Maximum isometric and passive moments about the wrist were measured for a range of flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation angles in 10 healthy adult males. Each subject was seated in a test apparatus with his shoulder abducted 90°, elbow flexed 90°, and body and forearm constrained. Peak flexion moments ranged from 5.2 to 18.7 N m (mean = 12.2, SD = 3.7), while peak extension moments ranged from 3.4 to 9.4 N m (mean = 7.1, SD = 2.1). The average flexion moment peaked at 40° of flexion, whereas the average extension moment was relatively constant from 30° flexion to 70° extension. Peak moments generated by the radial and ulnar deviators ranged from 7.9 to 15.3 N m (mean = 11.0, SD = 2.0) and 5.9 to 11.9 N m (mean = 9.5, SD = 2.2), respectively. Passive moments in flexion-extension were near zero in the central 150° of motion, but increased at the end of the range of motion. The average passive moment was 0.5 N m in 90° flexion and 1.2 N m in 90° extension. Average passive moments about the radial-ulnar deviation axis were near zero with the wrist radially deviated and at neutral, but increased to 0.9 N m in full ulnar deviation.
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