Radiation Signal Research Articles

Study on Plant Radiation Signal Transduction for Human Self-Healing

We selected 450 patients with chronic and difficult diseases as receptors, and selected edible and medicinal plant combinations as biological signal donors, and randomly participated in a new experiment. After adjusting the patient’s biological field, the compensating bio information energy (CBE) high-tech is applied to transmit the signal of plant radiation to the patient’s body. The physical therapy of this health care mode has the characteristics of no contact, no drugs, no intervention, no toxic side effects, no pain, and no electromagnetic radiation and so on. Before and after the experiment, the main function test, cell function, cell biochemistry and body temperature of each patient were used for the same body control and data statistical analysis, and then the comprehensive integration method was used to evaluate the effect. We found that after 1 - 4 courses of treatment (7 - 28 dx 2h), the potential disease risk of patients was significantly reduced, the relevant medical indicators improved rapidly, and the cell function and symptoms improved simultaneously. The effective rate was up to 90%, the significant efficiency was up to 57%. This experiment shows that this new physical therapy can treat both symptoms and root causes, make chronic and difficult diseases self-healing and rehabilitation, and has no ethical problems. It also shows that information on plant health can play an important role in reversing cell aging and restoring cell function. Therefore, it opens up a new field of natural therapy, which can be called cell information therapy.

Numerical Verification of Full Waveform Inversion for the Chang’E-5 Lunar Regolith Penetrating Array Radar

The lunar regolith penetrating array radar (LRPR) carried by Chang’E-5 (CE-5) has explored the subsurface regolith structure of the moon and guided the drill sampling procedures. To evaluate LRPR performance in subsurface imaging and physical-parameter estimation, we apply multiscale full-waveform inversion (FWI) with total variation (TV) regularization to the synthetic CE-5 LRPR data. The time-domain multiscale inversion strategy gives a low-frequency update for the deep region and increases the frequency range for updating the shallow area. The TV regularization reduces the image noise and improves the inversion accuracy of local structures. To mimic the actual scenario, we use an LRPR source wavelet obtained from the LRPR instrument prototype for our FWI test. The LRPR source wavelets include the effect of the antenna radiation patterns and signal scattering from the metallic lander. We test the proposed FWI scheme on two heterogeneous models of the lunar regolith and demonstrate that the scheme effectively reduces the signal scattering from the metallic lander and provides a reliable way to image the lunar regolith structures. These images can be used to estimate the regolith physical parameters.

The obtaining of regular metal and dielectric microstructures based on irradiation-modified polymer films

Based on regular porous polymeric membranes, the synthesis of metal and dielectric spearhead structures with given morphological characteristics was carried out. Copper structures with the ~ 1 μm height and dielectric spearhead microstructures made from iodic acid with the 12 μm height and 1 μm diameter were obtained. The possibility is discussed of using such optical elements to solve the problems of increasing the efficiency of IR radiation detection, signal amplification and conversion to visible and near-infrared ranges. Keywords: regular membranes, spearhead structures, copper, iodic acid, radiation transformations.

Получение регулярных металлических и диэлектрических микроструктур на основе модифицированных при облучении полимерных пленок

Based on regular porous polymeric membranes, the synthesis of metallic and dielectric spearhead structures with given morphological characteristics was carried out. Copper structures with 1 μm height and dielectric spearhead microstructures made of iodoic acid with 12 μm height and 1 μm diameter of were obtained. The possibility of using such optical elements to solve the problems of increasing the efficiency of IR radiation detection, signal amplification and conversion to visible and near-infrared ranges.

Considering Various Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Schemes for Simulation of Passive Microwave Radiative Signatures

Passive microwave radiative transfer models are strongly influenced by the cloud and precipitation hydrometeor properties. Particularly, they can sensitively interact with frozen hydrometeors through multiple high-frequency channels. However, frozen hydrometeors are one of the most difficult parameters to comprehend due to the lack of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> data. Until recently, studies have attempted to describe more reasonable hydrometeor distributions using various microphysics parameterizations coupled with the weather research and forecasting (WRF) models. Herein, we aim to apply the proposed methods to passive microwave radiative transfer simulations. We implemented a passive microwave radiative transfer simulation that considers various microphysical assumptions by creating a new Mie scattering lookup table. Furthermore, we evaluated the bulk microphysics parameterizations [WDM6, Morrison (MORR), Thompson (THOM), and P3 schemes] for the tropical cyclone Krosa (2019) that were observed by the global precipitation measurement microwave imager instrument, specifically concentrating on the rimed and aggregated ice categories (snow, graupel, and P3 ice). Based on the evaluation results, we concluded the following: WDM6 graupel and MORR snow afford excessive scattering signals at 37 GHz. However, at 166 GHz, none of the parameterizations produces sufficient scattering signals for comparison with the observations. The P3 ice affords significantly underestimated scattering signals at 89 GHz and above, despite its sophisticated assumptions. On the contrary, THOM snow affords scattering signals similar to the observations, despite a shape-related error. In summary, this study introduced a method for implementing a microphysical-consistent radiative transfer computation and successfully showed how various microphysical assumptions of clouds can change the passive microwave radiative signatures.

