Radiation Shielding Research Articles

High performance multilayer satellite electronic shielding system (MULSES)

Passive radiation shielding has gained prominence in space technology due to satellite malfunction and destruction by high-energy beta particles in low Earth orbit (LEO). This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel composite material composed of aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and high-density polyethylene (HDPe) reinforced with Doum fiber. MULSES mechanical properties exhibited tensile strength of 25 MPa, hardness of 85.7 Hv, and impact energy absorption of 23.721 J, demonstrating a perfect combination of strength, flexibility, and toughness. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the composite has thermal stability until approximately 600◦ C, degradation was initiated at 320◦ C and optimal degradation was at 480◦ C. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed peaks of exothermic degradation at 400◦ C and 520◦ C corresponding to decomposition of polymer and fibers, respectively, and show the suitability of the composite to handle high temperature. Radiation shielding efficiency was tested at various beta (6, 9, 10, 12, and 15 MeV) and gamma (662 keV and 1.25 MeV) energies. Stacking arrangement played a crucial role in shielding efficiency, with the BHA (Boron, HDPe, Aluminum) arrangement delivering the maximum beta radiation protection efficiency (RPE) of 99.16% at 6 MeV and 95.42% at 15 MeV. When compared to other stack arrangements, the BHA arrangement showed 12% improvement in beta attenuation efficiency and 8% improvement in gamma attenuation efficiency. The smaller mean free path (MFP) and half-value layer (HVL) for beta and gamma radiation also confirm the improved shielding property of the BHA arrangement. HDPe-Doum fiber-h-BN-Al2 O3 exhibits the optimum mechanical strength, heat stability, and radiation shielding properties all together that render MULSES a cost-effective, light, and renewable space shielding material.

Radiation Shielding Effect of Surgical Loupes Compared with Lead-Lined Glasses and Plastic Face Shields.

Fluoroscopy plays a crucial role in various medical procedures, especially in orthopaedic and spinal surgery. However, concerns have arisen regarding ocular radiation exposure given its association with posterior lens opacities and cataracts. Protective measures are essential to mitigate ocular radiation exposure. During spine surgery, loupes are frequently used but often lack lead lining. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of surgical loupes, as compared with lead glasses and plastic face shields, on ocular radiation exposure. Dosimeters were positioned anterior (unshielded) and posterior (shielded) to the lens of each type of eyewear: lead glasses, surgical loupes, and plastic face shields. Eyewear/dosimeters were exposed directly to the horizontal beam of a C-arm for 2 minutes of continuous fluoroscopy. This was repeated 20 times for each type of eyewear (40 total/eyewear, 120 times overall). Radiation doses were modeled with use of generalized estimating equations with a Gaussian distribution and identity link function. Separate models were employed for each outcome, including eyewear category (lead glasses, loupes, plastic shield) and dosimeter position (anterior/unshielded versus posterior/shielded). Radiation dose was significantly lower in posterior compared with anterior dosimeters for lead glasses (0.00 versus 1,689.80 mRem; p < 0.001) and for loupes (20.27 versus 1,705.95 mRem; p < 0.001). The difference for plastic face shields did not reach significance (1,539.75 versus 1,701.45 mRem; p = 0.06). Lead glasses offered the most protection, followed by surgical loupes and then plastic shields, when comparing the shielded dosimeter readings (0.00 versus 20.27 versus 1,539.75; p < 0.001 for all comparisons). There was no significant difference in radiation dose for dosimeters placed anterior to lead glasses, loupes, and plastic face shields (1,689.80 versus 1,705.95 versus 1,701.45 mRem; p = 0.99). Lead glasses were most effective (∼100% reduction), followed by surgical loupes (97%), whereas plastic face shields showed no significant reduction in radiation dose. Surgical loupes can substantially reduce ocular radiation exposure. Surgical loupes may offer ocular radiation protection.

