RFID Environment Research Articles

METAHEURISTIC TRACEABILITY ATTACK AGAINST SLMAP, AN RFID LIGHTWEIGHT AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL

We present a metaheuristic-based attack against the traceability of an ultra-lightweight authentication protocol for RFID environments called SLMAP, and analyze its implications. The main interest of our approach is that it constitutes a complete black-box technique that does not make any assumptions on the components of the underlying protocol and can thus be easily generalized to analyze many other proposals.

An improved authentication protocol for mobile agent device in RFID environment

In the past researches, most of the authentication protocols were designed in an effort to solve the RFID security and privacy problem regarding the encrypted communication between the database and readers, and readers and tags. Based on the proposal of Mobile Agent device for RFID privacy Protection (MARP), some security problems have been exposed. Later on, protecting the privacy with a mobile agent device in RFID environment (eMARP) has shown improvement on MARP. The mobile agent device provides more powerful computation than the tag, in addition to the privacy protection along with the forgery detection. However, we found out that the authentication protocol of eMARP could not resist location tracking. Therefore, we will discuss and demonstrate that the eMARP–based RFID system does not have ability to achieve location tracking in this paper. We have improved the authentication protocol of eMARP–based RFID system and also have eliminated its vulnerability.

A SIMULATION NETWORK MODEL TO EVALUATE RFID MIDDLEWARES

High-performance radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a challenging issue for large-scale enterprises. As a key component of an RFID system, RFID middleware is an important factor to measure the performance of the system. To evaluate the feasibility of an RFID middleware, the performance of the RFID middleware should be carefully evaluated in various RFID-enabled business environments. However, the construction of an RFID testbed requires a lot of time, money, and human resources because it involves numerous tagged items and a large number of deployed readers. We must provide a meaningful input tag stream representing various business activities, rather than random data. This paper presents a novel simulation model for the virtual construction of RFID testbeds. To ensure the semantic validity of the input tag stream, the proposed RFID simulation network (RSN) extends Petri nets by including sets of functions that represent unique characteristics of RFID environments such as the uncertainty of communications and tag movement patterns. By configuring appropriate functions, the RSN automatically generates an input tag stream that matches the distribution of real data. We demonstrate that the RSN model correctly reflects data from real-world environments by comparing input tag streams from real RFID equipment and from the RSN model.

Improvement of the securing RFID systems conforming to EPC Class 1 Generation 2 standard

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is taking the place of barcodes to become electronic tags of the new generation. EPC Class 1 Generation 2 has served as the most popular standard for passive RFID tags. In 2010, Yeh et al. proposed a new RFID authentication protocol conforming to EPC Class 1 Generation 2 standard. However, this paper demonstrates that Yeh et al.’s protocol has two serious security problems such as DATA integrity problem and forward secrecy problem unlike their claims. An improved protocol is also proposed which can prevent the security problems and be applied in low-cost RFID environments requiring a high level of security.

Evaluation and exploration of RFID systems by rapid prototyping

Today's RFID systems exhibit relatively little functionality, while future systems and ubiquitous computing applications require an ample set of general purpose features, like wide communication ranges, high data rates, high reliability, and many more. In order to meet these high-performance goals, several challenges in state of the art RFID systems need to be managed: (1) the compatibility of RFID equipment, working according to different standards in various frequency domains, (2) the thorough understanding of the performance impact of physical layer system parameters, (3) the venture of novel wireless technologies in the context of RFID, and finally, (4) to deal with the increased complexity of high-performance RFID systems. Therefore, designers desire a highly configurable, flexible, and high-performance RFID environment to experimentally explore the underlying physical conditions and to evaluate novel RFID technologies and designs. This paper introduces the concept of rapid prototyping in RFID and provides a survey of system simulators, demonstrators, and rapid prototyping environments. A guideline for the setup for such a rapid prototyping system applicable for RFID is presented, and its implementation is demonstrated. Finally, some exemplary measurements carried out with this rapid prototyping system are presented.

The Intelligent RFID Information Security Integrated Antenna Arrays System Based on SOA

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology system is quickly evolved many applications to manage personnel can be more efficient for automation systems. We combine the RSA encryption and decryption algorithms to raise the safety and the information security systems. The RFID environment has been communicated to exchange data for heterogeneous wireless networks. In this paper, it is implemented the RFID-based campus system solutions to security and privacy of RFID system for wireless mesh network applications. We propose to enhance the security algorithm combined RFID devices for the antenna arrays system. This paper is also presented the integrated framework for the application and integration systems based on service oriented architecture, and given a specific application of the framework combined with campus system.

