foundation for continued research, demographic modeling, and informed conservation strategies. Although American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) populations have continued to decline since the 1970s, little is known about their survival throughout the full annual cycle, making it difficult to identify factors responsible for these declines. We used radio telemetry to provide the first known-fate estimates of adult kestrel survival, and we present data across breeding stages, and between resident and migratory wintering individuals, in addition to separately modeling fledgling survival. Temporal and spatial stratification of study sites allowed for the investigation of different pressures and risks that may lead to variation in survival. We generated weekly survival estimates for 56 adult kestrels in Pennsylvania and Florida, and for 146 recently fledged kestrels at five study sites throughout northeastern North America from 2021 to 2023. Adult weekly survival varied by sex and season, with males in the nonbreeding season exhibiting the lowest values (0.9074). Overwinter survival at our Pennsylvania study site (0.9316) was lower than in Florida (0.9881), indicating potential survival costs to overwintering at these locations. Post-fledging juvenile weekly survival estimates varied among five study sites (0.9429 to 1.000) and were much higher than expected based on previous work and the presumed difficulty of surviving this vulnerable early life stage. This insight into where and when mortality occurs in this declining species provides key parameters for demographic modeling and refines potential targeted conservation planning.

Comparing the accuracy of machine learning methods for classifying wild red deer behavior based on accelerometer data

BackgroundEffective conservation requires understanding the behavior of the targeted species. However, some species can be difficult to observe in the wild, which is why GPS collars and other telemetry devices can be used to “observe” these animals remotely. Combined with classification models, data collected by accelerometers on a collar can be used to determine an animal’s behaviors. Previous ungulate behavioral classification studies have mostly trained their models using data from captive animals, which may not be representative of the behaviors displayed by wild individuals. To fill this gap, we trained classification models, using a supervised learning approach with data collected from wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Swiss National Park. While the accelerometer data collected on multiple axes served as input variables, the simultaneously observed behavior was used as the output variable. Further, we used a variety of machine learning algorithms, as well as combinations and transformations of the accelerometer data to identify those that generated the most accurate classification models. To determine which models performed most accurately, we derived a new metric which considered the imbalance between different behaviors.ResultsWe found significant differences in the models’ performances depending on which algorithm, transformation method and combination of input variables was used. Discriminant analysis generated the most accurate classification models when trained with minmax-normalized acceleration data collected on multiple axes, as well as their ratio. This model was able to accurately differentiate between the behaviors lying, feeding, standing, walking, and running and can be used in future studies analyzing the behavior of wild red deer living in Alpine environments.ConclusionWe demonstrate the possibility of using acceleration data collected from wild red deer to train behavioral classification models. At the same time, we propose a new type of metric to compare the accuracy of classification models trained with imbalanced datasets. We share our most accurate model in the hope that managers and researchers can use it to classify the behavior of wild red deer in Alpine environments.

Spatial and species-specific variation in lake-crossing behavior in the Great Lakes region influences collision risk with offshore wind development

Abstract Millions of migratory birds are funneled through the Great Lakes region annually and depend on shoreline habitats for stopover and refueling, often crossing over open water in their movement north. Contrary to single species studies, an environmental assessment for proposed offshore wind development in Lake Erie found low frequencies of crossing and therefore low collision risk to migratory birds. Given the region’s high potential for offshore wind development, this discrepancy highlights the need to understand the frequency of lake crossing by migratory birds to assess collision risk for migrating birds. Using automated radio telemetry and the Motus Wildlife Tracking System, we followed individuals from a suite of study species, deploying tags at inland stopover locations spanning longitudinally from western Ohio to western Pennsylvania. Analysis of these movements showed regional differences in lake crossing frequency and regional movements, with birds tagged in central Ohio exhibiting the highest frequency of crossing Lake Erie. We observed additional patterns of movement between species, with Zonotrichia albicollis (White-throated Sparrow) and Catharus ustulatus (Swainson’s Thrush) showing a predominately northern movement that increased their frequency of crossing, while Leiothlypis peregrina (Tennessee Warbler) and Setophaga magnolia (Magnolia Warbler) exhibited a northeasterly movement that navigated them away from the shoreline. The observed differences indicate uneven risk of collision with offshore wind experienced by different populations of migratory birds, highlighting the need to identify spatial patterns to inform siting of new wind energy installations and mitigate collision risk.