An integrative chemometric approach and correlative metabolite networking of LC-MS and 1H NMR based urine metabolomics for radiation signatures.

The increasing threat of nuclear terrorism or radiological accident has made high throughput radiation biodosimetry a requisite for the immediate response for triage. Owing to detection of subtle alterations in biological pathways before the onset of clinical conditions, metabolomics has become an important tool for studying biomarkers and the related mechanisms for radiation induced damage. Here, we have attempted to combine two detection techniques, LC-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy, to obtain a comprehensive metabolite profile of urine at 24 h following lethal (7.5 Gy) and sub-lethal (5 Gy) irradiation in mice. Integrated data analytics using multiblock-OPLSDA (MB-OPLSDA), correlation networking and pathway analysis was used to identify metabolic disturbances associated with radiation exposure. MB-OPLSDA revealed better clustering and separation of irradiated groups compared with controls without overfitting (p-value of CV-ANOVA: 1.5 × 10-3). Metabolites identified through MB-OPLSDA, namely, taurine, creatine, citrate and 2-oxoglutarate, were found to be dose independent markers and further support and validate our earlier findings as potential radiation injury biomarkers. Integrated analysis resulted in the enhanced coverage of metabolites and better correlation networking in energy, taurine, gut flora, L-carnitine and nucleotide metabolism observed post irradiation in urine. Our study thus emphasizes the major advantage of using the two detection techniques along with integrated analysis for better detection and comprehensive understanding of disturbed metabolites in biological pathways.

Analysis of optical radiation dispersion characteristics of an artificially triggered lightning return stroke process

In this paper, improved continuous wavelet transform is used to analyze the dispersion characteristics of a group of optical radiation signals of return stroke in an artificially triggered lightning, and the analysis results are compared with the results calculated by the classical &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;L&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt; transmission line model. The analysis results show that the arrival time of different frequency components of the optical radiation of return stroke presents nonlinear variation with frequency. Moreover, a turning point always appears in the low frequency band on the arrival time curves of different frequency components, and the turning frequency is usually between 10 kHz and 25 kHz. The existence of this turning frequency provides a new kind of parameterization basis for evaluating the characteristic and conductivity of the return stroke channel. Based on this, the channel conductivities of the six return strokes of this triggered lightning are estimated. The average variation ranges from 0.59 × 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; S/m to 0.96 × 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; S/m, and the overall average value is about 0.77 × 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; S/m, which are similar to the classical evaluation results.

Electron beam chiral diffraction radiation in isosceles right triangle light-well

&lt;sec&gt;Electron beam diffraction radiation source has the advantages of small size, wavelength tunability, and polarization controllability, showing great potential applications in nanophotonic circuits. However, studies of optical chirality of electron beam diffraction radiation are relatively scarce. The optical chirality of electron beam diffraction radiation in isosceles right triangle light-well is realized and demonstrated in this work. The light-well consists of twelve alternating layers of gold and silicon dioxide, and the electron beam diffraction radiation originates from oscillating dipole sources within the light-well. In the case of the electron beam injected at the geometrically asymmetric position within the structure, the diffraction radiation signal with a maximum chirality of more than 40% can be obtained. By changing the injection position of the electron beam, the state of the optical chirality can be effectively controlled, and even the inversion of the chirality can be realized.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;By analyzing the vacuum electromagnetic mode in the system and the dynamic evolution of charge distribution in the gold layer, a reasonable theoretical explanation is provided for the generation of the chiral optical effect. A semi-analytical model for explaining the optical chirality of electron beam diffraction radiation is given by solving the incident electromagnetic field and the waveguide modes in the light-well. The observed difference between left-handed circularly polarized and right-handed circularly polarized signals originates from the asymmetry between left-handed and right-handed electromagnetic modes in the light-well caused by the geometrically asymmetric positional excitation, which ultimately leads to far-field chiral radiation determined by the electromagnetic field within the light-well. In addition, the simulation results of the surface charge distribution of the top gold film of the light-well reveal the correlation between the dynamic evolution of the surface charge distribution and the radiation chirality.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;The advantages of nanoscale focusing and moving of electron beam excitation source make the optical chirality of electron beam diffraction radiation have more flexible adjustment potential. The proposed physical mechanism and unique experimental platform not only provide new ideas for manipulating optical chirality on a nanoscale, but also lay the foundation for binary information processing and integration in nanophotonic circuits and chiral nano-light-sources in the future.&lt;/sec&gt;