암호와 복호가 동일한 SPN 블록 암호 SSB

Feistel and SPN are the two main structures in a block cipher. Feistel is a symmetric structure which has the same structure in encryption and decryption, but SPN is not a symmetric structure. In this paper, we propose a SPN block cipher so called SSB which has a symmetric structure in encryption and decryption. The proposed SSB is composed of the even numbers of N rounds. Each round consists of a round key addition layer, a subsitution layer, a byte exchange layer and a diffusion layer. The subsitution layer of the odd round is inverse function of one of the even round. And the diffusion layer is a MDS involution matrix. The differential and linear attack probability of SSB is which is same with AES. The proposed symmetric SPN block cipher SSB is believed to construct a safe and efficient cipher in Smart Card and RFID environments which is in limited hardware and software resources.

Study on the reader baseband receiver structure for the demodulation of subcarrier signal in a passive RFID environment

AbstractIn this article, we present a subcarrier demodulation structure to eliminate an undesirable DC‐offset phenomenon, which may appear in the baseband of the reader receiver under passive radio frequency identification environment.To achieve the requirement, the primary feature of the proposed demodulation structure is to reconstruct the signal corrupted by the DC‐offset phenomenon by creating peak signals from the corrupted signal. In the case of the Miller subcarrier signal, the phase inversion information in the symbol duration is used for generating the peak signal. It is shown that the proposed method can successfully detect valid data from the received signal, even when the received baseband signal is distorted by the DC‐offset phenomenon. In addition, the performance of the proposed method is slightly better than or comparable to that of the well‐known‐matched filter‐type baseband receiver in the band‐limited channel environments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1264–1272, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25995

Across-authority lightweight ownership transfer protocol

With the combination of mobile devices and readers in recent years, mobile RFID systems have been widely deployed in mobile identification and its further applications. E-commerce has applied many mobile RFID services, including the transfer of a tagged item’s ownership. To secure such transfer in a mobile RFID environment, we propose a new ownership transfer protocol across different authorities. We prove that it is able to withstand most threats for RFID and prevent denial of service attacks that arise in the presence of asynchrony. It can also guarantee forward and backward secrecy, and circumvent the windowing problem. This scheme is designed for lightweight tags and has been proved to be viable for use in low-cost passive tags. It also offers better performance than any other known ownership transfer schemes.

Protocol for ownership transfer across authorities: with the ability to assign transfer target

AbstractRadio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been widely deployed for its high capabilities in simple computation, storage, long scan distance, and simultaneous reading. With the combination of mobile devices and readers in recent years, it has been transformed to mobile RFID providing wider services for its users and mobility for its readers. E‐commerce, for instance, has applied many of mobile RFID's deriving services, one of which is the transfer of a tagged item's ownership. To secure such transfer in a mobile RFID environment, we propose a new approach for ownership transfer across different authorities and prove it able to stand most threats for RFID and to prevent Denial of Service (DoS) attacks that derive from asynchrony. Another contribution in this paper is that we can assign transfer targets, which, except our scheme, can only be achieved by Yang et al.'s Cross Authority Ownership Transfer (CAOT) protocol. That scheme, however, involves heavy computation and is not suitable for lightweight tags, whereas this scheme is designed for lightweight tags and has been proved viable on low‐cost passive tags and has better performance than any known ownership transfer schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Machining fixture assembly/disassembly in RFID environment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach for identification of machining fixtures, and their elements in an assembly/disassembly process.Design/methodology/approach – Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is applied to identification of physical machining fixtures and their basic elements.Findings – Based on comprehensive testing in industrial conditions it was established by this research that the use of RFID technology contributes to significant reduction of assembly/disassembly time of machining fixtures.Practical implications – Practical applicability of RFID technology is emphasized and demonstrated in the paper. The suggested system is proven superior in comparison with conventional methods for identification of fixtures/fixture elements which qualifies it for real industrial application.Originality/value – To the best of authors' knowledge there are no previous reports of successful application of RFID technology on identification of fixtures/fixture elements.