Polymeric Nanocomposites of Polyvinyl Alcohol Embedded with ZnO/CuO/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Optical and Radiation Shielding Investigations

Polymeric Nanocomposites of Polyvinyl Alcohol Embedded with ZnO/CuO/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Optical and Radiation Shielding Investigations

Heavy Concrete Attenuation Study as Radiation Shield in Proton Therapy Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Heavy Concrete Attenuation Study as Radiation Shield in Proton Therapy Using Monte Carlo Simulation

High-Resolution Radiation Sensors from Flexible Network Nanocomposites of Nanoparticles and Aramid Nanofibers.

Rapid, sensitive, and continuous radiation detection for personnel and critical electronic equipment is essential in nuclear, medical, space, and other advanced technologies. Achieving this requires materials that combine a high cross-section for capturing high-energy photons, efficient charge carrier generation, and high conductivity while also being solution-processable, mechanically flexible, and durable for scalable, lightweight devices. Here, we demonstrate that nanostructured semiconductor composites composed of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and CdTe nanoparticles (NPs) can meet these often-contradictory demands. These solution-processable materials exhibit high conductivity and charge collection efficiency, enabled by the self-assembly of NPs into continuous interdigitated charge-transporting pathways. Notably, the nanostructured medium enhances the photon-to-current transduction efficiency beyond that of a homogeneous material with equivalent composition and stopping power. Radiation detectors fabricated from CdTe/ANF composites achieve energy resolution for X- and γ-ray detection comparable to that of state-of-the-art high-purity germanium detectors while operating at room temperature. Furthermore, the biomimetic cartilage-like architecture of the tough ANF matrix ensures no loss of performance after 1000 bending cycles. This combination of hard-to-obtain properties makes CdTe/ANF nanocomposites promising candidates for next-generation, high-performance radiation shielding.

Advances in gadolinium-based composite materials for neutron and gamma-ray shielding

With the significant advancements in nuclear technology, countries have invested considerable research into radiation shielding and protection materials. Neutrons and gamma photons have strong penetrating abilities, which can directly jeopardize human health or lead to the failure of electronic components. Therefore, developing high-performance materials for neutron and gamma photon radiation shielding has become a critical priority. Gadolinium (Gd), a rare earth element with the largest neutron absorption cross-section among natural elements, performs excellently as a neutron absorber. Gd-containing radiation composite shielding materials are typically classified into four main categories based on their matrix: metal-based, glass-based, ceramic-based, and polymer-based. This paper reviews the current research status of these four types of radiation shielding materials. It provides a comprehensive summary and evaluation of each material’s preparation processes, microstructures, mechanical properties, and shielding performance. Additionally, the paper discusses the role of Gd in each type of matrix material and addresses the current challenges in the field.

An investigation on microstructural, physical, and radiation shielding properties Yb2O3 oxide dispersion-strengthened 316L-SS alloys

An investigation on microstructural, physical, and radiation shielding properties Yb2O3 oxide dispersion-strengthened 316L-SS alloys

Exploring the Structural, Optoelectronic, Transport, and Radiation Shielding Capabilities of Al-based Chalcogenides for Energy Technologies: Spin Polarized Approach

Exploring the Structural, Optoelectronic, Transport, and Radiation Shielding Capabilities of Al-based Chalcogenides for Energy Technologies: Spin Polarized Approach

Evaluation of Internal Scatter Contribution to Gonadal Dose in Colorectal Radiotherapy.

Colorectal cancer is among the most common cancers in terms of both incidence and mortality. External beam radiotherapy is frequently used to treat colorectal cancer. In colorectal radiotherapy, the gonad is considered as an organ that must be spared owing to its radiosensitivity. However, only a few medical facilities use gonadal shields. In addition, the contribution of internal scatter to the gonadal dose should be considered because it is unavoidable. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the gonad shield according to its thickness and to evaluate the internal scatter contribution during the rectal radiotherapy. First, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed using a simplified patient phantom that consisted of the patient's body and gonad. The dose to the gonad was assessed according to the thickness of the gonad shield, beam direction, and the distance between the gonad and irradiation field. The internal scatter contribution was calculated as the ratio of the gonadal doses with and without a shield. Second, a mesh-type reference computational phantom (MRCP) was employed to calculate the internal scatter contribution to the gonadal dose in rectal radiotherapy. Subsequently, the contribution of internal scatter was investigated by analyzing the dosimetry results in actual patient cases. The gonad shield reduced 50-75% of the gonadal dose according to its thickness from 0.5-3 cm. The internal scatter contribution ranged from 55-65% for the simplified phantom, whereas it was 75% on average for MRCP. The dosimetry results from the clinical case were similar to those of both the simplified phantom and MRCP, that is, the internal scatter contribution varied from 55-77% in most cases. These results are expected to improve the accuracy of rectal radiotherapy and benefit radiation shielding of the gonads.