Vignetting Correction Based on a Two-Dimensional Gaussian Filter With Harmony for Area Array Sensors

Vignetting is the main factor causing uneven brightness in an image due to the inherent characteristics of the camera sensor. In radiometric correction-based remote sensing sensors, vignetting can lead to uncomparable radiation signals within and between images, and in the processing of remote sensing images, it leads to an unbalanced color when images are mosaiced. Due to distortions of optical devices, uneven response of detectors and other factors, it is difficult to extract the vignetting from complex reference images and correct it accurately. In this study, a low-pass Gaussion filter was selected to extract the vignetting from reference image, and the standard deviation (STD) and mean of the reference images were used as the factor of harmony to evaluate the strength of the filter for attaining optimal vignetting background. In experiments, the method proposed was compared with polynomial fitting method and general Gaussian filter mothed. The results show that Gaussian filter with harmony method achieves the best effect of vignetting correction compared with the other two methods.

FIBER-OPTIC SENSOR OF THE OBJECT PERIMETER PROTECTION SYSTEM

An analysis of the existing fiber-optic sensors of the system for detecting unauthorized entry into the territory of a protected facility was carried out. It is noted that an attractive feature of such sensors is immunity to electromagnetic radiation and electrical safety. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the well-known fiber optic sensors alone can detect only the fact of unauthorized entry, and with a multizone security system – both the fact and the zone of unauthorized entry, but not the reason for the operation of the fiber optic sensor, i.e. parameter of the offending object (small animal, person or vehicle). To expand the functionality, a fiber-optic sensor has been developed that allows you to determine not only the fact of penetration, but also the parameters of the intruder object, namely its mass.An optical fiber was chosen for the developed fiber-optic sensor and an optical fiber macrobend shaper with the highest susceptibility to macrobend – G 655. It was found that an increase in the length of the macrobend arc at a constant macrobend shaper radius leads to an increase in the attenuation of the optical radiation signal in the optical fiber. It is indicated that this dependence is close to linear in the range of macrobending arc lengths from zero to pR.

Electron beam chiral diffraction radiation in an isosceles right triangle light-well

Electron beam diffraction radiation sources have the advantages of small size, wavelength tunability, and polarization controllability, showing great application potential in nanophotonic circuits. However, studies on optical chirality of electron beam diffraction radiation are relatively scarce. The optical chirality of electron beam diffraction radiation in isosceles right triangle light-well is realized and demonstrated in this work. The light-well consists of twelve alternating layers of gold and silicon dioxide, and the electron beam diffraction radiation originates from oscillating dipole sources within the light-well. In the case of the electron beam injecting at the geometrically asymmetric position within the structure, the diffraction radiation signal with a maximum chirality of more than 40% can be obtained. By changing the injection position of the electron beam, the state of the optical chirality can be effectively controlled, and even the inversion of the chirality can be realized.&lt;br&gt;By analyzing the vacuum electromagnetic mode in the system and the dynamic evolution of charge distribution in the gold layer, a reasonable theoretical explanation is provided for the generation of the chiral optical effect. A semi-analytical model for explaining the optical chirality of electron beam diffraction radiation is given by solving the incident electromagnetic field and the waveguide modes in the light-well. The observed difference between left-handed circularly polarized and right-handed circularly polarized signals originates from the asymmetry between left-handed and right-handed electromagnetic modes in the light-well caused by the geometrically asymmetric positional excitation, which ultimately leads to far-field chiral radiation determined by the electromagnetic field within the light-well. In addition, the simulation results of the surface charge distribution of the top gold film of the light-well reveal the correlation between the dynamic evolution of the surface charge distribution and the radiation chirality.&lt;br&gt;The advantages of nanoscale focusing and moving of electron beam excitation source make the optical chirality of electron beam diffraction radiation have more flexible adjustment potential. The proposed physical mechanism and unique experimental platform not only provide new ideas for manipulating optical chirality at the nanoscale, but also lay the foundation for binary information processing and integration in nanophotonic circuits and chiral nano-light-sources in the future.