Symmetric SPN block cipher with Bit Slice involution S-box

Feistel and SPN are the two main structures in a block cipher. Feistel is a symmetric structure which has the same structure in encryption and decryption, but SPN is not a symmetric structure. Encrypt round function and decrypt round function in SPN structure have three parts, round key addition and substitution layer with S-box for confusion and permutation layer for defusion. Most SPN structure for example ARIA and AES uses 8 bit S-Box at substitution layer, which is vulnerable to Square attack, Boomerang attack, Impossible differentials cryptanalysis etc. In this paper, we propose a SPN which has a symmetric structure in encryption and decryption. The whole operations of proposed algorithm are composed of the even numbers of N rounds where the first half of them, 1 to N/2 round, applies a right function and the last half of them, (N+1)/2 to N round, employs an inverse function. And a symmetry layer is located in between the right function layer and the inverse function layer. The symmetric layer is composed with a multiple simple bit slice involution S-Boxes. The bit slice involution S-Box symmetric layer increases difficult to attack cipher by Square attack, Boomerang attack, Impossible differentials cryptanalysis etc. The proposed symmetric SPN block cipher with bit slice involution S-Box is believed to construct a safe and efficient cipher in Smart Card and RFID environments where electronic chips are built in.

RFID‐Env: methods and software simulation for RFID environments

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the results of an analytical and experimental research for the development of an innovative product designated RFID environment (RFID‐Env). This software is designed for the use of professionals in computer systems and plant engineering who are engaged in research and development (R&D) of ultra high frequency (UHF) passive radio frequency identification (RFID) systems as applied to the management and operation of logistic supply chains.Design/methodology/approachThe RFID‐Env makes it possible to simulate on computer screens a complete RFID‐Env by processing user data on the technical and physical characteristics of real or virtual RFID‐Envs. Information outputted can include descriptions of the performance to be expected from a given configuration and detailed reports as to whether that particular configuration will succeed in reading all the RFID tags flowing through a defined system.FindingsThe paper shows the models and methods on how these simulations can be performed, and this is the major scientific contribution of this work, i.e. what are the logical and physical models that enable the development of software simulators for RFID‐Envs.Research limitations/implicationsThis work will be continued to introduce more consideration of the physical environment, such as the interferences produced by the tagged products themselves by scattering the radio frequency (RF) signals, and the models, positioning and focusing of the antennas. New RF prediction models shall be created along the continuation of this paper, with the purpose to rise the amount of environments that can be simulated.Practical implicationsThe product is intended for use by developers in computer sciences, and by engineers doing R&D for the solution of RFID problems, and makes it possible to simulate a complete range of virtual RFID‐Envs so that R&D can proceed in a non‐factory atmosphere.Originality/valueThere are only a few related papers that consider in an isolated form some of the problems approached here, but it was not found models that proposed as an integrated form all the processing to an RFID‐Env simulation like here presented.

Design of a secure distance-bounding channel for RFID

Distance bounding is often proposed as a countermeasure to relay attacks and distance fraud in RFID proximity identification systems. Although several distance-bounding protocols have been proposed the security of these proposals are dependent on the underlying communication channel. Conventional communication channels have been shown to be inappropriate for implementing distance bounding, as these channels introduce latency that can be exploited to obscure attempted attacks. Distance-bounding channels for RFID tokens have been proposed but have failed to address distance fraud or have not been practically implemented in an RFID environment. This paper describes a near-field, bit-exchange channel design that minimizes latency and allows for more secure distance-bounding measurements, while still allowing for a resource-constrained prover. Results from a proof-of-concept implementation is also presented, which illustrates that a channel that is resistant to both relay attacks and distance fraud is feasible in current RFID systems.

Lightweight authentication protocol for mobile RFID networks

Current RFID authentication schemes are not suitable for use in a mobile RFID environment since the proposed authentication schemes result in a computing load because of the low-cost tag and provide insufficient protection to the information and to the privacy of the user. Therefore, we propose a lightweight authentication protocol for mobile RFID networks that complies with Electronic Product Code (EPC) Class-1 Gen-2 norms, effectively achieving forward security. We use the GNY logic analysis to show what the proposed authentication protocol can do against threats of replay attacks, spoofing, Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), counterfeit tag and message loss.

A lightweight anti-desynchronization RFID authentication protocol

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been widely used in ubiquitous infrastructures. However, resource constraint in the low-cost RFID systems has posed potential risks such as privacy and security problems, becoming adoption barrier for RFID-based applications. In this paper, current security issues in RFID are introduced firstly. Then, we propose a lightweight Anti-desynchronization privacy preserving RFID authentication protocol. It is particularly suitable for the low-cost RFID environment for only the capacity of one-way hash function and XOR operation is needed. In this lightweight Anti-desynchronization RFID authentication protocol, the back-end server keeps the history of the random key update to prevent the active attackers from de-synchronizing the shared secret between the tag and the back-end server. The security and the performance of the proposed protocol are analyzed as well.