Assessment of Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy and Animal Well-Being Using a Novel Triaxial Accelerometer Device, the Rodent Fitbit-Like Telemetry Device

Accurate postoperative pain management is crucial for good animal welfare and science. We sought to evaluate mouse postoperative pain management efficacy by measuring activity using a novel triaxial acceleration device—the Rodent Fitbit-like telemetry device (RFB)—to monitor home cage activity. To determine if analgesics impacted activity levels, we evaluated activity in C57BL/6 male and female mice (n = 6) that were attached with the RFB and administered EthiqaXR (XR; 3.25 mg/kg), meloxicam sustained release (MSR; 6 mg/kg), combined XR/MSR, or bupivacaine (5 mg/mL) compared with control mice provided sterile saline (5 mL/kg) subcutaneously. Activity in XR/MSR and XR-treated mice was significantly increased on night 0 (N0) but only trended downward from N2 to N4 compared with baseline. No significant changes in activity were detected after administration of MSR, bupivacaine, and saline. We examined the effective analgesic period of XR, MSR, XR/MSR, and bupivacaine based on electric von Frey and the RFB using a hind paw incision pain model in C57BL/6 male (n = 8) and female mice (n = 7) attached with the RFB. Preoperative XR and XR/MSR mice had reduced pain based on von Frey with no reduction in activity based on the RFB compared with other treatment groups. Only mice provided saline demonstrated a significant decrease in activity on N0, suggesting limited duration of spontaneous pain elicited from the minor pain model. In summary, activity was an effective and sensitive indicator for detecting pain using a paw incision pain model in C57BL/6 mice within the first 24 h postsurgery. Additional studies using a major operative procedure should be performed to determine the effectiveness of activity as a pain detection indicator.

Реакции центральной и вегетативной нервной системы как компонент психофизиологического ответа при применении функциональных проб

Summary. The aim of the study was to examine the dynamics of the body’s psychophysiological response to an aversive stimulus and the level of orienting reaction while waiting for it. Materials and methods of the study. The pilot study involved 30 military personnel (all men), whose professional activity was special military training (respondents). The respondents were divided into two groups, the selection criterion was length of service in the troops. The study used the psychophysiological telemetry device “Reakor-T” (software “Encephalan-SA”). The spectral indices of heart rate variability (HRV) – the predominance of the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and electroencephalography (EEG) – the functional activity of the central nervous system (CNS) were analyzed. Results of the study and their analysis. In the waiting situation, the psychophysiological reactivity relative to the background values in the respondents of the two groups was not identical. In respondents with less military service experience, psychophysiological reactivity was more intense at the stimulus expectation stage than when an active stimulus was presented. Conclusions: Analysis of background values during psychophysiological examination of special contingents has low prognostic potential. The use of functional tests during psychophysiological examination allows us to assess the level of reactivity to presented stimuli relative to background values, as well as the recovery potential upon completion of external stimulation.

Implantation of Electroencephalogram and Electrocardiogram Telemetry Devices in Neonatal Rabbit Kits.

Pathogenic variants in ion channel genes are associated with a high rate of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Mechanisms of SUDEP are poorly understood but may involve autonomic dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias in addition to seizures. Some ion-channel genes are expressed in both the brain and the heart, potentially increasing the risk of SUDEP in patients with ion-channelopathies associated with epilepsy and cardiac arrhythmias. Transgenic rabbits expressing epilepsy variants provide a whole organism to study the complex physiology of SUDEP. Importantly, rabbits more closely replicate human cardiac physiology than do mouse models. However, rabbit models have additional health and anesthesia considerations when undergoing invasive monitoring procedures. We have developed a novel method to surgically implant a telemetry device for long-term simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring in neonatal rabbit kits. Here, we demonstrate surgical methods to implant a telemetry device in P14 (weight range 175-250 g) kits with detailed attention to surgical approach, appropriate anesthesia and monitoring, and postoperative care, resulting in a low complication rate. This method allows for continuous monitoring of neural and cardiac electrophysiology during critical points in the development of cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and potential SUDEP in rabbit models of genetic or acquired epilepsies.