Multiprobe Radiation Simulation Method for Phased Array Radar Performance Evaluation

The phased array radar exhibits improved tracking accuracy and anti-jamming performance with multi-beam tracking, beam agility, and adaptive beam-forming capabilities. The performance evaluation of the phased array radar is essential for the product designing and development stage. However, the conventional injection simulation and triad radiation simulation methods are not suitable for phased array radars. Therefore, new methods for radiation simulation are required on an urgent basis for the performance evaluation of phased array radars in a reliable, reliable, and repeatable way. This paper focuses on designing a practical anechoic chamber system of multi-probe radiation suitable for phased array radars. The appropriate test distance, the physical size of the anechoic chamber, the multi-probe radiation signal model, and the number of probes required were discussed. Furthermore, an inversion method based on least squares was proposed to solve the complex weights of the probes, thereby simulating the desired apparent center position. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Novel Imaging Method Using Fractional Fourier Transform for Near-Field Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Systems

In the domain of synthetic aperture radiometry, a Fourier transform (FT) relationship can be established between the brightness temperature of the target in the far-field region and the visibility function output by the system. However, when the target is in the near-field range of the imaging system, the existing far-field imaging methods cannot be used directly for the inversion of the near-field visibility function, because the target radiation signal cannot simply be regarded as a plane wave signal. In this letter, we propose a novel imaging method for synthetic aperture radiometer systems on the basis of the characteristics of the near-field target radiation signal. We introduce the near-field error term to reformulate the relationship between visibility function and brightness temperature in near field. Based on the reestablished signal model, we present an image reconstruction algorithm via fractional Fourier transformation, named near-field fractional FT (NF-FRFT), to estimate the near-field brightness temperature. Compared with the conventional near-field imaging method, the proposed NF-FRFT method can achieve better image reconstruction quality without extra hardware consumption. Furthermore, another advantage of this approach is that no additional array layout design is required. The validity of this method is demonstrated by a series of simulations and experiments.

Opto-Thermal Investigation of Additively Manufactured Steel Samples as a Function of the Hatch Distance.

Nowadays, additive manufacturing processes are becoming more and more appealing due to their production-oriented design guidelines, especially with regard to topology optimisation and minimal downstream production depth in contrast to conventional technologies. However, a scientific path in the areas of quality assurance, material and microstructural properties, intrinsic thermal permeability and dependent stress parameters inhibits enthusiasm for the potential degrees of freedom of the direct metal laser melting process (DMLS). Especially in quality assurance, post-processing destructive measuring methods are still predominantly necessary in order to evaluate the components adequately. The overall objective of these investigations is to gain process knowledge make reliable in situ statements about component quality and material properties based on the process parameters used and emission values measured. The knowledge will then be used to develop non-destructive tools for the quality management of additively manufactured components. To assess the effectiveness of the research design in relation to the objectives for further investigations, this pre-study evaluates the dependencies between the process parameters, process emission during manufacturing and resulting thermal diffusivity and the relative density of samples fabricated by DMLS. Therefore, the approach deals with additively built metal samples made on an EOS M290 apparatus with varying hatch distances while simultaneously detecting the process emission. Afterwards, the relative density of the samples is determined optically, and thermal diffusivity is measured using the laser flash method. As a result of this pre-study, all interactions of the within factors are presented. The process variable hatch distance indicates a strong influence on the resulting material properties, as an increase in the hatch distance from 0.11 mm to 1 mm leads to a drop in relative density of 57.4%. The associated thermal diffusivity also reveals a sharp decrease from 5.3 mm2/s to 1.3 mm2/s with growing hatch distances. The variability of the material properties can also be observed in the measured process emissions. However, as various factors overlap in the thermal radiation signal, no clear assignment is possible within the scope of this work.