Bio-based composite hydrogel/film reinforced by hyperbranched lignin nanoparticles: Robustness, thermostability, thermal insulation and UV shielding.

Bio-based composite hydrogel/film reinforced by hyperbranched lignin nanoparticles: Robustness, thermostability, thermal insulation and UV shielding.

The Impact of Radiation Therapy on Intrathecal Drug Delivery System Functioning and Safety.

Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) are integral to managing chronic pain and spasticity, especially in oncology patients who may also require radiation therapy (RT). Concerns regarding the potential effects of ionizing radiation on IDDS functionality have been raised, with limited but growing evidence on device resilience. This review summarizes the current literature on radiation-induced IDDS malfunctions, identifies key risk factors, and discusses mitigation strategies. Although most IDDS remain functional during RT, isolated cases of radiation-induced pump failure have been reported. Factors such as radiation dose, proximity to the treatment field, and shielding methods influence device susceptibility to failure. Case studies and retrospective reviews have suggested that cumulative doses above 10 Gy may increase malfunction risks, though some devices have withstood doses as high as 36 Gy without failure. Advances in RT, including proton therapy and stereotactic techniques, may reduce exposure to IDDS. Current recommendations emphasize preemptive planning, shielding strategies, and close post-radiation monitoring to mitigate these potential risks. RT presents unique challenges for patients with IDDS, requiring a multidisciplinary approach to balance cancer treatment efficacy with device integrity. While modern IDDS demonstrate resilience to radiation exposure, careful consideration of radiation dose thresholds, device placement, and shielding is needed. Given the lack of standardized guidelines, more research is needed to establish evidence-based protocols to optimize patient safety and device performance during RT.

Recycled Ferromagnetic Fillers Endow Excellent Magnetic Field Tunable Viscosity and Electromagnetic Radiation Shielding within Elastomer Composites

Recycled Ferromagnetic Fillers Endow Excellent Magnetic Field Tunable Viscosity and Electromagnetic Radiation Shielding within Elastomer Composites

Optimizing radiation shielding competence of AB2(PO3)5 [A = K, Rb, Cs; B = Pb, Ba] polyphosphates: Hirshfeld geometries tuning

Optimizing radiation shielding competence of AB2(PO3)5 [A = K, Rb, Cs; B = Pb, Ba] polyphosphates: Hirshfeld geometries tuning

Fabrication and Tailoring the Microstructure and Optical Features of (PMMA-CoFe2O4-SiC) New Nanostructures For Photonics and Radiation Shielding Applications

Fabrication and Tailoring the Microstructure and Optical Features of (PMMA-CoFe2O4-SiC) New Nanostructures For Photonics and Radiation Shielding Applications

Study on the Shielding Performance of Cotton Fabrics with Nano‐Barium Sulfate, Graphene Oxide, and Polyvinyl Alcohol Coating

In the medical radiation diagnosis and treatment, procedures like dental, thoracic, and bone density computed tomography (CT) scans are considered low‐dose radiation exposures. However, the radiation, especially its cumulative effects, can cause unavoidable damage to the human body. Effective radiation shielding has therefore become critically important. Traditional shielding materials have raised concerns due to their weight, poor durability, and toxicity, highlighting the need for lighter, more efficient, and environmentally friendly materials. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite coatings containing 25 and 40% nano‐barium sulfate were prepared, with varying concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) (2, 1, and 0.5%) to assess its effect on radiation shielding. Additionally, the radiation attenuation ratios of PVA‐coated fabrics with different nano‐barium sulfate contents (15–50%) were evaluated. The shielding performance was tested under low‐dose medical radiation at energy levels of 20, 30, and 40 keV to assess X‐ray shielding. The results show that increasing nano‐barium sulfate content improves X‐ray shielding efficiency compared to PVA‐coated fabric. The addition of GO further enhances shielding effectiveness, nanoparticle dispersion, fabric uniformity, and mechanical properties, making the material more suitable for practical radiation protection applications.