Translocation of a rehabilitated juvenile platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

The success of rehabilitated juvenile animals after release is poorly studied. This study monitored the behaviour and habitat use of a juvenile male platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) found in poor body condition on a driveway and rehabilitated, before undergoing an inter-catchment translocation. Radio telemetry tracked his movements and resting locations for 18 days during which he used more vegetation for shelter than burrows. After 8 days in the creek near the release site, he travelled through drains into a swamp, potentially displaced by resident platypuses, where the signal was lost. The results demonstrate significant challenges in post-release survival, including burrow creation. This case highlights the importance of monitoring animals after release.

ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF TECHNICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR RAILWAY AUTOMATION AND TELEMECHANICS DEVICES

The article presents an analysis of the efficiency of systems for technical diagnostics and monitoring of the condition of railway automation and telemetry devices. Modern approaches to diagnostics are considered, including methods for collecting and processing data, as well as algorithms for analyzing the condition of automation and telemetry devices. Particular attention is paid to assessing the reliability and accuracy of diagnostic systems, as well as their impact on the safety and efficiency of rail transport operation. Key indicators that allow assessing the efficiency of systems are studied, such as failure prevention rates and response time to faults. The authors emphasize the importance of technical diagnostics and monitoring in ensuring the safety and reliability of automation of rail transportation processes.

Do you have enough space? Habitat selection of insectivorous cave-dwelling bats in fragmented landscapes of Eastern Amazon.

Individual movements of bats are triggered by their life requirements, limited by their recognition of the environment and risks of moving, and mediated by habitat selection. Mining adds fragmentation and heterogeneity to landscapes, with poorly understood consequences to the life activities of the bats. Cave dwelling bats spend most of their life cycles within caves, and as they constantly forage in external landscapes, their contribution in the input of organic matter to the caves is of paramount importance to the subterranean biodiversity. We investigated habitat selection by cave bats in a mosaic of Amazonian forests, iron-rich savannas and iron-caves, studying the movements of the aerial insect-catcher Furipterus horrens (Furipteridae) and of the foliage gleaning bat Lonchorhina aurita (Phyllostomidae), both cave-dependent in the area. We used radio telemetry to assess their use of habitats, under the prediction that these species prefer preserved habitats for their foraging bouts, avoiding human-modified habitats. We also anticipated larger areas and commuting distances for both species when foraging in disturbed landscapes. Thirty-one bats were monitored in conserved habitats, mining sites and pastures resulting in an average range of 415.1 ± 837.4 ha and average commuting distances of 2163 ± 2453 m (F. horrens) and 681.1 ± 1101 ha and 2781.5 ± 2333 m (L. aurita). Our results suggest that F. horrens are open space foragers, frequently recorded in cangas, and L. aurita are forest foragers that use all habitats proportionally to their availability in the landscape. We detected landscape-related effects mediated by seasonal variation in the maximum commuting distance performed by both species. These are the first radiotelemetry data available for F. horrens and L. aurita, delivering original baselines to understand their movement behaviors. This information sheds light into constraints related to the optimal and adjusted biological cycles of these two species and their range shifts under scenarios of disturbance and may subsidize programs for their conservation.

Recent advances and avenues for the pest management of invasive social wasps and hornets.

Invasive social wasps and hornets pose significant threats to biodiversity, ecosystem services, and animal and human health. This review evaluates recent advances in invasive wasp and hornet management using criteria developed for assessing the feasibility of eradication and control programmes. I emphasise the importance and methods of early detection, citizen science, public involvement, and the role of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, drones, and radio telemetry for nest detection. Toxic baits remain a vital tool for population suppression, although improvements in their efficacy and selectivity are needed to mitigate nontarget impacts. The review explores the development of targeted control tools, including emerging biological and genetic control methods, which promise potential solutions but require careful consideration of ecological risks. Genetic interventions include gene drives that offer future potential for sustained long-term control but require robust regulatory frameworks. Global collaboration to standardise management is essential, as invasion and control efforts in one region can affect neighbouring countries. The integration of international best practices with legal frameworks, public engagement, and adaptive management strategies will be critical to the success of future management programmes.