Study on the effects of temperature and immersion on the acoustic emission and electromagnetic radiation signals of coal rock damage under load

As the mining depth increases year by year, the geological environment of the coal seam becomes more complex. Coal rocks are vulnerable to damage from high temperature, immersion, high ground stress and other factors. This study is aimed at realizing the monitoring and early warning of coal rock dynamic disasters in complex environments such as high temperature and immersion. Firstly, mechanical properties of coal rocks after high temperature and immersion treatment were tested through experiments. It was found that both high temperature and immersion can cause mechanical damage to coal rock. In addition, the acoustic emission (AE) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) signals generated by coal rock samples during failure were collected in real time. The following conclusions were drawn: All these signals are closely related to the damage degree of coal rock. The AE and EMR signals generated by coal rock under load after different temperature treatments were different, and their intensity decrease after immersion treatment. Furthermore, the damage of coal samples caused by high temperature and immersion was explored through quantitative analysis, and the evolution law of crack propagation during coal rock failure was discussed. The mechanical properties of coal rock after the damage of high temperature and immersion and the mechanisms of AE and EMR signal generation and variation during deformation and failure were revealed. This study provides theoretical guidance for the monitoring of coal rock dynamic disasters.

Global evaluation of the precipitable-water-vapor product from MERSI-II (Medium Resolution Spectral Imager) on board the Fengyun-3D satellite

Abstract. Atmospheric water vapor plays a key role in Earth's radiation balance and hydrological cycle, and the precipitable-water-vapor (PWV) product under clear-sky conditions has been routinely provided by the advanced Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI-II) on board Fengyun-3D since 2018. The global evaluation of the PWV product derived from MERSI-II is performed herein by comparing it with PWV from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) based on a total of 462 sites (57 219 matchups) during 2018–2021. The monthly averaged PWV from MERSI-II presents a decreasing distribution of PWV from the tropics to the polar regions. In general, a sound consistency exists between PWV values of MERSI-II and IGRA; their correlation coefficient is 0.951, and their root mean squared error (RMSE) is 0.36 cm. The histogram of mean bias (MB) shows that the MB is concentrated around zero and mostly located within the range from −1.00 cm to 0.50 cm. For most sites, PWV is underestimated with the MB between −0.41 and 0.05 cm. However, there is also an overestimated PWV, which is mostly distributed in the area surrounding the Black Sea and the middle of South America. There is a slight underestimation of MERSI-II PWV for all seasons with the MB value below −0.18 cm, with the bias being the largest magnitude in summer. This is probably due to the presence of thin clouds, which weaken the radiation signal observed by the satellite. We also find that there is a larger bias in the Southern Hemisphere, with a large value and significant variation in PWV. The binned error analysis revealed that the MB and RMSE increased with the increasing value of PWV, but there is an overestimation for PWV smaller than 1.0 cm. In addition, there is a higher MB and RMSE with a larger spatial distance between the footprint of the satellite and the IGRA station, and the RMSE ranged from 0.33 to 0.47 cm. There is a notable dependency on solar zenith angle of the deviations between MERSI-II and IGRA PWV products.

Mutant p53 reactivator SLMP53-2 hinders ultraviolet B radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis

The growing incidence of skin cancer (SC) has prompted the search for additional preventive strategies to counteract this global health concern. Mutant p53 (mutp53), particularly with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) signature, has emerged as a promising target for SC prevention based on its key role in skin carcinogenesis. Herein, the preventive activity of our previously disclosed mutp53 reactivator SLMP53-2 against UVR-induced SC was investigated. The pre-treatment of keratinocyte HaCaT cells with SLMP53-2, before UVB exposure, depleted mutp53 protein levels with restoration of wild-type-like p53 DNA-binding ability and subsequent transcriptional activity. SLMP53-2 increased cell survival by promoting G1-phase cell cycle arrest, while reducing UVB-induced apoptosis through inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. SLMP53-2 also protected cells from reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage induced by UVB. Moreover, it enhanced DNA repair through upregulation of nucleotide excision repair pathway and depletion of UVB-induced DNA damage, as evidenced by a reduction of DNA in comet tails, γH2AX staining and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) levels. SLMP53-2 further suppressed UVB-induced inflammation by inhibiting the nuclear translocation and DNA-binding ability of NF-κB, and promoted the expression of key players involved in keratinocytes differentiation. Consistently, the topical application of SLMP53-2 in mice skin, prior to UVB irradiation, reduced cell death and DNA damage. It also decreased the expression of inflammatory-related proteins and promoted cell differentiation, in UVB-exposed mice skin. Notably, SLMP53-2 did not show signs of skin toxicity for cumulative topical use. Overall, these results support a promising protective activity of SLMP53-2 against UVB-induced SC.