Threshold jumping and wrap-around scan techniques toward efficient tag identification in high density RFID systems

With the emergence of wireless RFID technologies, the problem of Anti-Collision has been arousing attention and instigated researchers to propose different heuristic algorithms for advancing RFID systems operated in more efficient manner. However, there still have challenges on enhancing the system throughput and stability due to the underlying technologies had faced different limitation in system performance when network density is high. In this paper, we present a Threshold Jumping (TJ) and a Wrap-Around Scan (WAS) techniques, which are query tree based approaches, aiming to coordinate simultaneous communications in high density RFID environments, to speedup tag identification, to increase the overall read rate and to improve system throughput in large-scale RFID systems. The main idea of the Threshold Jumping is to limit the number of collisions. When the number of collisions exceeds a predefined threshold, it reveals that tag density in RF field is too high. To avoid unnecessary enquiry messages, the prefix matching will be moved to next level of the query tree, alleviating the collision problems. The method of setting frequency bound indeed improves the efficiency in high density and randomly deployed RFID systems. However, in irregular or imbalanced RFID networks, inefficient situation may happen. The problem is that the prefix matching is performed in single direction level-order scheme, which may cause an imbalance query tree on which the right sub-tree always not been examined if the identification process goes to next level before scan the right sub-tree due to threshold jumping. By scanning the query tree from right to left in alternative levels, i.e., wrap-around, this flaw cold be ameliorated. To evaluate the performance of proposed techniques, we have implemented the TJ and the WAS method along with the query tree protocol. The simulation results show that the proposed techniques provide superior performance in high density environments. It is shown that the TJ and WAS are effective in terms of increasing system throughput and minimizing identification delay.

EPCIS 국제물류 비즈니스 프로세스 이벤트 기술을 위한 어휘 정의

The EPCglobal Network is a system which provides the information of items to suppliers, consumers, and customers by granting identification numbers on the goods based on the technologies of EPC(Electronic Product Code) and RFID(Radio Frequency Identification), and connecting the space to store those information by network. The EPCglobal architecture framework is also a service consolidating supply and process chain by using EPC for the common goal of business corporations. In the national level, it is necessary to define standard vocabularies for each location and logistics business process for RFID environment using the pre-constructed logistics information infrastructure. Therefore, we define the standard vocabularies and partially user vocabularies for international logistics on EPCglobal network architecture. Finally, we believe that our vocabularies contribute to describing the events fur the EPCglobal network architecture and actually providing usable platform via the XML implementation.

모바일 RFID 서비스 환경에서의 성인 인증 시스템

본 논문은 유비쿼터스 환경의 핵심 기술인 RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) 기술과 이동통신 기술의 접목을 통해 도래하게 될 모바일 RFID 서비스 환경에서의 성인 인증에 관한 것으로, 기존의 인터 넷에서 행하고 있는 단순한 성인 인증의 단점을 극복하기 위하여, 콘텐츠의 내용에 기반한 등급 분류 체계를 갖추고, 이를 통한 성인 인증 시스템을 제안한 것이다. 우선 기존의 성인 인증 방법에 대하여 설명하고, 청소년들에게 유해 정보가 노출되는 것을 막기 위한 콘텐츠 내용에 기반한 등급 분류 기준에 대하여 알아본다. 그리고, 제안하는 모바일 RFID 성인 인증 데이터의 구성을 살펴본 후, 모바일 RFID 성인 인증 시스템을 제안하고 결론을 맺는다. This paper is about adult certification on Mobile RFID Service Environments coming through the combination of RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) technology, as the core technology of ubiquitous environments, and mobile telecommunication technology. To overcome the shortcoming of simple adult certification on current internet, we suggest a framework for content-based classification and propose an adult certification system using it. At first, we explain conventional methods for adult certification, and show a criteria of content-based classification for preventing an exposure of adult contents from minors. Additionally, we describe data structure and system for the proposed adult certification on mobile RFID environment, and finish it with concluding remarks.

Modeling Evolving Behaviors in Ant Colonies

Modeling societies of individuals is a challenging task increasingly attracting the interest of the Machine Learning community. In ant colonies, individuals have the same physical attitudes and, in principle, can assume any role the social environment requires. For he biologist understanding the complex dynamics ruling a colony is hard due to the difficulty of collecting and classifying long term ant activities. Here we present a novel approach for analyzing activity logs from an ant colony using an RFID environment. A semi-automated algorithm for segmenting traces and discovering the role played by each individual during the observation phase is described. A Structured Hidden Markov Model was used to build the model of single individual activities. Then, the global profile of the colony was traced during the emigration from one nest to another. The method provided significant information concerning the social dynamics of ant colonies.