How Habitable Are M Dwarf Exoplanets? Modeling Surface Conditions and Exploring the Role of Melanins in the Survival of Aspergillus niger Spores Under Exoplanet-Like Radiation.

Exoplanet habitability remains a challenging field due to the large distances separating Earth from other stars. Using insights from biology and astrophysics, we studied the habitability of M dwarf exoplanets by modeling their surface temperature and flare ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray doses using the martian atmosphere as a shielding model. Analyzing the Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1 systems, our models suggest that Proxima b and TRAPPIST-1 e are likeliest to have temperatures compatible with surface liquid water, as well as tolerable radiation environments. Results of the modeling were used as a basis for microbiology experiments to assess spore survival and germination of the melanin-rich fungus Aspergillus niger to exoplanet-like radiation (UV-C and X-rays). Results showed that A. niger spores can endure superflare events on M dwarf planets when shielded by a Mars-like atmosphere or by a thin layer of soil or water. Melanin-deficient spores suspended in a melanin-rich solution showed higher survival rates and germination efficiency when compared to melanin-free solutions. Overall, the models developed in this work establish a framework for microbiological research in habitability studies. Finally, we showed that A. niger spores can survive harsh radiation conditions of simulated exoplanets, which also emphasizes the importance of multifunctional molecules like melanins in radiation shielding beyond Earth.

The impact of BaTiO3 additive on gamma radiation shielding properties of B2O3-SrO-Na2O-CaO glass systems

The impact of BaTiO3 additive on gamma radiation shielding properties of B2O3-SrO-Na2O-CaO glass systems

Ionizing radiation and reproductive health: Impacts and mitigation strategies

Objectives The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of medical applications of ionizing radiation on reproductive health and to highlight strategies for minimizing associated risks while maintaining the therapeutic efficacy of medical interventions. Material and Methods A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken to assess the reproductive risks associated with ionizing radiation from medical applications. Multiple databases were searched using predefined keywords: “Radiation therapy,” “Fertility preservation,” “Dose-dependent effects,” “As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA),” and “Mitigation strategies.” Manual searches of reference lists were also done using the same keywords. The review focused on diagnostic imaging modalities, including computed tomography scans and therapeutic procedures such as radiation therapy for malignancies. Particular attention was given to high-dose exposures and their potential to induce deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, gametogenesis disruption, hormonal imbalances, radiation-induced secondary infertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Studies investigating dose-dependent effects on fertility, embryonic development, and congenital abnormalities were included in the study. In addition, mitigation strategies were evaluated, emphasizing the application of ALARA principles, advances in radiation shielding techniques, and the adoption of low-dose imaging technologies. Secondary factors, such as the role of patient education, reproductive counseling, and emerging protective agents, were also reviewed to provide a holistic understanding of risk management. Results The findings reveal that ionizing radiation from medical applications can pose substantial risks to reproductive health, particularly when exposure is repeated or involves high doses. DNA damage is a primary concern, which can lead to mutations that affect fertility and embryonic development. Radiation-induced disruptions in gametogenesis and hormonal imbalances further exacerbate reproductive challenges. Pregnant individuals and patients undergoing fertility-preserving treatments represent particularly vulnerable populations, given the heightened sensitivity of reproductive tissues and the potential for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage and congenital abnormalities. However, mitigation strategies have shown promise in reducing these risks. Advances in low-dose imaging technologies have made it possible to achieve diagnostic accuracy with significantly reduced radiation exposure. Improved radiation shielding techniques, including lead aprons and pelvic shields, provide additional layers of protection, especially during procedures involving high radiation doses. Adherence to ALARA principles remains a cornerstone of safety, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized without compromising diagnostic or therapeutic objectives. Furthermore, patient education and reproductive counseling play critical roles in promoting informed decision-making and awareness of potential risks. Emerging protective agents, such as radioprotective drugs, offer additional safeguards by mitigating radiation-induced cellular damage, although their widespread application requires further clinical validation. Conclusion While ionizing radiation is an indispensable tool in modern medicine, its potential to impact reproductive health necessitates careful and proactive management. A multifaceted approach is essential, combining technological advancements, rigorous adherence to safety protocols, and patient-centered strategies to optimize the benefits of medical radiation while minimizing associated risks. Healthcare professionals must prioritize education and counseling for vulnerable populations, ensuring that patients are informed about risks and available protective measures. Policymakers and researchers are encouraged to support the development and implementation of innovative mitigation strategies, such as advanced shielding technologies and radioprotective agents. By balancing therapeutic efficacy with the need to safeguard reproductive health, this approach provides a roadmap for improving patient outcomes and promoting long-term well-being in the context of medical radiation exposure.