Signatures of UV radiation in low-mass protostars

Context. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) influences the physics and chemistry of star-forming regions, but its properties and significance in the immediate surroundings of low-mass protostars are still poorly understood. Aims. Our aim is to extend the use of the CN/HCN ratio, already established for high-mass protostars, to the low-mass regime to trace and characterize the UV field around low-mass protostars on ~0.6 × 0.6 pc scales. Methods. We present 5′ × 5′ maps of the Serpens Main Cloud encompassing ten protostars observed with the EMIR receiver at the IRAM 30 m telescope in CN 1–0, HCN 1–0, CS 3–2, and some of their isotopologs. The radiative-transfer code RADEX and the chemical model Nahoon were used to determine column densities of molecules, gas temperature and density, and the UV field strength, G0. Results. The spatial distribution of HCN and CS are closely correlated with CO 6–5 emission, that traces outflows. The CN emission is extended from the central protostars to their immediate surroundings also tracing outflows, likely as a product of HCN photodissociation. The ratio of CN to HCN total column densities ranges from ~1 to 12 corresponding to G0 ≈ 101–103 for gas densities and temperatures typical for outflows of low-mass protostars. Conclusions. UV radiation associated with protostars and their outflows is indirectly identified in a significant part of the Serpens Main low-mass star-forming region. Its strength is consistent with the values obtained from the OH and H2O ratios observed with Herschel and compared with models of UV-illuminated shocks. From a chemical viewpoint, the CN to HCN ratio is an excellent tracer of UV fields around low- and intermediate-mass star-forming regions.

Дослідження якісних показників поляризаційної селекції об’єктів на фоні пасивних завад в поляризаційно-доплерівській радіолокаційній системі

The optimal algorithm of polarization-Doppler selection of targets against the background of passive interference is considered. The polarimetric properties of scattered electromagnetic radiation of objects. The functionally-determined mathematical model of the useful signal, structure and correlation characteristics of the internal radiation of the receiver is determined. The algorithm of optimal processing, synthesized within the method of maximum likelihood, is considered for two limit cases. Algorithmic actions in the processing of passive interference and methods of their compensation are considered and investigated. Based on the obtained results, the expression for the algorithm of compensation of interferences reflected from the earth's surface is written. The obtained algorithm equalizes the variance of the input signals and compensates the residual variance with the help of weight coefficients. On the basis of the developed algorithm the scheme of the structurally simplified optimum compensator of passive disturbances is formed. Feature processing of useful signals in the compensation scheme is investigated. To ensure the adaptability of the generated algorithm, the coefficient of the variance ratio is based on the results coming from the variance meter. It is proposed to introduce quality indicators of polarization object selection on the background of the underlying surface, which combines indicators of efficiency of passive interference compensation and indicators of efficiency of useful signal-processing against the background of internal noise of receivers. The corresponding dependence of the indicators on the correlation coefficients of passive interference of different polarizations, as well as on the coefficients that separately characterize the level of difference in signal intensities and interference in the reception channels. The information value of each indicator of the efficiency of polarization signal selection from the ratio of the input variances, the correlation coefficient of passive interference and the ratio of the input signals is investigated.The obtained results are proposed to be used to improve the quality of polarization selection of objects in ground-based and aerospace-based radar systems.

The high-energy Sun - probing the origins of particle acceleration on our nearest star

As a frequent and energetic particle accelerator, our Sun provides us with an excellent astrophysical laboratory for understanding the fundamental process of particle acceleration. The exploitation of radiative diagnostics from electrons has shown that acceleration operates on sub-second time scales in a complex magnetic environment, where direct electric fields, wave turbulence, and shock waves all must contribute, although precise details are severely lacking. Ions were assumed to be accelerated in a similar manner to electrons, but γ-ray imaging confirmed that emission sources are spatially separated from X-ray sources, suggesting distinctly different acceleration mechanisms. Current X-ray and γ-ray spectroscopy provides only a basic understanding of accelerated particle spectra and the total energy budgets are therefore poorly constrained. Additionally, the recent detection of relativistic ion signatures lasting many hours, without an electron counterpart, is an enigma. We propose a single platform to directly measure the physical conditions present in the energy release sites and the environment in which the particles propagate and deposit their energy. To address this fundamental issue, we set out a suite of dedicated instruments that will probe both electrons and ions simultaneously to observe; high (seconds) temporal resolution photon spectra (4 keV – 150 MeV) with simultaneous imaging (1 keV – 30 MeV), polarization measurements (5–1000 keV) and high spatial and temporal resolution imaging spectroscopy in the UV/EUV/SXR (soft X-ray) regimes. These instruments will observe the broad range of radiative signatures produced in the solar atmosphere by accelerated particles.