Multi-nanoparticle-based composite for diagnostic X-ray shielding in computed tomography applications: a Monte Carlo study.

While numerous studies have investigated the impact of various nanoparticles (NPs) in polymer matrices for radiation shielding, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding a comprehensive examination of both individual and combined selected NPs with functional polymers. This study aims to address this gap by systematically evaluating the synergistic potential of multiple high-Z NPs and specialized polymer matrices in radiation shielding design, particularly for computed tomography (CT) applications. A single and mixture range of NPs, including Gd2O3, Sm2O3, CeO2, HfO2, IrO2, Bi2O3, and WO3, were combined with polymers such as chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polychlorostyrene (PCS), polytrifluorochloroethylene (PTFCE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) which served as matrices. By means of Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations, the study assessed the shielding effectiveness of these nanocomposites at various X-ray energies (80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp). The results revealed that nanocomposites containing Sm2O3 and Gd2O3 exhibited superior X-ray attenuation at 80 and 100 kVp, while the HfO2 nanocomposite demonstrated enhanced shielding at 120 and 140 kVp. Additionally, multi-filler nanocomposites with 30 wt% of Sm2O3 + HfO2 (SmHf) and Gd2O3 + Bi2O3 (GdBi) exhibited improved performance at 80 and 140 kVp, respectively. Notably, the 30 wt% Gd2O3 + IrO2 (GdIr) multi-filler nanocomposite outperformed others at 100 and 120 kVp. It is concluded that a combination of NPs with K-edge values close to the mean energy of the investigated X-ray spectra provide better shielding capabilities than single NPs, highlighting their potential for applications in radiation protection.

Lanthanum-doped zinc borate glasses: fabrication, structural analysis, thermal properties, and gamma radiation shielding performance

Zinc borate glasses with a composition formula of (60-m)B₂O₃–40ZnO–mLa₂O₃ (m = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mol%) were synthesized via the melt-quenching technique for the purpose of investigating the effects of La₂O₃ incorporation on their structural, thermal, and radiation shielding properties. Amorphous structures for all samples (coded as ZBLa0 to ZBLa15) were confirmed using X-ray diffraction and Differential thermal analysis. Incorporating La₂O₃ significantly influenced the glass matrix, increasing density, molar volume, thermal expansion and the glass transition, while decreasing the crystallization peak temperature and thermal stability. These effects highlight La₂O₃'s role as a network modifier that depolymerizes the glass structure, as indicated by shifts in FT-IR bands and altered vibrational modes. Radiation shielding properties improve markedly with La₂O₃ addition, as evidenced by increased mass attenuation coefficients and effective atomic numbers, making the glass with 15 mol% La₂O₃ (ZBLa15) particularly effective at gamma-ray attenuation across a wide photon energy range. These findings suggest that La₂O₃-doped zinc borate glasses are highly suitable for applications requiring enhanced radiation shielding alongside reliable thermal performance.